CIGR Handbook of Agricultural Engineering, Volume V Energy and Biomass Engineering, Chapter 1 Natural Energy and Biomass, Part 1.1 Post-Petroleum Energy and Material

Most of the industrial process requires a temperature level below 250?C which is easily achievable using solar energy. Pakistan is fortunate enough to have long sunlight hours and high intensity of solar insolation. The mean total irradiation falling on a horizontal plane is about 200-250 Watt per m2 per day. This precious source of natural energy has tremendous potential in the agro-based industry like the distillation of medicinal plants. The main objective of this study was to conduct a Quantitative and Qualitative analyses of solar distilled oil of the medicinal plant. Solar distillation systems had been installed at Agricultural Engineering Workshop, Faculty of Agricultural Engineering and Technology and Rosa Lab, Institute of Horticultural Sciences, University of Agriculture Faisalabad. This distillation system was designed according to the latitude of Faisalabad. This system comprised of primary reflector, secondary reflector, condenser, and Florentine flask. In this study Eucalyptus Camaldulensis and Eucalyptus Citriodora, essential oils were distilled by solar distillation system and by a conventional distillation system for comparing the results. GC-MS analysis of Eucalyptus Camaldulensis and Eucalyptus Citriodora essential oils were carried out at National Institute of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering (NIBGE), Faisalabad. The results of quantitative and qualitative analyses of essential oils showed that the quantity and the quality of essential oils of same species of Eucalyptus, distilled by Solar distillation system and conventional controlled distillation system were same. So, it was concluded that the quality and quantity of essential oils of same species don?t differ significantly either distilled by solar distillation system or by conventional controlled distillation system.

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CIGR Handbook of Agricultural Engineering, Volume III Plant Production Engineering, Chapter 1 Machines for Crop Production, Parts 1.1.10-1.1.17 Engines

10.13031/2013.36339 ◽

1999 ◽

Keyword(s):

Crop Production ◽

Plant Production ◽

Production Engineering ◽

Agricultural Engineering

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A Review of Ventilation and Environmental Control of Underground Spaces

Energies ◽

10.3390/en15020409 ◽

2022 ◽

Vol 15 (2) ◽

pp. 409

Author(s):

Bin Yang ◽

Huangcheng Yao ◽

Faming Wang

Keyword(s):

Environmental Control ◽

Health And Safety ◽

First Century ◽

Energy Utilization ◽

Rapid Urbanization ◽

Air Defense ◽

Agricultural Engineering ◽

Resistance Reduction ◽

Natural Energy ◽

Control Technologies

Because of rapid urbanization, traffic problems, and other factors, underground spaces have been used more in the twenty-first century. Large underground spaces are required for underground city, metro, tunnel, mine, industrial and agricultural engineering, and civil air defense engineering. Underground spaces with varying thermal, ventilation, and lighting environments can face problems of comfort, health, and safety. High temperatures, high humidity, difficulty in flue gas emission, harmful microorganisms, radon, and physical and psychological problems are examples of issues. Air quality control technologies for underground spaces, such as ventilation, dehumidification, natural energy utilization, smoke extraction, and ventilation resistance reduction, are discussed. Ventilation for smoke-proofing/evacuation is also extensively addressed.

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