scholarly journals Effects of Grinding Corn with Different Moisture Content on Subsequent Particle Size and Flowability

Processes ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (8) ◽  
pp. 1372
Author(s):  
Michaela Braun ◽  
Kara Dunmire ◽  
Caitlin Evans ◽  
Charles Stark ◽  
Jason Woodworth ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Standard Deviation ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
Angle Of Repose ◽  
Moisture Loss ◽  
Orifice Diameter ◽  
Flow Index ◽  
Screen Size ◽  
Size Standard ◽  
Ground Corn

The objective of this study was to determine the effects of whole-corn moisture and hammermill screen size on subsequent ground corn moisture, particle size and flowability. Treatments were arranged as a 2 × 2 factorial design with two moisture concentrations (14.5 and 16.7%), each ground using 2 hammermill screen sizes (3 mm and 6 mm). Corn was ground using a lab-scale 1.5 HP Bliss Hammermill at three separate timepoints to create three replications per treatment. Ground corn flowability was calculated using angle of repose (AOR), percent compressibility, and critical orifice diameter (COD) measurements to determine the composite flow index (CFI). There was no evidence for a screen size × corn moisture interaction for ground corn moisture content (MC), particle size, standard deviation, or flowability metrics. Grinding corn using a 3 mm screen resulted in decreased (p < 0.041) moisture content compared to corn ground using the 6 mm screen. There was a decrease (p < 0.031) in particle size from the 6 mm screen to the 3 mm, but no evidence of difference was observed for the standard deviation. There was a decrease (p < 0.030) in percent compressibility as screen size increased from 3 mm to 6 mm. Angle of repose tended to decrease (p < 0.056) when corn was ground using a 6 mm screen compared to a 3 mm screen. For the main effects of MC, 16.7% moisture corn had increased (p < 0.001) ground corn MC compared to 14.5%. The 14.5% moisture corn resulted in decreased (p < 0.050) particle size and an increased standard deviation compared to the 16.7% moisture corn. The increased MC of corn increased (p < 0.038) CFI and tended to decrease (p < 0.050) AOR and COD. In conclusion, decreasing hammermill screen size increased moisture loss by 0.55%, decreased corn particle size by 126 µm and resulted in poorer flowability as measured by percent compressibility and AOR. The higher moisture corn increased subsequent particle size by 89 µm and had improved flowability as measured by CFI.

scholarly journals Effect of Ground Corn Fractionation on Flowability

2017 ◽  
Vol 33 (6) ◽  
pp. 927-932
Author(s):  
Julie R Kalivoda ◽  
Cassandra K Jones ◽  
Charles R Stark
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Fine Particles ◽  
Fine Fraction ◽  
Angle Of Repose ◽  
Orifice Diameter ◽  
Flow Index ◽  
Particle Sizes ◽  
Particle Size Reduction ◽  
Target Particle ◽  
Ground Corn

Abstract. Particle size reduction is an important component of feed manufacturing that impacts pellet quality, feed flowability, and animal performance. However, reducing particle size too fine often results in reduced flowability of the ground corn and finished feed, which creates potential handling and storage concerns at the feed mill and farm. The objective of this experiment was to determine how fractionation affected flowability of ground corn. Whole corn was received from a single source and ground to achieve 3 target particle sizes, 400, 500, and 600 µm with actual results of 469, 560, and 614 µm. Each target particle size was fractionated into three segments: fine (&lt; 282 µm), medium (&gt; 282 µm and &lt; 630 µm), and coarse (&gt; 630 µm) particles using a vibratory separator (model LS18SP3, SWECO, Florence, Ky.). Within particle size treatment, the percentage of sample obtained for each fraction was: 400 µm: 4.9%, 34.2%, and 60.9% for fine, medium, and coarse, respectively; 500 µm: 1.9%, 31.3%, and 66.9% for fine, medium, and coarse, respectively; and 600 µm: 1.0%, 24.4%, and 74.7% for fine, medium, and coarse, respectively. When the fractions were separated, their particle sizes were: 400 µm: 94, 269, and 744 µm for fine, medium, and coarse, respectively; 500 µm: 96, 253, and 815 µm for fine, medium, and coarse, respectively; and 600 µm: 99, 220, and 898 µm for fine, medium, and coarse, respectively. Fractionated samples were analyzed for multiple flowability characteristics, including: angle of repose, critical orifice diameter, composite flow index (CFI), bulk density, and compressibility. Treatments were arranged in a nested model with three replicates per treatment. Data were analyzed using the GLIMMIX procedure of SAS. When fraction was nested within particle size for each treatment, the fine fraction (&lt; 282 µm) of the 400 µm corn had the poorest CFI (P &lt; 0.05). Whereas the coarse fraction (&gt; 630 µm) of the 600 µm corn had the best CFI. The nutrient content of the fractions was greatest in the medium fraction (&gt; 282 µm and &lt; 630 µm) for crude protein, fat, and acid detergent fiber (ADF). In conclusion, reducing particle size resulted in the ground corn having poorer flowability characteristics, caused predominantly by particles that passed through a 282 µm screen. Based on this data, producers may potentially grind corn to a lower particle size while maintaining flowability if fine particles (&lt; 282 µm) are removed. Keywords: Corn, Flowability, Particle size analysis

scholarly journals Evaluation of Hammermill Tip Speed, Air Assist and Screen Hole Diameter on Ground Corn Characteristics

Processes ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (10) ◽  
pp. 1768
Author(s):  
Michaela Braun ◽  
Haley Wecker ◽  
Kara Dunmire ◽  
Caitlin Evans ◽  
Michael W. Sodak ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Geometric Mean ◽  
Air Flow ◽  
Hole Diameter ◽  
Flow Index ◽  
Air Flow Rate ◽  
Screen Size ◽  
Flow Rates ◽  
Composite Flow ◽  
Ground Corn

This study was performed to evaluate hammermill tip speed, assistive airflow, and screen hole diameter on hammermill throughput and characteristics of ground corn. Corn was ground using two Andritz hammermills measuring 1 m in diameter each equipped with 72 hammers and 300 HP motors. Treatments were arranged in a 3 × 3 × 3 factorial design with three tip speeds (3774, 4975, and 6176 m/min), three screen hole diameters (2.3, 3.9, and 6.3 mm), and three air flow rates (1062, 1416, and 1770 fan revolutions per minute). Corn was ground on three separate days to create three replications and treatments were randomized within day. Samples were collected and analyzed for moisture, particle size, and flowability characteristics. There was a 3-way interaction (p = 0.029) for standard deviation (Sgw). There was a screen hole diameter × hammer tip speed interaction (p < 0.001) for geometric mean particle size dgw (p < 0.001) and composite flow index (CFI) (p < 0.001). When tip speed increased from 3774 to 6176 m/min, the rate of decrease in dgw was greater as screen hole diameter increased from 2.3 to 6.3 mm. For CFI, increasing tip speed decreased the CFI of ground corn when ground using the 3.9 and 6.3 mm screen. However, when grinding corn using the 2.3 mm screen, there was no evidence of difference in CFI when increasing tip speed. In conclusion, the air flow rate did not influence dgw of corn, but hammer tip speed and screen size were altered and achieved a range of dgw from 304 to 617 µm.

149 Evaluation of Hammermill Tip Speed, Air Assist, and Screen Hole Diameter on Ground Corn Characteristics

2021 ◽  
Vol 99 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 134-135
Author(s):  
Michaela B Braun ◽  
Kara M Dunmire ◽  
Michael Sodak ◽  
Jerry Shepherd ◽  
Randy Fisher ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Geometric Mean ◽  
Air Flow ◽  
Hole Diameter ◽  
Experimental Unit ◽  
Flow Index ◽  
Air Flow Rate ◽  
Flow Rates ◽  
Composite Flow ◽  
Ground Corn

Abstract This study was performed to evaluate hammermill tip speed, assistive airflow and screen hole diameter on hammermill throughput and characteristics of ground corn. Corn was ground using two Andritz hammermills (Model: 4330–6, Andritz Feed & Biofuel, Muncy,PA) measuring 1-m in diameter each equipped with 72 hammers and 300 HP motors. Treatments were arranged in a 3 × 3 × 3 factorial design with 3 tip speeds (3,774, 4,975, and 6,176 m/min), 3 screen hole diameters (2.3, 3.9 and 6.3 mm), and 3 air flow rates (1,062, 1,416, and 1,770 fan RPM). Corn was ground on 3 separate days to create 3 replications and treatments were randomized within day. Samples were collected and analyzed for moisture, particle size, and flowability characteristics. Data were analyzed using the GLIMMIX procedure of SAS 9.4 with grinding run serving as the experimental unit and day serving as the block. There was a 3-way interaction for standard deviation (Sgw), (linear screen hole diameter × linear hammer tip speed × linear air flow, P = 0.029). There was a screen hole diameter × hammer tip speed interaction (P &lt; 0.001) for geometric mean particle size dgw (P &lt; 0.001) and composite flow index (CFI) (P &lt; 0.001). When tip speed increased from 3,774 to 6,176 m/min the rate of decrease in dgw was greater as screen hole diameter increased from 2.3 to 6.3 mm resulting in a 67, 111, and 254 µm decrease in dgw for corn ground using the 2.3, 3.9, and 6.3 mm screen hole diameter, respectively. For CFI, increasing tip speed decreased the CFI of ground corn when ground using the 3.9 and 6.3 mm screen. However, when grinding corn using the 2.3 mm screen, there was no evidence of difference in CFI when increasing tip speed. In conclusion, the air flow rate did not influence dgw of corn but hammer tip speed and screen size were altered and achieved a range of dgw from 304 to 617 µm.

scholarly journals A Comparative Analysis of the Flow Properties between Two Alumina-Based Dry Powders

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Milene Minniti de Campos ◽  
Maria do Carmo Ferreira
Keyword(s):  
Internal Friction ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
Ceramic Powder ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Angle Of Repose ◽  
Wall Friction ◽  
Flow Index ◽  
Alumina Powder ◽  
Flow Properties ◽  
Angle Of Internal Friction

We measured and compared the flow properties of two alumina-based powders. The alumina powder (AP) is irregularly shaped and has a smooth surface and moisture content of 0.16% (d.b.), and the ceramic powder (CP), obtained after atomization in a spray dryer, is spherical and has a rough surface and moisture content of 1.07%. We measured the Hausner ratio (HR), the static angle of repose (AoR), the flow index (FI), the angle of internal friction, and the wall's friction angle. The properties measured using aerated techniques (AoR and HR) demonstrated that AP presents true cohesiveness (and therefore a difficult flow), while CP presents some cohesiveness and its flow might be classified as half way between difficult and easy flow. Their FI values, which were obtained using a nonaerated technique, enable us to classify the alumina as cohesive and the ceramic powder as an easy-flow powder. The large mean diameter and morphological characteristics of CP reduce interparticle forces and improve flowability, in spite of the higher moisture content of their granules. The angles of internal friction and of wall friction were not significantly different when comparing the two powders.

scholarly journals Characterization and flowability methods for metal powders

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jiri Zegzulka ◽  
Daniel Gelnar ◽  
Lucie Jezerska ◽  
Rostislav Prokes ◽  
Jiri Rozbroj
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Particle Size Distribution ◽  
Size Distribution ◽  
Flow Characteristics ◽  
Friction Angle ◽  
Angle Of Repose ◽  
Flow Index ◽  
Distribution Data ◽  
Metal Powders

AbstractWith the rise of additive technologies, the characterization of metal powders is increasingly required. There is a need to precisely match the properties of metal powders to a specific machine and to ensure highly consistent production. Therefore, the study aims at a detailed characterization of ten metal powders (Metal powder 316 L, Zn, Sn, Al, Cu, Mn, Fe, Bronze, Ti and Mo powder), for which the particle size distribution, morphology, static and dynamic angle of repose and the effective internal friction angle (AIFE) were determined. The AIFE parameter and flow index were determined from three commonly used rotary shear devices: The computer-controlled Ring Shear Tester RST-01. pc, the Brookfield PFT Powder Flow Tester and the FT4 Powder rheometer. The results showed that the values ​​for the device of one manufacturer did not fully correspond to the values ​​of another one. The flow characteristics of the metal powders were quantified from the particle size distribution data, static angle of repose, and AIFE data. According to the particle size distribution and angle of repose (AOR), 50% of the tested metal powders fell into the free-flowing mode. According to the evaluation of AIFE, 20% of the samples fell into the lower area. Based on the flow indexes calculated from the measurements of the shear devices used, 100% (RST-01.pc), 70% (PFT) and 50% (FT4) of the samples were included in the free-flowing category. When comparing the results, attention should be paid not only to the nature of the material, but also to the methodology and equipment used. A comparison of methodologies revealed similarities in the changing behavior of the different metal powders. A comparison of effective angles of AIFE and static AOR was shown, and a hypothesis of the conversion relation was derived.

<i>Studies on Ground Corn Flowability as Affected by Particle Size and Moisture Content</i>

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
H T Jadhav ◽  
Chinwendu Ozoh ◽  
Sai Teja Marripudi ◽  
Xiong Cao ◽  
K A Rosentrater
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
Ground Corn

Particle Size, Mill Type, and Added Fat Influence Angle of Repose of Ground Corn 11Contribution No. 05-275-5 from the Kansas Agric. Exp. Stn., Manhattan.

2006 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 120-125 ◽  
Author(s):  
C.N. Groesbeck ◽  
R.D. Goodband ◽  
M.D. Tokach ◽  
J.L. Nelssen ◽  
S.S. Dritz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Angle Of Repose ◽  
Ground Corn

Determination of grinding parameters of fenugreek seed

1970 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 16 ◽  
Author(s):  
S Balasubramanian ◽  
Rajkumar Rajkumar ◽  
K K Singh
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
Specific Energy ◽  
Feed Rate ◽  
Average Particle Size ◽  
Specific Energy Consumption ◽  
Average Particle ◽  
Fenugreek Seeds ◽  
Fenugreek Seed

Experiment to identify ambient grinding conditions and energy consumed was conducted for fenugreek. Fenugreek seeds at three moisture content (5.1%, 11.5% and 17.3%, d.b.) were ground using a micro pulverizer hammer mill with different grinding screen openings (0.5, 1.0 and 1.5 mm) and feed rate (8, 16 and 24 kg h-1) at 3000 rpm. Physical properties of fenugreek seeds were also determined. Specific energy consumptions were found to decrease from 204.67 to 23.09 kJ kg-1 for increasing levels of feed rate and grinder screen openings. On the other hand specific energy consumption increased with increasing moisture content. The highest specific energy consumption was recorded for 17.3% moisture content and 8 kg h-1 feed rate with 0.5 mm screen opening. Average particle size decreased from 1.06 to 0.39 mm with increase of moisture content and grinder screen opening. It has been observed that the average particle size was minimum at 0.5 mm screen opening and 8 kg h-1 feed rate at lower moisture content. Bond’s work index and Kick’s constant were found to increase from 8.97 to 950.92 kWh kg-1 and 0.932 to 78.851 kWh kg-1 with the increase of moisture content, feed rate and grinder screen opening, respectively. Size reduction ratio and grinding effectiveness of fenugreek seed were found to decrease from 4.11 to 1.61 and 0.0118 to 0.0018 with the increase of moisture content, feed rate and grinder screen opening, respectively. The loose and compact bulk densities varied from 219.2 to 719.4 kg m-3 and 137.3 to 736.2 kg m-3, respectively.  

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