The socio-demographic and clinical profiles of patients admitted to the Sligo District Lunatic Asylum in the late 19th century with some modern comparisons

2015 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 43-54
Author(s):  
D. Walsh ◽  
A. Daly
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
21St Century ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
Clinical Information ◽  
National Archive ◽  
Lunatic Asylum ◽  
Late 19Th Century ◽  
Admission Process ◽  
Socio Economic Status ◽  
Clinical Profiles

PurposeThe purpose of this paper has been to identify and describe the demographic, social and clinical characteristics of persons admitted to an Irish district lunatic asylum in the late 19th century as exemplified by the records of the Sligo District Lunatic Asylum. Some 21st century comparisons and epidemiological considerations from the same catchment area have been attempted.MethodThe register entries and case books of a series of consecutive admissions to Sligo District Asylum during the decade 1892–1901 were surveyed in the Irish National Archive.ConclusionsMost admitted patients were of lower socio-economic status, the majority male, poorly literate, unmarried and described as suffering from mania or melancholia. Most were first admissions. The predominant (62.5%) reason given for admission was for assault or threat of assault. These admissions were by order of the Lord Lieutenant as ‘dangerous lunatics’. Although it may be maintained that this admission process was a device of social convenience to maintain the peace and integrity of local communities and the convenience of families, clinical information indicates that the majority of admissions had symptoms of mental disorder recognisable in terms of 21st century psychiatric diagnostics.

scholarly journals The late 19th century archive in contemporary Latin American literature

Anclajes ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Irina Garbatzky ◽  
◽  
Julieta Viú Adagio ◽  
◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
American Literature ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Latin American ◽  
21St Century ◽  
Latin American Literature ◽  
Late 19Th Century ◽  
American Modernism ◽  
Early 21St Century ◽  
Contemporary Latin American Literature

Late 20th and early 21st century Latin American literature rereads and problematizes late 19th-century Latin American Modernism. This article examines some of these genealogies in order to analyze the significance of this literary dialogue in our present time.

scholarly journals Przemiany narodowościowe w Abchazji od II połowy XIX do początku XXI wieku

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrzej Jakubowski
Keyword(s):  
Ottoman Empire ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
21St Century ◽  
National Policy ◽  
Late 19Th Century ◽  
International Recognition ◽  
Post War ◽  
The 19Th Century

Ethnic changes in Abkhazia (2nd half of the 19th century– beginning of the 21st century)Main aim of the paper is to analyse ethnic changes that took place in Abkhazia from the 60s of the 19th century to the present. The paper discusses the changes in ethnic structure of Abkhazia caused by the forced exodus of the Abkhazians to the Ottoman Empire (muhajirstvo), the process of multinational settlement in Abkhazia from the late 19th century to the 1990s, the Georgian-Abkhazian war of 1992-1993 and the national policy of de facto Abkhazia led in the post-war period in the terms of the absence of international recognition. Przemiany narodowościowe w Abchazji od II połowy XIX do początku XXI wiekuCelem artykułu jest analiza przemian narodowościowych, jakie zaszły w Abchazji począwszy od lat 60. XIX wieku do chwili obecnej. W pracy omówiono zmiany w strukturze etnicznej w Abchazji warunkowane przymusowym eksodusem Abchazów do Imperium Osmańskiego (muchadżyrstwo), procesem wielonarodowościowego osadnictwa na te- renie Abchazji od końca XIX wieku do lat 90. XX wieku, wojną gruzińsko-abchaską z lat 1992-1993 oraz polityką narodowościową de facto Abchazji prowadzoną w okresie powojennym w warunkach braku uznania międzynarodowego.

scholarly journals U początków polskiej ortoleksykografii. Słownik ortograficzny Antoniego Jerzykowskiego

2020 ◽  
pp. 357-372
Author(s):  
Piotr Żmigrodzki ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Characteristic Feature ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
21St Century ◽  
Late 19Th Century ◽  
Polish Language

This article is dedicated to characteristics of the contents, micro- and macro-structure of the first, independent spelling dictionary of the Polish language, prepared by Antoni Jerzykowski and published in Poznań in 1885. Apart from meta-lexicographic matters, also the views of the dictionary’s author were presented on selected points of dispute in the Polish spelling of the late 19th century and the methods of their realisation in dictionary entries. The analysis demonstrated that in terms of structure and informative contents, the dictionary does not differ significantly from numerous spelling dictionaries published in the 20th century and at the beginning of the 21st century, the characteristic feature of which was enriching pure spelling information with the content from other areas of grammar and language correctness.

De Facto Segregation and the Digital Divide

2021 ◽  
pp. 145-160
Author(s):  
Fawzia Reza
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Critical Thinking ◽  
Learning Environment ◽  
Digital Divide ◽  
21St Century ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
The United States ◽  
Playing Field ◽  
Socio Economic Status ◽  
De Jure Segregation

While de jure segregation is illegal in the United States, many school systems still enforce a form of de facto segregation, based on various factors including socio-economic status. This causes disparity in educational outcomes, especially when examined through the lens of skills identified by the partnership for 21st century learning (i.e., critical thinking, communication, collaboration, and creativity). A digital divide, which has been created by unequal access to technology, is directly responsible for an uneven playing field for disadvantaged students, and the COVID-19 crisis has exacerbated existing inequalities. Suggestions regarding how to reduce the digital divide are shared; implementing these might create a more equitable learning environment for all students.

Women in Malawi

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anika Wilson ◽  
Sitinga Kachipande
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
Colonial Period ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Gender Based Violence ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Socio Economic Status ◽  
The Status ◽  
The Government

The status, rights, and roles of women in Malawi have been in constant flux since at the least the mid-19th century. In the pre-colonial period, principles of matriliny organized social structures within many communities in Malawi, affording women rights to land, property, products of labor, and children, and influence in group decision-making. The mid-19th century ushered in a period of disturbances and social transformations that led to changes in economic, political, religious, and familial practices. Changes in key institutions impacted women’s access to land and their influence in governance. Women in Malawi were excluded from new commercial and political opportunities as long-distance commerce increased in the region. Increasing commodification of people endangered women within intensified trade and military conflict. Patterns of increasing exclusion and endangerment of women continued beyond the mid-19th century after the slave trade was challenged. In the period immediately preceding colonial rule and also during the colonial period, women actively sought to maintain rights and influence through their involvement in Christian institutions, their appeal to courts, public protests, and through their subversive expression in songs, stories, and possession cults. In post-colonial Malawi, women did not gain the freedom that they had struggled for during the anti-colonial movements. Kamuzu Banda marginalized women from access to power and decision-making. He maintained a paternalistic approach to women’s issues which included controlling every aspect of their lives. The constitution adopted in 1994 with democratic reforms laid a strong foundation for women achieving rights and improving their socio-economic status. However, women still faced obstacles in fully realizing their rights and continued to be marginalized by Banda’s successors. Women’s participation in leadership was limited to showing support for the president. The election of Joyce Banda as the first female president did little to improve the status of women. Backlash against her ascendance to the position eroded women’s access to decision-making posts in the government. In the first two decades of the 21st century, the government of Malawi responded to pressures from women’s rights advocates to legislate against gender-based violence and child marriage. However, there has been little evidence of sustained and coordinated women’s movements and activism aimed at improving women’s socio-economic status. Much of the work women do to improve their position and that of their families and communities takes place on a small scale or involves cooperation with precariously funded nongovernmental organizations and community-based organizations.

scholarly journals Brexit, Trump and trade: Back to a late 19th century future?

2020 ◽  
Vol 24 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 338-357 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher M Dent
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
21St Century ◽  
Historical Analysis ◽  
Global Order ◽  
Late 19Th Century ◽  
Early 21St Century ◽  
The Past ◽  
Comparative Historical Analysis ◽  
Political Economies ◽  
Distributional Impacts

There are striking similarities between today’s early 21st century trade political economy and its late 19th century equivalent. Ascendant populist nationalism, escalating trade protectionism and tariff wars, growing discontent over globalization’s distributional impacts and fast emerging economic superpowers disrupting the global order are features shared by both periods. This comparative historical analysis explores what lessons and conclusions we may draw from the past late 19th century world that can be applied to today. Integral to this discussion are the prospects of our early 21st century world experiencing a similar endgame of global conflict, as transpired around a century ago. In revisiting the past to better understand the present and future, this paper first evaluates empirical similarities between the trade political economies of both periods. It then applies theories and concepts of economic nationalism, globalization and interdependence in developing deeper conclusions and arguments. Brexit, Trump and their historic parallels serve as primary focal points in this study.

scholarly journals Towards the Light, into the Silence: Danish Working-Class Literature Past and, Perhaps, Present

2020 ◽  
pp. 49-81
Author(s):  
Nicklas Freisleben Lund
Keyword(s):  
Working Class ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
21St Century ◽  
Literary History ◽  
Research Field ◽  
Late 19Th Century ◽  
Working Class Literature ◽  
Current State ◽  
History Of

The chapter presents an overview of Danish working-class literary history. The initial sections outline the established narrative of the tradition from the late 19th century to the early 1980s, whereas the closing parts poses the question: Does a contemporary Danish working-class literature exist? The backdrop of this question is the decline of scholarly interest in working-class literature since the 1980’s which has left the tradition’s trajectory over the last four decades generally unexplored. The chapter argues that contemporary Danish literature contains a multifaceted list of works for a 21st century working-class literature. However, even the limited number of recent studies addressing the possible connection between this body of works and the tradition present no univocal assessment of the current state of Danish working-class literature. The varied interpretations, the chapter argues, are a result of an inherent challenge in the research field: that of defining working-class literature. Thus, the exploration of the history of Danish working-class literature – focusing on the construction of the tradition – exposes it as a contested field and highlights the different conceptualizations of the term.

scholarly journals A typical example of mental region-building? The Balkan area in Finnish schoolbooks from the late 19th century to the beginning of the 21st century

2013 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 25-55
Author(s):  
Kari Alenius
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
21St Century ◽  
School Children ◽  
School System ◽  
World View ◽  
The Other ◽  
Late 19Th Century ◽  
Modern School ◽  
Balkan Countries ◽  
Balkan Area

Schoolbooks play a crucial role in the formation of one’s world view. This study analyzes how the Balkan area has been depicted in Finnish schoolbooks under the existence of the modern school system from the 1870s to the 2000s. For this study, all history and geography schoolbooks published in Finland have been examined. Of books of which there are several editions, at least the first and the last editions and any other necessary ones have been used. The familiarization of Finnish school children with the Balkan countries and peoples has occurred through two subjects, history, and foremost, through geography. Descriptions and interpretations relating to the Balkan area and its inhabitants have existed in Finnish schoolbooks from the beginning. During approximately 140 years, the amount of description and content has changed in some respects, but on the other hand, elements of clear continuity and immutability are apparent.

Thinking Globally: Reassessing the Fields of Law, Politics and Economics in the US Academy

2017 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Eve Darian-Smith
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Political Science ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
21St Century ◽  
Scientific Research ◽  
The United States ◽  
Law Schools ◽  
Late 19Th Century ◽  
The Us ◽  
Analytical Frameworks

AbstractIn the United States, students of law, politics and economics are primarily trained to think in terms of state-centric analytical frameworks. This essay argues that this training is anachronistic and does not adequately prepare students for the complex geopolitics of the 21st century. Of course, not all scholarship in these disciplines can be characterized in this way since each discipline has its own internal disputes and scholarly innovations. That being said, a mainstream state-centric approach dominates the literature and the curriculum in most law, politics and economics departments. The first part of the essay describes the rise of law schools and the establishing of political science and economics disciplines in the late 19th century. It explores the implications of these disciplines’ claim to do “scientific” research. It argues that this claim continues to bind the disciplines to a state-centric framework which in turn provides obstacles to developing new theories and methods.

scholarly journals Mechanical Properties of Bridge Steel from the Late 19th Century

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 478
Author(s):  
Paweł Grzegorz Kossakowski
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Impact Strength ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
21St Century ◽  
Mechanical Parameters ◽  
Railway Bridge ◽  
Late 19Th Century ◽  
Early 21St Century ◽  
Material Parameters ◽  
Bridge Steel

This article presents the results of testing of the strength of structural steel taken from a railway bridge. It was built within the borders of today’s Poland during the late 19th century and was in use for over 100 years, until the early 21st century. The main mechanical parameters of the bridge steel, such as its static and impact strength were determined. The results of the analysis of fracture surfaces with the aim of the identification of the material’s macrostructure are also presented. This article discusses the findings and analyses the values of material parameters in the context of requirements resulting from existing standards, and compares the results with those obtained during the testing of bridge steels of a similar age and operational period.

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