scholarly journals Endotyping of non-allergic, allergic and mixed rhinitis patients using a broad panel of biomarkers in nasal secretions

PLoS ONE ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 13 (7) ◽  
pp. e0200366 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christine L. Segboer ◽  
Wytske J. Fokkens ◽  
Ingrid Terreehorst ◽  
Cornelis M. van Drunen
Keyword(s):  
Nasal Secretions ◽  
Mixed Rhinitis

scholarly journals Investigation of an EHV-1 Outbreak in the United States Caused by a New H752 Genotype

Pathogens ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 747
Author(s):  
Nicola Pusterla ◽  
Samantha Barnum ◽  
Julia Miller ◽  
Sarah Varnell ◽  
Barbara Dallap-Schaer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Early Stage ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Amino Acid Position ◽  
High Viral Load ◽  
The United States ◽  
Neurological Deficits ◽  
Diagnostic Challenge ◽  
Genotype I ◽  
Flunixin Meglumine ◽  
Nasal Secretions

Here we report on an EHV-1 outbreak investigation caused by a novel genotype H752 (histidine in amino acid position 752 of the ORF 30 gene). The outbreak involved 31 performance horses. Horses were monitored over a period of 35 days for clinical signs, therapeutic outcome and qPCR results of EHV-1 in blood and nasal secretions. The morbidity of the EHV-1 outbreak was 84% with 26 clinically infected horses displaying fever and less frequently anorexia and distal limb edema. Four horses showed mild transient neurological deficits. Clinically diseased horses experienced high viral load of EHV-1 in blood and/or nasal secretions via qPCR, while subclinically infected horses had detectable EHV-1 mainly in nasal secretions. The majority of infected horses showed a rise in antibody titers to EHV-1 during the outbreak. All 31 horses were treated with valacyclovir, while clinically infected horses further received flunixin meglumine and sodium heparin. This investigation highlights various relevant aspects of an EHV-1 outbreak caused by a new H752 genotype: (i) importance of early detection of EHV-1 infection; (ii) diagnostic challenge to assess H752 genotype; (iii) apparent benefit of valacyclovir use in the early stage of the outbreak; and (iv) weekly testing of blood and nasal secretions by qPCR in order to monitor individual infection status and lift quarantine.

scholarly journals Extraintestinal Spread and Replication of a Homologous EC Rotavirus Strain and a Heterologous Rhesus Rotavirus in BALB/c Mice

2006 ◽  
Vol 80 (11) ◽  
pp. 5219-5232 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Fenaux ◽  
M. A. Cuadras ◽  
N. Feng ◽  
M. Jaimes ◽  
H. B. Greenberg
Keyword(s):  
Nonstructural Protein ◽  
Natural Infection ◽  
Mesenteric Lymph Nodes ◽  
Newborn Mice ◽  
Rotavirus Infection ◽  
Rotavirus A ◽  
Reverse Transcription Pcr ◽  
Copy Numbers ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Nasal Secretions

ABSTRACT Although rotavirus infection has generally been felt to be restricted to the gastrointestinal tract, over the last two decades there have been sporadic reports of children with acute or fatal cases of rotavirus gastroenteritis testing positive for rotavirus antigen and/or nucleic acid in various extraintestinal locations such as serum, liver, kidney, bladder, testes, nasal secretions, cerebrospinal fluid, and the central nervous system. Recently, studies in animals and people have demonstrated that rotavirus antigenemia is a common event during natural infection. In this study, we extend these observations and compare the intestinal and extraintestinal spread of wild-type homologous murine rotavirus EC and a heterologous strain, rhesus rotavirus (RRV), in newborn mice. A strand-specific quantitative reverse transcription-PCR (ssQRT-PCR) assay was used to quantify the ability of different rotavirus strains to spread and replicate extraintestinally. Both strain EC and RRV were detected extraintestinally in the mesenteric lymph nodes (MLN), livers, lungs, blood, and kidneys. Extraintestinal replication, as measured by ssQRT-PCR, was most prominent in the MLN and occurred to a lesser degree in the livers, kidneys, and lungs. In the MLN, strain EC and RRV had similar (P < 0.05) RNA copy numbers, although EC was present at a 10,000-fold excess over RRV in the small intestine. Rotavirus nonstructural protein 4 (NSP4) and/or assembled triple-layered particles, indicated by immunostaining with the VP7 conformation-dependent monoclonal antibody 159, were detected in the MLN, lungs, and livers of EC- and RRV-inoculated mice, confirming the ssQRT-PCR findings. Infectious RRV was detected in the MLN in quantities exceeding the amount present in the small intestines or blood. The cells in the MLN that supported rotavirus replication included dendritic cells and potentially B cells and macrophages. These data indicate that extraintestinal spread and replication occurs commonly during homologous and some heterologous rotaviral infections; that the substantial host range restrictions for rhesus rotavirus, a heterologous strain present in the intestine, are not necessarily apparent at systemic sites; that the level and location of extraintestinal replication varies between strains; that replication can occur in several leukocytes subsets; and that extraintestinal replication is likely a part of the normal pathogenic sequence of homologous rotavirus infection.

scholarly journals THE NATURAL HISTORY OF HUMAN POLIOMYELITIS

1941 ◽  
Vol 74 (6) ◽  
pp. 519-529 ◽  
Author(s):  
Albert B. Sabin ◽  
Robert Ward
Keyword(s):  
Natural History ◽  
Paralytic Poliomyelitis ◽  
Older Individuals ◽  
Oral Secretions ◽  
Poliomyelitis Virus ◽  
Intestinal Contents ◽  
History Of ◽  
Nasal Secretions

Studies on the elimination of virus in human paralytic poliomyelitis during the first 2 weeks of the disease, revealed the following:— 1. The nasal (not nasopharyngeal) secretions collected from 22 patients on cotton plugs over a period of 3 days and the saliva and oral secretions expectorated during a similar period by 20 patients failed to yield virus. 2. In 10 of the patients whose secretions (nasal, oral, or both) were investigated, virus was isolated from single specimens of the lower intestinal contents. 3. No virus was found in large amounts of urine (up to 200 cc.) obtained from 12 patients, 6 of whom had paralysis of the bladder. 4. In the present tests virus was found 4 times more often in the stools of patients under 8 years of age (64 per cent of 11 cases) than in older individuals (17 per cent of 12 cases). This difference was found to obtain when our data were combined with those which could justifiably be selected from the literature, the total figures indicating that virus has been isolated from 50 per cent of 58 children under 8 years of age and from 12 per cent of 60 older individuals. 5. No support was found for the hypothesis that poliomyelitis virus in the stools originates from swallowed nasal secretions and saliva or oral secretions.

Neuron-Specific Enolase in Nasal Secretions as a Novel Biomarker of Olfactory Dysfunction in Chronic Rhinosinusitis

2016 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 65-69 ◽  
Author(s):  
Namjil N. Tsybikov ◽  
Elena V. Egorova ◽  
Boris I. Kuznik ◽  
Elena V. Fefelova ◽  
Eli Magen
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Rhinosinusitis ◽  
Neuron Specific Enolase ◽  
Olfactory Dysfunction ◽  
Nasal Secretions

Carbonic Anhydrase in Human Nasal Epithelium: Localization and Effect of the Inhibition by Dichlorphenamide

1996 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 113-118 ◽  
Author(s):  
Franco Cavaliere ◽  
Simonetta Masieri ◽  
Stefania Nori ◽  
Sergio I. Magalini ◽  
Salvatore R. Allegra
Keyword(s):  
Carbonic Anhydrase ◽  
Nasal Mucosa ◽  
Ph Value ◽  
Inferior Turbinate ◽  
Nasal Secretion ◽  
Human Nasal Mucosa ◽  
Human Nasal Epithelium ◽  
Stratified Squamous Epithelium ◽  
Nasal Secretions ◽  
K Concentration

Carbonic anhydrase has not hitherto been reported in nasal mucosa. In the first part of this study, five specimens of human nasal mucosa from the inferior turbinate were obtained from five healthy subjects and tested for this enzyme with a histochemical reaction. Carbonic anhydrase was identified in the columnar ciliated respiratory epithelium, but was absent in the adjacent stratified squamous epithelium. The effect of the inhibition of this enzyme on the pH values and Na, K, and Cl activity in nasal secretion was subsequently investigated. Fifteen patients, affected by endocranial hypertension and to whom dichlorphenamide—an inhibitor of carbonic anhydrase—was administered, were studied. The pH value, determined with a surface electrode before giving the drug and 30, 60, and 90 minutes later, significantly increased and reached a peak at 60 minutes. Na, K, and Cl concentration was assessed by indirect potentiometry in the nasal secretion and in the plasma both before giving dichlorphenamide and 60 minutes later. Although no change was observed in the plasma, in the nasal secretion Na and Cl concentration increased and K concentration decreased. As a consequence, the gradients of Na and K between plasma and secretion decreased, and that of Cl increased. We assume analogous changes in the rate of transport through the mucosa to occur. These results thus suggest that carbonic anhydrase is involved in control of the pH of nasal secretions as well as in the electrolyte transport through the epithelium.

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