The Diversity of the Effects of Sulfur Mustard Gas Inhalation on Respiratory System 10 Years After a Single, Heavy Exposure

CHEST Journal ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 112 (3) ◽  
pp. 734-738 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ali Emad ◽  
Gholam Reza Rezaian
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory System ◽  
Sulfur Mustard ◽  
Mustard Gas ◽  
Gas Inhalation

Mustard Gas Inhalation Injury

2014 ◽  
Vol 33 (4) ◽  
pp. 271-281 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brian M. Keyser ◽  
Devon K. Andres ◽  
Wesley W. Holmes ◽  
Danielle Paradiso ◽  
Ashley Appell ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Homeland Security ◽  
Sulfur Mustard ◽  
Chemical Warfare Agent ◽  
Inhalation Injury ◽  
Mustard Gas ◽  
Chemical Terrorism ◽  
Effective Therapeutic Strategy ◽  
Anti Inflammatory ◽  
Gas Inhalation ◽  
Inhibitor Compounds

Mustard gas (sulfur mustard [SM], bis-[2-chloroethyl] sulfide) is a vesicating chemical warfare agent and a potential chemical terrorism agent. Exposure of SM causes debilitating skin blisters (vesication) and injury to the eyes and the respiratory tract; of these, the respiratory injury, if severe, may even be fatal. Therefore, developing an effective therapeutic strategy to protect against SM-induced respiratory injury is an urgent priority of not only the US military but also the civilian antiterrorism agencies, for example, the Homeland Security. Toward developing a respiratory medical countermeasure for SM, four different classes of therapeutic compounds have been evaluated in the past: anti-inflammatory compounds, antioxidants, protease inhibitors and antiapoptotic compounds. This review examines all of these different options; however, it suggests that preventing cell death by inhibiting apoptosis seems to be a compelling strategy but possibly dependent on adjunct therapies using the other drugs, that is, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and protease inhibitor compounds.

scholarly journals The Effect of Atrovastatin on Inflammatory Markers in Sulfur Mustard Gas Induced Bronchitis; A Randomized Double-Blinded, Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Behrooz Momeni ◽  
Saeed Nazer ◽  
Seyed Masoom Masoompour ◽  
Bita Geramizadeh ◽  
Seyed Vahid Sajadi
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Trial ◽  
Chronic Bronchitis ◽  
Inflammatory Markers ◽  
Sulfur Mustard ◽  
Controlled Clinical Trial ◽  
Mustard Gas ◽  
Tnf Α ◽  
Gas Inhalation ◽  
Mean Differences ◽  
Double Blinded

Abstract Background: This study was conducted to evaluate the anti-inflammatory effect of atorvastatin in patients with chronic bronchitis due to sulfur mustard gas inhalation. Methods: In this randomized double-blinded clinical trial we enrolled patients with chronic bronchitis due to sulfur mustard gas inhalation. Ninety man aged between 45 to 75 years with diagnosed of chronic bronchitis due to exposure to mustard gas during the Iran-Iraq war, were randomly assigned to receive either atorvastatin (40 mg) or placebo, given orally once a day for 3 months. The interleukin 6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), procalcitonin, highly sensitive CRP, and COPD assessment test (CAT) score in both groups compared with each other and baseline data. Results: After 12 weeks of using atorvastatin (n=40), the level IL-6 decreased significantly (p=0.03) without any significant differences in the level of TNF-α, high sensitive CRP, and procalcitonin (P=0.31, p=0.78, and p=0.08). In placebo group (n=38), both procalcitonin and IL-6 significantly decreased after 12 weeks (P=0.002 and p<0.001), but levels of high sensitive CRP did not differ significantly and the level of TNF-α increased (p=0.006). The mean differences in levels of TNF- α, IL-6, high sensitive CRP, and procalcitonin did not differ statistically significant between the study groups after 12 weeks. Although after 12 weeks of study in both groups the CAT score have had appreciably high magnitude decrease (P<0.001), but its mean differences change wasn't significant between group (P=0.71). Conclusions: Administration of 40 mg atorvastatin for 3 months although could not significantly change systemic inflammatory markers or quality of life in mustard gas induced chronic bronchitis.Trial registration: IRCT, IRCT138904144312N1. Registered 16 August 2014, https://en.irct.ir/trial/4577

The mucocutaneous manifestations of sulfur mustard gas on 1024 Iraqi victims: ISIS chemical attack in the South of Kirkuk

Toxin Reviews ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
Seyed Naser Emadi ◽  
Bahareh Abtahi-Naeini ◽  
Ghasem Rahmat Pour Rokni ◽  
Seyed Emad Emadi ◽  
Shahin Hamzelou
Keyword(s):  
Sulfur Mustard ◽  
Mustard Gas ◽  
The South ◽  
Chemical Attack

Rapid Capture and Hydrolysis of a Sulfur Mustard Gas in Silver-Ion-Exchanged Zeolite Y

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (47) ◽  
pp. 40651-40660 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ye Rim Son ◽  
Min-Kun Kim ◽  
Sam Gon Ryu ◽  
Hyun Sung Kim
Keyword(s):  
Sulfur Mustard ◽  
Zeolite Y ◽  
Silver Ion ◽  
Mustard Gas ◽  
Hydrolysis Of

PATHOLOGY OF (MUSTARD?) GAS INHALATION

1919 ◽  
Vol 157 (6) ◽  
pp. 808-825 ◽  
Author(s):  
George W. Covey ◽  
Moses Baukon
Keyword(s):  
Mustard Gas ◽  
Gas Inhalation

The Role of Bronchoscopy in Pulmonary Complications due to Mustard Gas Inhalation

CHEST Journal ◽  
1991 ◽  
Vol 100 (5) ◽  
pp. 1436-1441 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lutz Freitag ◽  
Nosrat Firusian ◽  
Georg Stamatis ◽  
Dieter Greschuchna
Keyword(s):  
Pulmonary Complications ◽  
Mustard Gas ◽  
Gas Inhalation

scholarly journals Are Iranian Sulfur Mustard Gas-Exposed Survivors More Vulnerable to SARS-CoV-2? Some Similarity in Their Pathogenesis

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Gholamreza Farnoosh ◽  
Mostafa Ghanei ◽  
Hossein Khorramdelazad ◽  
Gholamhossein Alishiri ◽  
Alireza Jalali Farahani ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Infection Prevention ◽  
Sulfur Mustard ◽  
Infection Prevention And Control ◽  
Mustard Gas ◽  
History Of ◽  
And Control ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Increased Susceptibility ◽  
Gas Exposure

ABSTRACT Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is an infectious disease caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) that emerged as a health problem worldwide. It seems that COVID-19 is more lethal for Iranian veterans with a history of exposure to mustard gas. There are some similarities in the pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2 and mustard gas in immune system disruption and pulmonary infection. SARS-CoV-2 and mustard gas inducing oxidative stress, immune system dysregulation, cytokine storm, and overexpression of angiotensin-converting enzyme II (ACE2) receptor in lungs that act as functional entry receptors for SARS-CoV-2. Moreover, Iranian survivors of mustard gas exposure are more susceptible and vulnerable to COVID-19. It is suggested that the principles of COVID-19 infection prevention and control be adhered to more stringently in Iranian survivors of mustard gas exposure than others who have not been exposed to mustard gas. Therefore, in this review, we discuss the different pathologic aspects of lung injury caused by mustard gas and also the relationship between this damage and the increased susceptibility of Iranian mustard gas exposed survivors to COVID-19.

scholarly journals Air oxidation of sulfur mustard gas simulants using a pyrene-based metal–organic framework photocatalyst

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
pp. 2422-2427 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ghada Ayoub ◽  
Mihails Arhangelskis ◽  
Xuan Zhang ◽  
Florencia Son ◽  
Timur Islamoglu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sulfur Mustard ◽  
Metal Organic Framework ◽  
Oxidative Degradation ◽  
Chemical Warfare Agents ◽  
Mustard Gas ◽  
Air Oxidation ◽  
Substitution Pattern ◽  
Warfare Agents ◽  
Metal Organic ◽  
Organic Framework

We demonstrate a microporous metal–organic framework NU-400 based on a 2,7-disubstituted pyrene linker as a highly efficient photosensitizer for generating singlet oxygen and subsequent oxidative degradation of chemical warfare agents (CWAs). The high activity of NU-400 permits photocatalytic conversion of the 2-chloroethyl ethyl sulfide (CEES) mustard gas simulant into a benign sulfoxide derivative, in air, with less than 15 minutes’ half-life. This is a considerable improvement to NU-1000, based on a 1,3,6,8-tetrasubstituted pyrene unit, demonstrating how variation of the substitution pattern of a metal–organic framework linker permits modification of its photoactive behavior.

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