scholarly journals Effect of Ground Corn Fractionation on Flowability

2017 ◽  
Vol 33 (6) ◽  
pp. 927-932
Author(s):  
Julie R Kalivoda ◽  
Cassandra K Jones ◽  
Charles R Stark
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Fine Particles ◽  
Fine Fraction ◽  
Angle Of Repose ◽  
Orifice Diameter ◽  
Flow Index ◽  
Particle Sizes ◽  
Particle Size Reduction ◽  
Target Particle ◽  
Ground Corn

Abstract. Particle size reduction is an important component of feed manufacturing that impacts pellet quality, feed flowability, and animal performance. However, reducing particle size too fine often results in reduced flowability of the ground corn and finished feed, which creates potential handling and storage concerns at the feed mill and farm. The objective of this experiment was to determine how fractionation affected flowability of ground corn. Whole corn was received from a single source and ground to achieve 3 target particle sizes, 400, 500, and 600 µm with actual results of 469, 560, and 614 µm. Each target particle size was fractionated into three segments: fine (< 282 µm), medium (> 282 µm and < 630 µm), and coarse (> 630 µm) particles using a vibratory separator (model LS18SP3, SWECO, Florence, Ky.). Within particle size treatment, the percentage of sample obtained for each fraction was: 400 µm: 4.9%, 34.2%, and 60.9% for fine, medium, and coarse, respectively; 500 µm: 1.9%, 31.3%, and 66.9% for fine, medium, and coarse, respectively; and 600 µm: 1.0%, 24.4%, and 74.7% for fine, medium, and coarse, respectively. When the fractions were separated, their particle sizes were: 400 µm: 94, 269, and 744 µm for fine, medium, and coarse, respectively; 500 µm: 96, 253, and 815 µm for fine, medium, and coarse, respectively; and 600 µm: 99, 220, and 898 µm for fine, medium, and coarse, respectively. Fractionated samples were analyzed for multiple flowability characteristics, including: angle of repose, critical orifice diameter, composite flow index (CFI), bulk density, and compressibility. Treatments were arranged in a nested model with three replicates per treatment. Data were analyzed using the GLIMMIX procedure of SAS. When fraction was nested within particle size for each treatment, the fine fraction (< 282 µm) of the 400 µm corn had the poorest CFI (P < 0.05). Whereas the coarse fraction (> 630 µm) of the 600 µm corn had the best CFI. The nutrient content of the fractions was greatest in the medium fraction (> 282 µm and < 630 µm) for crude protein, fat, and acid detergent fiber (ADF). In conclusion, reducing particle size resulted in the ground corn having poorer flowability characteristics, caused predominantly by particles that passed through a 282 µm screen. Based on this data, producers may potentially grind corn to a lower particle size while maintaining flowability if fine particles (< 282 µm) are removed. Keywords: Corn, Flowability, Particle size analysis

scholarly journals Effects of Grinding Corn with Different Moisture Content on Subsequent Particle Size and Flowability

Processes ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (8) ◽  
pp. 1372
Author(s):  
Michaela Braun ◽  
Kara Dunmire ◽  
Caitlin Evans ◽  
Charles Stark ◽  
Jason Woodworth ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Standard Deviation ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
Angle Of Repose ◽  
Moisture Loss ◽  
Orifice Diameter ◽  
Flow Index ◽  
Screen Size ◽  
Size Standard ◽  
Ground Corn

The objective of this study was to determine the effects of whole-corn moisture and hammermill screen size on subsequent ground corn moisture, particle size and flowability. Treatments were arranged as a 2 × 2 factorial design with two moisture concentrations (14.5 and 16.7%), each ground using 2 hammermill screen sizes (3 mm and 6 mm). Corn was ground using a lab-scale 1.5 HP Bliss Hammermill at three separate timepoints to create three replications per treatment. Ground corn flowability was calculated using angle of repose (AOR), percent compressibility, and critical orifice diameter (COD) measurements to determine the composite flow index (CFI). There was no evidence for a screen size × corn moisture interaction for ground corn moisture content (MC), particle size, standard deviation, or flowability metrics. Grinding corn using a 3 mm screen resulted in decreased (p < 0.041) moisture content compared to corn ground using the 6 mm screen. There was a decrease (p < 0.031) in particle size from the 6 mm screen to the 3 mm, but no evidence of difference was observed for the standard deviation. There was a decrease (p < 0.030) in percent compressibility as screen size increased from 3 mm to 6 mm. Angle of repose tended to decrease (p < 0.056) when corn was ground using a 6 mm screen compared to a 3 mm screen. For the main effects of MC, 16.7% moisture corn had increased (p < 0.001) ground corn MC compared to 14.5%. The 14.5% moisture corn resulted in decreased (p < 0.050) particle size and an increased standard deviation compared to the 16.7% moisture corn. The increased MC of corn increased (p < 0.038) CFI and tended to decrease (p < 0.050) AOR and COD. In conclusion, decreasing hammermill screen size increased moisture loss by 0.55%, decreased corn particle size by 126 µm and resulted in poorer flowability as measured by percent compressibility and AOR. The higher moisture corn increased subsequent particle size by 89 µm and had improved flowability as measured by CFI.

scholarly journals Particle Size Distribution in Municipal Solid Waste Pre-Treated for Bioprocessing

Resources ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 166 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yue Zhang ◽  
Sigrid Kusch-Brandt ◽  
Shiyan Gu ◽  
Sonia Heaven
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Anaerobic Digestion ◽  
Particle Size Distribution ◽  
Municipal Solid Waste ◽  
Solid Waste ◽  
Size Distribution ◽  
Fine Particles ◽  
Particle Sizes ◽  
Particle Size Reduction ◽  
Jaw Opening

While it is well known that particle size reduction impacts the performance of bioprocessing such as anaerobic digestion or composting, there is a relative lack of knowledge about particle size distribution (PSD) in pre-treated organic material, i.e., the distribution of particles across different size ranges. PSD in municipal solid waste (MSW) pre-treated for bioprocessing in mechanical–biological treatment (MBT) was researched. In the first part of this study, the PSD in pre-treated waste at two full-scale MBT plants in the UK was determined. The main part of the study consisted of experimental trials to reduce particle sizes in MSW destined for bioprocessing and to explore the obtained PSD patterns. Shredders and a macerating grinder were used. For shear shredders, a jaw opening of 20 mm was found favourable for effective reduction of particle sizes, while a smaller jaw opening rather compressed the wet organic waste into balls. Setting the shredder jaw opening to 20 mm does not mean that in the output all particles will be 20 mm or below. PSD profiles revealed that different particle sizes were present in each trial. Using different types of equipment in series was effective in reducing the presence of larger particles. Maceration yielded a PSD dominated by very fine particles, which is unsuitable for composting and potentially also for anaerobic digestion. It was concluded that shredding, where equipment is well selected, is effective in delivering a material well suited for anaerobic digestion or composting.

scholarly journals Effect of particle size on phytochemical composition and antioxidant properties of Sargassum cristaefolium ethanol extract

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
E. S. Prasedya ◽  
A. Frediansyah ◽  
N. W. R. Martyasari ◽  
B. K. Ilhami ◽  
A. S. Abidin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antioxidant Activity ◽  
Particle Size ◽  
Antioxidant Activities ◽  
Antioxidant Properties ◽  
Ethanol Extract ◽  
Total Phenolic ◽  
Particle Sizes ◽  
Epicatechin Gallate ◽  
Particle Size Reduction ◽  
Phytochemical Composition

AbstractSample particle size is an important parameter in the solid–liquid extraction system of natural products for obtaining their bioactive compounds. This study evaluates the effect of sample particle size on the phytochemical composition and antioxidant activity of brown macroalgae Sargassum cristaefolium. The crude ethanol extract was extracted from dried powders of S.cristeafolium with various particle sizes (> 4000 µm, > 250 µm, > 125 µm, > 45 µm, and < 45 µm). The ethanolic extracts of S.cristaefolium were analysed for Total Phenolic Content (TPC), Total Flavonoid Content (TFC), phenolic compound concentration and antioxidant activities. The extract yield and phytochemical composition were more abundant in smaller particle sizes. Furthermore, the TPC (14.19 ± 2.08 mg GAE/g extract to 43.27 ± 2.56 mg GAE/g extract) and TFC (9.6 ± 1.8 mg QE/g extract to 70.27 ± 3.59 mg QE/g extract) values also significantly increased as particle sizes decreased. In addition, phenolic compounds epicatechin (EC), epicatechin gallate (ECG), epigallocatechin (EGC), and Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) concentration were frequently increased in samples of smaller particle sizes based on two-way ANOVA and Tukey’s multiple comparison analysis. These results correlate with the significantly stronger antioxidant activity in samples with smaller particle sizes. The smallest particle size (< 45 µm) demonstrated the strongest antioxidant activity based on DPPH, ABTS, hydroxyl assay and FRAP. In addition, ramp function graph evaluates the desired particle size for maximum phytochemical composition and antioxidant activity is 44 µm. In conclusion, current results show the importance of particle size reduction of macroalgae samples to increase the effectivity of its biological activity.

scholarly journals Experimental Analysis of the Mechanical Properties and Resistivity of Tectonic Coal Samples with Different Particle Sizes

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (8) ◽  
pp. 2303
Author(s):  
Congyu Zhong ◽  
Liwen Cao ◽  
Jishi Geng ◽  
Zhihao Jiang ◽  
Shuai Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Particle Size ◽  
Compressive Strength ◽  
Elastic Modulus ◽  
Uniaxial Compressive Strength ◽  
Coalbed Methane ◽  
Coal Sample ◽  
Fine Particles ◽  
Particle Sizes ◽  
Tectonic Coal

Because of its weak cementation and abundant pores and cracks, it is difficult to obtain suitable samples of tectonic coal to test its mechanical properties. Therefore, the research and development of coalbed methane drilling and mining technology are restricted. In this study, tectonic coal samples are remodeled with different particle sizes to test the mechanical parameters and loading resistivity. The research results show that the particle size and gradation of tectonic coal significantly impact its uniaxial compressive strength and elastic modulus and affect changes in resistivity. As the converted particle size increases, the uniaxial compressive strength and elastic modulus decrease first and then tend to remain unchanged. The strength of the single-particle gradation coal sample decreases from 0.867 to 0.433 MPa and the elastic modulus decreases from 59.28 to 41.63 MPa with increasing particle size. The change in resistivity of the coal sample increases with increasing particle size, and the degree of resistivity variation decreases during the coal sample failure stage. In composite-particle gradation, the proportion of fine particles in the tectonic coal sample increases from 33% to 80%. Its strength and elastic modulus increase from 0.996 to 1.31 MPa and 83.96 to 125.4 MPa, respectively, and the resistivity change degree decreases. The proportion of medium particles or coarse particles increases, and the sample strength, elastic modulus, and resistivity changes all decrease.

149 Evaluation of Hammermill Tip Speed, Air Assist, and Screen Hole Diameter on Ground Corn Characteristics

2021 ◽  
Vol 99 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 134-135
Author(s):  
Michaela B Braun ◽  
Kara M Dunmire ◽  
Michael Sodak ◽  
Jerry Shepherd ◽  
Randy Fisher ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Geometric Mean ◽  
Air Flow ◽  
Hole Diameter ◽  
Experimental Unit ◽  
Flow Index ◽  
Air Flow Rate ◽  
Flow Rates ◽  
Composite Flow ◽  
Ground Corn

Abstract This study was performed to evaluate hammermill tip speed, assistive airflow and screen hole diameter on hammermill throughput and characteristics of ground corn. Corn was ground using two Andritz hammermills (Model: 4330–6, Andritz Feed & Biofuel, Muncy,PA) measuring 1-m in diameter each equipped with 72 hammers and 300 HP motors. Treatments were arranged in a 3 × 3 × 3 factorial design with 3 tip speeds (3,774, 4,975, and 6,176 m/min), 3 screen hole diameters (2.3, 3.9 and 6.3 mm), and 3 air flow rates (1,062, 1,416, and 1,770 fan RPM). Corn was ground on 3 separate days to create 3 replications and treatments were randomized within day. Samples were collected and analyzed for moisture, particle size, and flowability characteristics. Data were analyzed using the GLIMMIX procedure of SAS 9.4 with grinding run serving as the experimental unit and day serving as the block. There was a 3-way interaction for standard deviation (Sgw), (linear screen hole diameter × linear hammer tip speed × linear air flow, P = 0.029). There was a screen hole diameter × hammer tip speed interaction (P &lt; 0.001) for geometric mean particle size dgw (P &lt; 0.001) and composite flow index (CFI) (P &lt; 0.001). When tip speed increased from 3,774 to 6,176 m/min the rate of decrease in dgw was greater as screen hole diameter increased from 2.3 to 6.3 mm resulting in a 67, 111, and 254 µm decrease in dgw for corn ground using the 2.3, 3.9, and 6.3 mm screen hole diameter, respectively. For CFI, increasing tip speed decreased the CFI of ground corn when ground using the 3.9 and 6.3 mm screen. However, when grinding corn using the 2.3 mm screen, there was no evidence of difference in CFI when increasing tip speed. In conclusion, the air flow rate did not influence dgw of corn but hammer tip speed and screen size were altered and achieved a range of dgw from 304 to 617 µm.

Liquid antisolvent recrystallization and solid dispersion of flufenamic acid with polyvinylpyrrolidone K-30

2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rahul Kumar ◽  
Sanjay Kumar ◽  
Pranava Chaudhari ◽  
Amit K. Thakur
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Dissolution Rate ◽  
Solid Dispersion ◽  
Fine Particles ◽  
Xrd Analysis ◽  
Solution Concentration ◽  
Injection Rate ◽  
Size Reduction ◽  
Flufenamic Acid ◽  
Particle Size Reduction

Abstract Flufenamic acid (FFA) is a Biopharmaceutical Classification System- II (BCS-II) class drug with poor bioavailability and a lower dissolution rate. Particle size reduction is one of the conventional approaches to increase the dissolution rate and subsequently the bioavailability. The use of the liquid antisolvent method for particle size reduction of FFA was studied in this work. Ethanol and water were used as solvent and antisolvent, respectively. Experimental parameters such as solution concentration (10–40 mg/ml), flow rate (120–480 ml/h), temperature (298–328 K) and stirring speed (200–800 rpm) were investigated. Furthermore, the solid dispersion of FFA was prepared with polyvinylpyrrolidone K-30 (PVP K-30) with different weight ratios (1:1, 1:2, 1:3 and 1:4) and samples were characterized using SEM, FTIR and XRD techniques. The experimental investigation revealed that higher values of concentration, injection rate, stirring speed, along with lower temperature favored the formation of fine particles. SEM analysis revealed that the morphology of raw FFA changed from rock-like to rectangular-like after liquid antisolvent recrystallization. FTIR analysis validated the presence of hydrogen bonding between FFA and PVP in solid dispersion. XRD analysis showed no significant change in the crystallinity of the processed FFA.

scholarly journals Size-segregated characteristics of organic carbon (OC), elemental carbon (EC) and organic matter in particulate matter (PM) emitted from different types of ships in China

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 1549-1564 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fan Zhang ◽  
Hai Guo ◽  
Yingjun Chen ◽  
Volker Matthias ◽  
Yan Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Elemental Carbon ◽  
Fine Particles ◽  
Particle Mass ◽  
Fuel Oil ◽  
Chemical Compositions ◽  
Particle Sizes ◽  
Heavy Fuel Oil ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Marine Diesel

Abstract. Studies of detailed chemical compositions in particles with different size ranges emitted from ships are in serious shortage. In this study, size-segregated distributions and characteristics of particle mass, organic carbon (OC), elemental carbon (EC), 16 EPA polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and 25 n-alkanes measured aboard 12 different vessels in China are presented. The results showed the following. (1) More than half of the total particle mass, OC, EC, PAHs and n-alkanes were concentrated in fine particles with aerodynamic diameter (Dp) < 1.1 µm for most of the tested ships. The relative contributions of OC, EC, PAH and alkanes to the size-segregated particle mass are decreasing with the increase in particle size. However, different types of ships showed quite different particle-size-dependent chemical compositions. (2) In fine particles, the OC and EC were the dominant components, while in coarse particles, OC and EC only accounted for very small proportions. With the increase in particle size, the OC / EC ratios first decreased and then increased, having the lowest values for particle sizes between 0.43 and 1.1 µm. (3) Out of the four OC fragments and three EC fragments obtained in thermal–optical analysis, OC1, OC2 and OC3 were the dominant OC fragments for all the tested ships, while EC1 and EC2 were the main EC fragments for ships running on heavy fuel oil (HFO) and marine-diesel fuel, respectively; different OC and EC fragments presented different distributions in different particle sizes. (4) The four-stroke low-power diesel fishing boat (4-LDF) had much higher PAH emission ratios than the four-stroke high-power marine-diesel vessel (4-HMV) and two-stroke high-power heavy-fuel-oil vessel (2-HHV) in fine particles, and 2-HHV had the lowest values. (5) PAHs and n-alkanes showed different profile patterns for different types of ships and also between different particle-size bins, which meant that the particle size should be considered when source apportionment is conducted. It is also noteworthy from the results in this study that the smaller the particle size, the more toxic the particle was, especially for the fishing boats in China.

High-temperature growth of anatase on kaolinite substrate

2009 ◽  
Vol 466 (2115) ◽  
pp. 721-730 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Rieder ◽  
M. Klementová ◽  
L. Szatmáry
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Small Particle ◽  
Fine Fraction ◽  
Weight Ratio ◽  
Particle Sizes ◽  
Small Particle Size ◽  
Temperature Growth ◽  
Titanyl Sulphate ◽  
Dominant Phase ◽  
Sole Product

When a fine fraction of kaolinite (less than 2 μm) is mixed with titanyl sulphate (weight ratio approx. 1:7), hydrolysed, washed, dried and heated to temperatures between 750 and 900 ° C, it transforms into metakaolin, and titania crystallizes as anatase with a small particle size (approx. 20–30 nm). In parallel experiments with plain titania (without kaolinite), rutile is the sole product phase at 850 and 900 ° C and the dominant phase in a mixture with anatase at 750 ° C. The particle sizes are much larger (approx. 400–1100 nm). It appears that kaolinite is instrumental in preserving titania in the anatase form and with a small particle size even at fairly high temperatures and hindering its transformation to rutile. However, this anatase exhibits poor photocatalytic activity.

scholarly journals Hydrodynamic Cavitation-Assisted Synthesis of Nanocalcite

2010 ◽  
Vol 2010 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shirish H. Sonawane ◽  
Sarang P. Gumfekar ◽  
Kunal H. Kate ◽  
Satish P. Meshram ◽  
Kshitij J. Kunte ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Investigation ◽  
Particle Size ◽  
Systematic Study ◽  
Energy Efficient ◽  
Reaction Rate ◽  
Hydrodynamic Cavitation ◽  
Orifice Diameter ◽  
Particle Size Reduction ◽  
Carbonation Process ◽  
Reactor Geometry

A systematic study was made on the synthesis of nanocalcite using a hydrodynamic cavitation reactor. The effects of various parameters such as diameter and geometry of orifice,CO2flow rate, andCa(OH)2concentration were investigated. It was observed that the orifice diameter and its geometry had significant effect on the carbonation process. The reaction rate was significantly faster than that observed in a conventional carbonation process. The particle size was significantly affected by the reactor geometry. The results showed that an orifice with 5 holes of 1 mm size resulted in the particle size reduction to 37 nm. The experimental investigation reveals that hydrodynamic cavitation may be more energy efficient.

Effect of Grinding Aids on the Particles Characteristics of Cement and Analysis of Action Mechanism

2014 ◽  
Vol 936 ◽  
pp. 1404-1408
Author(s):  
Ji Hui Zhao ◽  
Dong Min Wang ◽  
Xue Guang Wang ◽  
Shu Cong Liao ◽  
Hui Lin
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Lattice Distortion ◽  
Fine Particles ◽  
Particle Morphology ◽  
Angle Of Repose ◽  
Chemical Bonds ◽  
Action Mechanism ◽  
Grinding Aids ◽  
Grinding Mechanism ◽  
Grinding Time

Effects of triethanolamine grinding aids on the angle of repose, fineness, particle morphology and particle size distribution of cement are studied, and the action mechanism of grinding aids is discussed by surface tension and Zeta potential. The results show that the powder fluidity and particle circularity of cement are improved and the particle size and grinding time of cement are effectively reduced by grinding aids. And Grinding aids improve the particles content in the range of 3-32μm particle size by 6.63% and promote destruction of the chemical bonds and lattice distortion of cement mineral during the grinding process. The dispersion grinding mechanism of grinding aids is that they can reduce the surface free energy of powder to prevent fine particles from closing each other and shield or neutralize the particles surface partial charge to prevent facture surface from healing and promoting the cracks to extend easily.

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