Effectiveness of Modified 1-Hour Air-Oven Moisture Methods for Determining Popcorn Moisture

2018 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 617-621
Author(s):  
Daniel Brabec ◽  
Mayra Perez-Fajardo ◽  
Hulya Dogan ◽  
Kathleen Yeater ◽  
Elizabeth Maghirang
Keyword(s):  
Reference Method ◽  
Heating Time ◽  
Whole Grain ◽  
Oven Method ◽  
Drying Time ◽  
Ground Sample ◽  
Moisture Measurement ◽  
Mesh Screen ◽  
Grain Moisture ◽  
Short Heating Time

Abstract. Two of the most commonly used approved grain moisture air-oven reference methods for corn are the air oven method ASAE S352.2, which requires long heating time (72 h) at 103 ± 1°C for unground samples, and the AACC 44-15.02 air-oven method, which dries a ground sample for 1 h at 130 ± 1°C, but there is specific moisture measurement method for popcorn. The AACC 44-15.02 recommends a two-stage drying method for grain over 13%. But this involves more handling and drying time. The objective of this study was to develop an air-oven procedure for popcorn that requires short heating time (1h or less) based on existing reference method for ground corn (AACC 44-15.02). In the process of procedure development, two laboratory mills (Wiley Mini-Mill and Perten 3303 Mill) were optimized for mesh screen size and mill gap settings. The approved AACC method recommends using a 20-mesh screen fitted to the Wiley Mill, which failed, with wires breaking during the grinding process, possibly due to the hard nature of popcorn and/or clogging. It was replaced with the 10-mesh screen which produced larger particle size distribution with ~73% greater than 840 µm. The Perten Mill 3303 was set to gap No. 3 which produced ~68% particles that were greater than 840 µm. Additionally, this study evaluated the effectiveness of single-stage moisture measurement with the 14.5% and 16% moisture popcorn samples. Using the proposed procedure, four varieties of popcorn were tested at three different moisture contents (13%, 14.5%, and 16%). The method using the Wiley grinder and 60 min. heating time yielded oven moisture values which were statistically (p<0.05) similar to the approved ASAE S352.2 and AACC 44-15.02 (72-h, whole grain method). The moisture content of ground samples obtained from the Perten 3303 Mill had elevated moisture measurements and bias across the moisture levels when dried for 60 min. A reduction in heating time to 50 min. resulted in Perten mill samples yielding statistically (p<0.05) similar moisture measurements with the reference 72-h, whole grain method. Keywords: Air-oven, Drying, Popcorn.

Effects of Non-uniform Kernel Moisture Content on Moisture Measurement of Corn

2005 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 77-93
Author(s):  
Bíborka Gillay ◽  
David B. Funk
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Moisture Measurement ◽  
Safe Storage ◽  
Grain Moisture ◽  
Moisture Meter ◽  
Percent Moisture ◽  
New Crop ◽  
The U.S

The price paid for corn is usually based on 15.0 or 15.5 percent moisture content. However, corn must be dried below 13 percent moisture to ensure safe storage for a year or more. In the U.S., such stored corn cannot be directly remoistened before selling it, but it can be mixed with moist new-crop corn. Accurate moisture measurement of mixtures of dry and moist corn is important to permit adjustment of blending ratios to maximize profitability, but grain moisture meters are less accurate for mixtures of wet and dry grain. This research evaluated the differences between dielectric-type moisture meter results for mixed and equilibrated corn samples at different moisture levels and different measurement frequencies. Equilibrated grain samples tended to give lower moisture results than recently mixed grain samples - especially in the 1 to 10 MHz region. These differences permitted detection of mixtures by using moisture measurements at two frequencies.

scholarly journals Study on Ultra-High Temperature Contact Solution Treatment of Al–Zn–Mg–Cu Alloys

Metals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 842
Author(s):  
Wenming Jin ◽  
Jianhao Yu ◽  
Zhiqiang Zhang ◽  
Hongjie Jia ◽  
Mingwen Ren
Keyword(s):  
Heating Temperature ◽  
Solution Treatment ◽  
Strengthening Mechanism ◽  
Heating Time ◽  
Solution Time ◽  
Solution Temperature ◽  
Second Phase ◽  
Total Strength ◽  
Cu Alloys ◽  
Short Heating Time

Contact solution treatment (CST) of Al–Zn–Mg–Cu alloys can shorten solution time to within 40 s in comparison with 1800 s with traditional solution treatment using a heating furnace. Heating temperature is the key factor in solution treatment. Considering the short heating time of CST, the ultra-high solution temperature over 500 °C of Al–Zn–Mg–Cu alloys was studied in this work. The effects of solution temperatures on the microstructures and the mechanical properties were investigated. The evolution of the second phases was explored and the strengthening mechanisms were also quantitatively evaluated. The results showed that solution time could be reduced to 10 s with the solution temperature of 535 °C due to the increasing dissolution rate of the second phase and the tensile strength of the aged specimen could reach 545 MPa. Precipitation strengthening was the main strengthening mechanism, accounting for 75.4% of the total strength. Over-burning of grain boundaries occurred when the solution temperature increased to 555 °C, leading to the deterioration of the strength.

Moisture Analysis of Freeze-Dehydrated Cottage Cheese

1967 ◽  
Vol 50 (6) ◽  
pp. 1279-1283
Author(s):  
James L Fowler ◽  
Charles H Coleman
Keyword(s):  
High Capacity ◽  
Cottage Cheese ◽  
Oven Method ◽  
Vacuum Oven ◽  
Drying Time ◽  
Alternative Method ◽  
Moisture Analysis ◽  
Government Laboratories

Abstract A large number of samples of dehydrated cottage cheese are received by government laboratories for moisture analysis, and the apparatus for performing the test by the prescribed method lacks adequate capacity to handle them. Therefore, an experiment was designed to test whether analysis by an alternative method making use of high capacity apparatus would give comparable results. It was concluded that the mechanical convection air oven, 100—102°C, 16—18 hr drying time, did not give results comparable to the specified vacuum oven method

Application of near Infrared Spectroscopy On-Combine in Corn Grain Breeding

2005 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 69-75 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roland Welle ◽  
Willi Greten ◽  
Thomas Müller ◽  
Gary Weber ◽  
Hartwig Wehrmann
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Near Infrared ◽  
Reference Method ◽  
Nir Spectroscopy ◽  
Coefficient Of Determination ◽  
Successful Implementation ◽  
Grain Moisture ◽  
Yield Determination ◽  
Corn Grain

Improving maize ( Zea mays L.) grain yield and agronomic properties are major goals for corn breeders in northern Europe. In order to facilitate field grain yield determination we measured corn grain moisture content with near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy directly on a harvesting machine. NIR spectroscopy, in combination with harvesting, significantly improved quality and speed of yield determination within the very narrow harvest time window. Moisture calibrations were developed with 2117 samples from the 2001 to 2003 crop seasons using six diode array spectrometers mounted on combines. These models were derived from databases containing spectra from all instruments. Spectrometer-specific calibrations cannot be used to predict samples measured on other instruments of the same type. Standard error of cross-validation ( SECV) and coefficient of determination ( R2) were 0.56 and 0.99%, respectively. Moisture standard errors of prediction ( SEPs) for the six instruments, using varying independent sample sets from the 2004 harvest, ranged between 0.59% and 0.99% with R2 values between 0.92 to 0.98. The six instruments produced the same dry matter predictions on a common sample set as indicated by high R2 and low biases among them, hence there was no need to apply specific standardisation algorithms. Moisture NIR spectroscopy determinations were significantly more precise than those obtained using the reference method. Analysis of variance revealed low least significant differences and high heritabilities. High precision and heritability demonstrate successful implementation of on-combine NIR spectroscopy for routine dry matter (yield) measurements.

Localized Laser Sintering of Metal Nanoparticle Inks Printed with Aerosol Jet® Technology for Flexible Electronics

2017 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 132-139 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael J. Renn ◽  
Matthew Schrandt ◽  
Jaxon Renn ◽  
James Q. Feng
Keyword(s):  
Metal Nanoparticles ◽  
Flexible Electronics ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Damage Threshold ◽  
Laser Sintering ◽  
Heating Time ◽  
Metal Nanoparticle ◽  
Polymer Materials ◽  
Nanoparticle Inks ◽  
Short Heating Time

Direct-write methods, such as the Aerosol Jet® technology, have enabled fabrication of flexible multifunctional 3-D devices by printing electronic circuits on thermoplastic and thermoset polymer materials. Conductive traces printed by additive manufacturing typically start in the form of liquid metal nanoparticle inks. To produce functional circuits, the printed metal nanoparticle ink material must be postprocessed to form conductive metal by sintering at elevated temperature. Metal nanoparticles are widely used in conductive inks because they can be sintered at relatively low temperatures compared with the melting temperature of bulk metal. This is desirable for fabricating circuits on low-cost plastic substrates. To minimize thermal damage to the plastics, while effectively sintering the metal nanoparticle inks, we describe a laser sintering process that generates a localized heat-affected zone (HAZ) when scanning over a printed feature. For sintering metal nanoparticles that are reactive to oxygen, an inert or reducing gas shroud is applied around the laser spot to shield the HAZ from ambient oxygen. With the shroud gas-shielded laser, oxygen-sensitive nanoparticles, such as those made of copper and nickel, can be successfully sintered in open air. With very short heating time and small HAZ, the localized peak sintering temperature can be substantially higher than that of damage threshold for the underlying substrate, for effective metallization of nanoparticle inks. Here, we demonstrate capabilities for producing conductive tracks of silver, copper, and copper–nickel alloys on flexible films as well as fabricating functional thermocouples and strain gauge sensors, with printed metal nanoparticle inks sintered by shroud-gas-shielded laser.

Molinate (S-ethyl hexahydro-1H-azepine-1-carbothioate) controls red rice (Oryza sativa) in the Burdekin Valley of North Queensland

1990 ◽  
Vol 30 (6) ◽  
pp. 841 ◽  
Author(s):  
JE Barnes
Keyword(s):  
Oryza Sativa ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Weed Suppression ◽  
Red Rice ◽  
Whole Grain ◽  
Grain Number ◽  
Grain Moisture ◽  
Winter Crops ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
1000 Grain Weight

Molinate controlled red rice (Oryza sativa) in commercial rice (O. sativa cv. Starbonnet) giving an increasing response at rates of 3.6, 4.3, 5.0, 5.7, 6.4, 7.2, 7.9 kg a.i./ha in 1 summer and 2 winter crops. No crop injury was observed at any rate of molinate, and grain yield, grain moisture, 1000-grain weight, head counts, grain number per head, germination counts, percentage bran and head yield were not affected. In 2 experiments, the percentage of whole grain was not affected by the chemical but in 1 experiment percentage whole grain increased with the rate of chemical used. Molinate provides a substantial level of control of red rice in commercial rice but the response to the herbicide is variable. In some crops weed suppression up to about 50% control is all that can be achieved, but in other crops controls of >90% are achievable. With the low levels of infestation that usually occur in North Queensland these levels of control are acceptable.

Use of a Density-Independent Function and Microwave Measurement System for Grain Moisture Measurement

1988 ◽  
Vol 31 (6) ◽  
pp. 1875-1881 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. D. Powell ◽  
B. D. McLendon ◽  
S. O. Nelson ◽  
A. Kraszewski ◽  
J. M. Allison
Keyword(s):  
Measurement System ◽  
Microwave Measurement ◽  
Independent Function ◽  
Moisture Measurement ◽  
Grain Moisture

Significance of heat-moisture treatment conditions on the pasting and gelling behaviour of various starch-rich cereal and pseudocereal flours

2017 ◽  
Vol 23 (7) ◽  
pp. 623-636 ◽  
Author(s):  
Concha Collar
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Heating Time ◽  
Heat Moisture Treatment ◽  
Treatment Conditions ◽  
Viscosity Profile ◽  
Moisture Treatment ◽  
Short Heating Time ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Wheat Flours ◽  
Short Heating

The impact of heat-moisture treatment processing conditions (15%, 25%, and 35% moisture content; 1, 3, and 5 h heating time at 120 ℃) on the viscosity pasting and gelling profiles of different grain flours matrices (barley, buckwheat, sorghum, high β-glucan barley, and wheat) was investigated by applying successive cooking and cooling cycles to rapid visco analyser canisters with highly hydrated samples (3.5:25, w:w). At a milder heat-moisture treatment conditions (15% moisture content, 1 h heating time), except for sorghum, heat-moisture treatment flours reached much higher viscosity values during earlier pasting and subsequent gelling than the corresponding native counterparts. Besides heat-moisture treatment wheat flour, the described behaviour found also for non-wheat-treated flours has not been previously reported in the literature. An increased hydrophobicity of prolamins and glutelins in low moisture-short heating time heat-moisture treatment of non-wheat flours with high protein content (12.92%–19.95%) could explain the enhanced viscosity profile observed.

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