scholarly journals Ionic liquids. Green solvents for the future

2000 ◽  
Vol 72 (7) ◽  
pp. 1391-1398 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martyn J. Earle ◽  
Kenneth R. Seddon
Keyword(s):  
Ionic Liquids ◽  
Vapor Pressure ◽  
Chemical Reactions ◽  
Green Solvents ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Future

Ionic liquids, being composed entirely of ions, were once mainly of interest to electrochemists. Recently, however, it has become apparent that, inter alia, their lack of measurable vapor pressure characterizes them as green solvents, and that a wide range of chemical reactions (reviewed here) can be performed in them.

Room-Temperature Ionic Liquids in Glycoscience: Opportunities and Challenges+

2021 ◽  
Vol 25 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sanchayita Rajkhowa ◽  
Raju R. Kale ◽  
Jyotirmoy Sarma ◽  
Abhijeet Kumar ◽  
Prabhu P. Mohapatra ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ionic Liquids ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Materials Science ◽  
High Yield ◽  
Easy Access ◽  
Room Temperature Ionic Liquids ◽  
Green Solvents ◽  
Diverse Range ◽  
Biologically Relevant ◽  
Wide Range

: Carbohydrates are fascinating molecular scaffolds known for their diverse applications in chemistry, biology, medicine, technology, and materials science. In addition, owing to the notable features of room-temperature ionic liquids (RTILs) such as high yield, short reaction time, simple handling, excellent recyclability, and environmentally benign nature, they have been extensively utilized as green solvents, catalysts, or both in a wide range of organic transformation methodologies for easy access of a diverse range of biologically relevant molecules. This review highlights the importance of RTILs that offer promising solutions in glycoscience, particularly in relevance to the dissolution, functionalization, glycosylation, and modification of carbohydrates as well as their challenges, impact, and future perspectives.

ChemInform Abstract: Ionic Liquids: Green Solvents for the Future

ChemInform ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 32 (16) ◽  
pp. no-no ◽  
Author(s):  
Martyn J. Earle ◽  
Kenneth R. Seddon
Keyword(s):  
Ionic Liquids ◽  
Green Solvents ◽  
The Future

scholarly journals A Review on the Partial and Complete Dissolution and Fractionation of Wood and Lignocelluloses Using Imidazolium Ionic Liquids

Polymers ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 195 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hatem Abushammala ◽  
Jia Mao
Keyword(s):  
Ionic Liquids ◽  
Inorganic Materials ◽  
Biofuel Production ◽  
Side Reactions ◽  
Green Solvents ◽  
Physiochemical Properties ◽  
Cellulose Composites ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Reaction Media

Ionic liquids have shown great potential in the last two decades as solvents, catalysts, reaction media, additives, lubricants, and in many applications such as electrochemical systems, hydrometallurgy, chromatography, CO2 capture, etc. As solvents, the unlimited combinations of cations and anions have given ionic liquids a remarkably wide range of solvation power covering a variety of organic and inorganic materials. Ionic liquids are also considered “green” solvents due to their negligible vapor pressure, which means no emission of volatile organic compounds. Due to these interesting properties, ionic liquids have been explored as promising solvents for the dissolution and fractionation of wood and cellulose for biofuel production, pulping, extraction of nanocellulose, and for processing all-wood and all-cellulose composites. This review describes, at first, the potential of ionic liquids and the impact of the cation/anion combination on their physiochemical properties and on their solvation power and selectivity to wood polymers. It also elaborates on how the dissolution conditions influence these parameters. It then discusses the different approaches, which are followed for the homogeneous and heterogeneous dissolution and fractionation of wood and cellulose using ionic liquids and categorize them based on the target application. It finally highlights the challenges of using ionic liquids for wood and cellulose dissolution and processing, including side reactions, viscosity, recyclability, and price.

Ionic Liquids: The Neglected Issues

2005 ◽  
Vol 58 (3) ◽  
pp. 155 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter J. Scammells ◽  
Janet L. Scott ◽  
Robert D. Singer
Keyword(s):  
Ionic Liquids ◽  
Green Solvents ◽  
Vast Number ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Key Issues

There has been an explosion of interest in ionic liquids in the last five years that has resulted in the discovery of a vast number of new ionic liquids with a wide range of interesting applications. Although ionic liquids are invariably described as highly stable green solvents, thorough investigations quantifying their purity, stability, biodegradability, and toxicity have lagged behind the pace of other research in the area. This review addresses these key issues and summarizes the approaches that have been developed for recycling ionic liquids.

Microwaves: Application in Electron Microscopy

1990 ◽  
Vol 48 (3) ◽  
pp. 140-141
Author(s):  
Anthony S-Y Leong ◽  
David W Gove
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Light Microscopy ◽  
Chemical Reactions ◽  
Electromagnetic Waves ◽  
Tissue Fixation ◽  
Primary Method ◽  
Dipolar Molecules ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Time Required ◽  
Cryostat Sections

Microwaves (MW) are electromagnetic waves which are commonly generated at a frequency of 2.45 GHz. When dipolar molecules such as water, the polar side chains of proteins and other molecules with an uneven distribution of electrical charge are exposed to such non-ionizing radiation, they oscillate through 180° at a rate of 2,450 million cycles/s. This rapid kinetic movement results in accelerated chemical reactions and produces instantaneous heat. MWs have recently been applied to a wide range of procedures for light microscopy. MWs generated by domestic ovens have been used as a primary method of tissue fixation, it has been applied to the various stages of tissue processing as well as to a wide variety of staining procedures. This use of MWs has not only resulted in drastic reductions in the time required for tissue fixation, processing and staining, but have also produced better cytologic images in cryostat sections, and more importantly, have resulted in better preservation of cellular antigens.

Mapping the “Extra Solvent Power, ESP” of Ionic Liquids for Monomers, Polymers and Globular Nanoparticles

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jose A. Pomposo
Keyword(s):  
Ionic Liquid ◽  
Ionic Liquids ◽  
Linear Polymers ◽  
Green Solvents ◽  
Ionic Polymers ◽  
First Time ◽  
Solvent Power

Understanding the miscibility behavior of ionic liquid (IL) / monomer, IL / polymer and IL / nanoparticle mixtures is critical for the use of ILs as green solvents in polymerization processes, and to rationalize recent observations concerning the superior solubility of some proteins in ILs when compared to standard solvents. In this work, the most relevant results obtained in terms of a three-component Flory-Huggins theory concerning the “Extra Solvent Power, ESP” of ILs when compared to traditional non-ionic solvents for monomeric solutes (case I), linear polymers (case II) and globular nanoparticles (case III) are presented. Moreover, useful ESP maps are drawn for the first time for IL mixtures corresponding to case I, II and III. Finally, a potential pathway to improve the miscibility of non-ionic polymers in ILs is also proposed.

Features of optative modality in Macedonian language (with emphasis on the functionalities of independent da-construction)

2020 ◽  
pp. 301-323
Author(s):  
Natalya I. Kikilo ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Detailed Analysis ◽  
Present Article ◽  
Literary Language ◽  
Natural Context ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Verb Forms ◽  
Text Types ◽  
The Future ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Ritual Context

In the Macedonian literary language the analytic da-construction used in an independent clause has a wide range of possible modal meanings, the most common of which are imperative and optative. The present article offers a detailed analysis of the semantics and functions of the Macedonian optative da-construction based on fiction and journalistic texts. The first part of the article deals with the specificities of the optative as a category which primarily considers the subject of a wish. In accordance with the semantic characteristics of this category, optative constructions are used in those discourse text types where the speakers are explicitly designated (the most natural context for the optative is the dialogue). The analysis of the Macedonian material includes instances of atypical usage of the optative da-construction, in which the wish of the subject is not apparent and thereby produces new emotional tonalities perceptible to the reader of a fiction/journalistic text. The study describes Macedonian constructions involving two different verb forms: 1) present tense form (da + praes) and 2) imperfective form (da + impf). These constructions formally designate the hypothetical and counterfactual status of the optative situation, respectively. Thus, the examples in the analysis are ordered according to two types of constructions, which reflect the speaker’s view on the probability of the realisation of his/her wish. Unrealistic wishes can be communicated through the present da-construction, while the imperfective construction denotes situations in which the wish can be realised in the future. The second part of the article is devoted to performative optative da-constructions, which express formulas of speech etiquette, wishes and curses. The analysis demonstrates that these constructions lose their magical functions, when used outside of the ritual context, and begin to function as interjections.

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