scholarly journals Production of high added value products from sweet sorghum using high efficiency bioprocesses

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Λεωνίδας Μάτσακας
Keyword(s):  
Sweet Sorghum ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
Added Value

Σκοπός της παρούσας διδακτορικής διατριβής ήταν η αξιολόγηση της δυνατότητας χρησιμοποίησης του γλυκού σόργου ως πρώτη ύλη για την παραγωγή διαφόρων μορφών βιοκαυσίμων. Αρχικώς αξιολογήθηκε η δυνατότητα παραγωγής βιοαιθανόλης με την χρήση δύο διαφορετικών στρατηγικών (είτε την χρήση όλων των στελεχών του σόργου είτε με την χρήση μόνο του λιγνινοκυτταρινούχου κλάσματος, την βαγάσση). Σε μια προσπάθεια να βελτιωθεί η ενζυμική υδρόλυση της βαγάσσης, μελετήθηκε και βελτιστοποιήθηκε η εφαρμογή υδροθερμική προκατεργασίας με την χρήση μικρομυμάτων. Κάτω απο τις βέλτιστες συνθήκες προκατεργασίας, παρατηρήθηκε υψηλή συγκέντρωση κυτταρίνης (66.84% w/w) καθώς και υψηλή υδρόλυση της κυτταρίνης, η οποία ανήλθε σε 30.42% μετά από 8 ώρες υδρολύσεως. Κατά την διάρκεια των πειραμάτων παραγωγής αιθανόλης, παρατηρήθηκε οτι υδρόλυση 12 ωρών ήταν αρκετή για την αποτελεσματική υδρόλυση της κυτταρίνης, η οποία ανήλθε σε 59.8%. Η συγκέντρωση της αιθανόλης στην ακόλουθη ζύμωση ανήλθε σε 41.4g/L με την παραγωγικότητα να φτάνει σε 1.88g/L·h. Η προσθήκη επιπλέον φρέσκων ενζύμων κατά την έναρξη της ζύμωσης είχε θετική επίδραση στην παραγόμενη αιθανόλη.Κατά την διάρκεια των πειραμάτων όπου χρησιμοποιήθηκαν τα στελέχη του σόργου σε συνθήκες υψηλής συγκέντρωσης στερεών, βρέθηκε οτι η ενσωμάτωση ενός ξεχωριστού σταδίου ενζυμικής υδρόλησης πριν την ζύμωση είχε ως αποτέλεσμα την αύξηση της παραγωγής αιθανόλης καθώς και της παραγωγικότητας. Προκειμένου να βελτιωθεί το στάδιο της υδρολύσεως, μελετήθηκε η συνδυασμένη επίδραση του χρόνου υδρόλυσης και του ενζυμικού φορτίου στην παραγωγικότητα της αιθανόλης. Κάτω από τις βέλτιστες συνθήκες που βρέθηκαν (ενζυμικό φορτίο ίσο με 8.32 FPU/g και χρονική διάρκεια 8.6 ωρών), η παραγωγή αιθανόλης έφτασε τα 62.53 g/L με την παραγωγικότητα να είναι 2.98 g/L·h. Τέλος, κατά την διάρκεια της μελέτης της επίδρασης της αρχικής συγκέντρωσης στερεών, βρέθηκε ότι συγκέντρωση στερεών ίση με 35% w/w οδήγησε στην υψηλή παραγωγή αιθανόλης, στην μέγιστη παραγωγικότητα καθώς και σε έναν από τους υψηλότερους συντελεστές απόδοσης, σε σύγκριση με τις άλλες συγκεντρώσεις που μελετήθηκαν.Λαμβάνοντας υπόψην τα αποτελέσματα σχετικά με την παραγωγή αιθανόλης, καταλήξαμε οτι η χρήση των στελεχών του γλυκού σόργου είναι πιο αποτελεσματική, καθώς λιγότερα στάδια είναι απαραίτητα και η συγκέντρωση της παραγώμενης αιθανόλης ήταν υψηλότερη σε σχέση με την χρήση της βαγάσσης. Για αυτόν τον λόγο αποφασίστηκε να χρησιμοποιηθεί η ίδια διεργασία κατά την διάρκεια των πειραμάτων μελέτης παραγωγής μικροβιακών λιπιδίων τα οποία μπορούν να χρησιμοποιηθούν για την παραγωγή βιοντίζελ. Τρείς ελαιογόνες ζύμες μελετήθηκαν για αυτόν τον σκοπό, πιο συγκεκριμένα οι ζύμες L. starkeyi CBS 1807, T. fermentans CBS 439.83 και R. toruloides CCT 0783. Αρχικώς εξετάστηκε η δυνατότητα των στελεχών του σόργου να υποστηρίξουν την ανάπτυξη των διαφόρων ζυμών παρέχοντας τόσο τον άνθρακα όσο και το απαραίτητο άζωτο. Αυτό πραγματοποιήθηκε μελετώντας την επίδραση που είχε η προσθήκη εξωτερικής πηγής αζώτου στο μέσον της καλλιέργειας. Παρατηρήθηκε ότι η προσθήκη του εξωγενούς αζώτου είχε αρνητική επίδραση και στις τρείς ζύμες, μειώνοντας την παραγωγή μικροβιακού λίπους. Η ικανότητα των στελεχών του σόργου να προσφέρουν τόσο τον απαραίτητο άνθρακα όσο και το απαραίτητο άζωτο είναι πολύ σημαντική για την μείωση του κόστους παραγωγής, καθώς η προσθήκη αζώτου θεωρείται ότι αυξάνει το συνολικό κόστος. Επιπλέον, η ύπαρξη ενός σταδίου ενζυμικής σακχαροποίηση πριν το στάδιο παραγωγής λίπους είχε θετική επίδραση στο παραγώμενο λίπος, ανεξαρτήτως της χρησιμοποιηθέντας ζύμης και της συγκέντρωσης στερεών. Η υψηλότερη συγκέντρωση λίπους παρατηρήθηκε όταν καλλιεργήθηκε η ζύμη R. toruloides σε υπόστρωμα που προέκυψε από συγκέντρωση στερεών ίση με 20% w/w, έχοντας αφαιρέσει τα στερεά, και ανήλθε σε 13.77 g/L. Στο τελικό στάδιο αυτής της μελέτης, έγινε πρόβλεψη των ιδιοτήτων του βιοντίζελ το οποίο θα προέκυπτε αν χρησιμοποιούνταν τα λίπη που προέυψαν απο τις τρείς ζύμες που μελετήθηκαν. Βρέθηκε ότι και οι τρεις παράγουν λιπίδια που θα έδιναν καλές ιδιότητες στο παραχθέν βιοντίζελ.Στο τελικό στάδιο της παρούσας μελέτης, εξετάστηκε η δυνατότητα χρήσης των στελεχών του σόργου για την παραγωγή βιομεθανίου μέσω αναερόβιας χώνευσης. Αρχικώς, μελετήθηκε η επίδραση δύο διαφορετικών κατεργασιών πριν την αναερόβια χώνευση στην απόδοση σε μεθάνιο. Πιο συγκεκριμένα μελετήθηκαν μια ήπια θερμική κατεργασία και μια ενζυμική. Η θερμική κατεργασία βρέθηκε ότι είχε αρνητική επίδραση στην απόδοση σε μεθάνιο. Από την άλλη μεριά, η ενζυμική κατεργασία όταν εφαρμόστηκε σε ένα στάδιο με την αναερόβια χώνευση (προσομοιάζοντας την διεργασία SSF) βελτίωσε την απόδοση σε μεθάνιο από 238mL CH4/g VS σε 274mL CH4/g VS. Σε ένα τελικό στάδιο, εξετάστηκε η συνδυαστική δράση του ενζυμικού φορτίου και του λόγου I/S και βρέθηκε ότι η υψηλότερη απόδοση σε μεθάνιο επιτεύχθηκε για ενζυμικό φορτίο ίσο με 13FPU/g και λόγο I/S ίσο με 0.7 και ανήλθε σε 284.37mL CH4/g VS.

scholarly journals Fermentation of Sweet Sorghum Syrup Under Reduced Pressure for Bioethanol Production

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 235-245
Author(s):  
Oleksii I. Volodko ◽  
Tetiana S. Ivanova ◽  
Ganna I. Kulichkova ◽  
Kostyantyn M. Lukashevych ◽  
Yaroslav B. Blume ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Atmospheric Pressure ◽  
Sweet Sorghum ◽  
Production Efficiency ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
Green Energy ◽  
Yeast Cells ◽  
Vacuum Extraction ◽  
Bioethanol Production ◽  
Nitrogen And Phosphorus ◽  
Reduced Pressure

Background: Production of bioethanol from sweet sorghum (Sorghum saccharatum) is a promising “green” energy source that can help to reduce energy dependence on petroleum products, to decrease greenhouse gas emissions, and fight environmental pollution. As an additional benefit, it can promote the exploitation of new uncultivated agricultural lands and favor establishing integrated agro-industrial energy independent enterprises. The alcoholic fermentation under reduced pressure may prevent the accumulation of high ethanol concentrations in the cultured broth and thus may create favorable conditions for the highest productivity of yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Objective: Elaboration of optimal conditions for sweet sorghum syrup fermentation under reduced pressure. Aim: To determine the parameters of sweet sorghum syrup fermentation by S. cerevisiae under the conditions of constant and periodic reduced pressure for the highest bioethanol production efficiency. Methods: The sweet sorghum was grown in a temperate continental climate region of Northern Ukraine. The parameters of diluted stem syrup and S. cerevisiae fermentation under reduced and atmospheric pressure were established and controlled by chemical, biochemical and physicochemical methods. The yeast cells were dyed with methylene blue and counted using a microscope and a Neubauer counting chamber. The obtained data have been statistically analyzed. Results: It has been established that a periodic vacuum extraction with short-term heating of the medium to the boiling point is the most promising procedure for bioethanol production. Periodically reduced pressure fermentation of sweet sorghum diluted syrup resulted in 55% higher bioethanol productivity compared to atmospheric pressure fermentation. Such treatment enables to maintain the concentration of ethanol in the medium below 5.5% vol., which does not significantly inhibit the productivity of industrial yeast strains and allows adding a nutrient with the subsequent continuation of the cultivation process. The resulting distillate requires less energy for further dehydration. Conclusion: The sweet sorghum syrup does not contain substances that inhibit yeast cells although nitrogen and phosphorus supplements are required to support efficient S. cerevisiae growth. The optimal technology, elaborated in this research, consists of repeated cycles of fermentation under reduced pressure (to the level of vacuum) for boiling the cultured broth. This technology provides the highest bioethanol output, high efficiency, and productivity of the overall process.

scholarly journals PENGELOLAAN RISIKO RANTAI PASOK SAYURAN ORGANIK (STUDI KASUS: PT. X, CISARUA, KABUPATEN BOGOR, JAWA BARAT) [Organic Vegetables Supply Chain Risk Management (Case Study: PT. X, Cisarua, District of Bogor, West Java)]

2019 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 15
Author(s):  
Muhammad Arif Kamal ◽  
Taufik Djatna ◽  
Sukardi Sukardi
Keyword(s):  
Risk Management ◽  
Supply Chain ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
Risk Index ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Added Value ◽  
Supply Chain Risk Management ◽  
West Java ◽  
Profit Margins ◽  
Organic Vegetables

Achievement of the efficiency of the supply chain of organic vegetables PT. X needs to consider output in the form of added value and profit margins obtained from the input of delivery, fulfillment of requests, and risks faced by each actor.  The purpose of this study was the management of supply chains of organic vegetables from farmers, entrepreneurs, retailers, and consumers in Cisarua, Bogor Regency, West Java. Based on the results of the analysis of value added by Hayami's method, it was known that retailers' profit margins tend to be bigger, but the contribution of value added is lower than that of farmers and companies.  The results of risk measurement showed that the biggest risk index was in farmers due to the large risk of supply shortages.  Measurement of efficiency using DEA showed that retailer actors were more efficient but tend to avoid risk.  Achieving high efficiency at retailers indicated the ability to balance risk and revenue so that the delivery of organic vegetables in the supply chain was more efficient.  Through a risk management mechanism with risk balancing and cost incentives because of the risk showed an increase in supply chain efficiency. This efficiency can be seen from the increase in the number of retailers 'demand and a decrease in supply / shipping inefficiency of farmers and companies in meeting retailers' demands.

scholarly journals PENINGKATAN DAYASAING TANAMAN PANGAN MELALUI AKSELERASI AGROINDUSTRI DAN PEMBERDAYAAN KELEMBAGAAN PERTANIAN

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 379
Author(s):  
Rooganda Elizabeth
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Institutional Development ◽  
Rice Flour ◽  
Global Market ◽  
Export Market ◽  
Added Value ◽  
Processed Products

Food crops added value is obtained by the process of being processed products through the role of agro-industry. In the era of globalization, Indonesia must immediately implement the development of agro-industries to produce highly competitive trade products and be able to gain global market share. The success of implementing agro-industry is the support and support of the government to increase farmers' income in an effort to realize their welfare. This paper aims to express more comprehensively of food crop-based agro-industry products development acceleration to produce quality processed products, and agricultural functions roles institutions empowerment and high efficiency seriously and sustainably. The acceleration of the implementation of agro-industry is predicted as one of the solutions to efficiency, effectiveness, continuity and the continuity of the trade in processed products rather than raw materials, labor and capital of processed products. It is necessary to increase the competitiveness of Indonesian agroindustry products which have been dominated by raw materials, which only rely on comparative advantages of natural resource abundance and uneducated labor. Obtained agricultural products processed added value that are competitive and meet the high demands of quality and hygiene (GMP), increase in income and welfare of farmers and processed business actors, as well as the transfer of exports of raw materials to processed products. Thanks to the efforts of RMU to process rice into rice, rice flour and crackers (made from rice and rice flour), the RC ratio value of approximately 1.53, 1.28 and 5.91 showed business feasibility and obtained value-added products from processing operations which increased acquisition income. The development and improvement of technological innovations in processed products, investments and HR of business actors is predicted to be able to become the "driving engine" of strong economic progress, especially if the empowerment and institutional development function in line with the development policy programs implemented. Agro-industry products are expected to be able to reach the export market, be able to create jobs and increase interest in young labor in agriculture, able to increase income and the economy in rural areas, and be able to drive the development of rural industrialization.

scholarly journals Znaczenie małych i œśrednich przedsiębiorstw w Polsce po 2000 r.

2008 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. 92-109
Author(s):  
Janina Pach
Keyword(s):  
High Efficiency ◽  
Typical Feature ◽  
Business Environment ◽  
Added Value ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Small Enterprises ◽  
Basic Part ◽  
Industrial Processing ◽  
High Level ◽  
Short Time

Small and middle enterprises (SME) are the basic part of the economy in European Unionincluding Poland. Typical feature of them are: high level of flexibility in adaptation to the chan-ges in business environment, strong motivation of entrepreneurs because of the relation betweenprofitability of an enterprise and income of its owner, high efficiency of prospering of SME thatcorresponds to the big financial discipline that dominates in SME sector and low absorptionof capital in the production areas.All these characteristics cause SME sector plays very important role in increasing GrossDomestic Product and added value as well as in increasing the employment. In 2004 the numberof active enterprises of this sector in Poland was estimated to over 1 690 000 which was the99,8% of all enterprises in this country. The number of employees in Polish SME sector in 2005was about 8234,1 that was over 71% of total number of employees working in all the enterprises.Moreover, in 2005 the SME sector generated 47,7% of gross domestic product and 54,2% of ad-ded value. It should be emphasized that importance of micro, middle and small enterprises wasdifferent in particular sectors of economy like: industrial processing, trade, constructions, ho-tels and restaurants, transport etc.Unfortunately, some problems occurred in development of SME sector, for example: thedecreasing number of active enterprises in total number of registered enterprises, low innovativeness of Polish middle and small enterprises, short time of life, high rate of employment in “thegrey zone”. It shows the importance of supporting this sector by national or local governmentunder the auspices of EU which formulated the rules of common politics for SME sector. You canfind these regulations in common European SME Policy and European Competition Policy. It isnecessary to remove all barriers to the SME sector progress by reducing off-pay costs, decre-asing taxes, limiting number of concessions and certificates of approval.

scholarly journals Sulfur Dioxide Degradation by Composite Photocatalysts Prepared by Recycled Fine Aggregates and Nanoscale Titanium Dioxide

Nanomaterials ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (11) ◽  
pp. 1533 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xue-Fei Chen ◽  
Shi-Cong Kou
Keyword(s):  
Photocatalytic Activity ◽  
Building Materials ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
Cementitious Materials ◽  
Added Value ◽  
High Porosity ◽  
Nano Tio2 ◽  
Fine Aggregates ◽  
Composite Photocatalysts ◽  
High Alkalinity

To alleviate the heavy burden on landfilling, construction and demolition wastes (C&DWs) are recycled and reused as aggregates in cementitious materials. However, the inherent characteristics of recycled fine aggregates (RFA), such as the high crushing index and high-water absorption, magnify the reusing difficulty. Nevertheless, attributing to the high porosity and high level of calcium hydroxides existing in the old mortar, RFA is featured with a high specific surface area and a high alkalinity. These features are useful to augment the total photo-degradation of SO2 by nano-TiO2 (NT) intermixed mortar, leading RFA to be an excellent potential carrier to load nano-TiO2 and prepare the composite photocatalyst. Hence, this study proposed to load NT onto the surface of RFAs and river sands (RSs) (the control) by the soaking method, preparing composite photocatalysts denoted as NT@RFA and NT@RS, respectively. The prepared composite photocatalysts were then utilized as sands in photocatalytic mortar to evaluate for SO2 degradation. Experiments identified a 50% higher amount of NT was loaded onto the surface of FRA relative to the control. This higher loading amount plus higher alkalinity ultimately translated into a higher photocatalytic activity. In addition, the mortar containing NT@RFA exhibited 46.3% higher physiochemical absorption and 23.9% higher photocatalytic activity than that containing NT@RS. In addition, the durability, embodied by the reuse and anti-abrasive properties, of NT@RFA exceeded that of NT@RS. The overall findings reveal that the NT@RFA not only garners beneficial effect from the high porosity but also generates positive effect from the high alkalinity. Though a number of studies deal with building materials with NT, this study is the first to load NT onto RFA and prepare composite photocatalysts which were then used as fine aggregates in building materials. Consequently, this study proves the potential high-added-value reusability of RFA in green construction materials and provides a low-cost, high-efficiency approach to degrade atmospheric SO2.

Fatigue Strength Assessment of Propellers by Means of Weakly Coupled CFD and FEM Analyses

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chiara Bertoglio ◽  
Stefano Gaggero ◽  
Cesare M. Rizzo ◽  
Michele Viviani
Keyword(s):  
High Efficiency ◽  
Added Value ◽  
General Requirement ◽  
Strength Assessment ◽  
Radiated Noise ◽  
Design Procedures ◽  
Continuous Review ◽  
Propeller Design ◽  
Weakly Coupled ◽  
New Challenges

Propeller design considerably evolved during years, continuously imposing new challenges to the designer, from usual high efficiency and avoidance of erosive cavitation up to reduction of radiated noise and pressure pulses for “high added value” ships. New more stringent limits, together with a general requirement for performances optimization, leads to the need of a continuous review of design procedures which, in some cases, still rely on rather “old-fashioned” approaches. The aim of this paper is to analyse in detail the importance of considering fatigue phenomena in the propeller design, proposing a procedure for the evaluation in time of the stress field acting on a blade during one revolution, which is then considered for fatigue assessment.

Transparent Triboelectric Nanogenerator Based on Thermoplastic Polyurethane Films

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (5) ◽  
pp. 3072-3080
Author(s):  
S. R. Srither ◽  
N. R. Dhineshbabu ◽  
D. S. Shankar Rao ◽  
S. Krishna Prasad ◽  
Oscar Dahlsten ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Efficiency ◽  
Short Circuit ◽  
Thermoplastic Polyurethane ◽  
Film Surface ◽  
Short Circuit Current ◽  
Open Circuit ◽  
Added Value ◽  
Triboelectric Nanogenerator ◽  
High Transparency ◽  
Hand Tapping

This study aims at investigating flexible and transparent thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) as a novel material for triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) devices with a polyethylene terephthalate layer. Devices having TPU—either as a flat film or as electrospun micrometer-dimension fibers with varying concentrations of TPU—were tested. The best output performing device provided 21.4 V and 23 μA as open-circuit voltage and short-circuit current respectively, with the application of a small force of 0.33 N indicating the high efficiency of the device. Devices with flat films-obtained using the doctor-blade (DB) technique—have high transparency (80%) as well as high TENG output. The topography of the TPU layer, characterized by atomic force microscopy, reveals nanoscale roughness of the film surface. Finally, we demonstrate that gentle hand tapping on the TENG device can power upto 11 light-emitting diodes (LEDs). The high transparency, lightweight, simple fabrication, flexibility, and robust features of such device make it an added value for various optoelectronic applications.

scholarly journals Lignocellulisic Nanopouros Carbon Materials for Fuel Cells

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ance Pļavniece
Keyword(s):  
Activated Carbon ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
Carbon Materials ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Added Value ◽  
Nitrogen Doped ◽  
Thermochemical Process ◽  
Mesoporous Activated Carbon ◽  
Wood Char ◽  
Lignocellulose Biomass

Studies have shown that high-efficiency micro- and mesoporous activated carbon with high added value can be obtained on the basis of lignocellulose biomass in a three-stage thermochemical process. A methodology has been developed for the synthesis of nitrogen-doped activated carbon by synthesis with dicyandiamide in dimethylformamide suspension as a raw material using wood, its processing residues and wood char.

Microcalorimeters for X-Ray Spectroscopy

1988 ◽  
Vol 102 ◽  
pp. 41
Author(s):  
E. Silver ◽  
C. Hailey ◽  
S. Labov ◽  
N. Madden ◽  
D. Landis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Resolution ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
Thermal Response ◽  
Low Noise ◽  
High Resolution Spectroscopy ◽  
Superconducting Transition ◽  
Sapphire Substrates ◽  
Laboratory Plasmas ◽  
Adiabatic Demagnetization ◽  
Theoretical Predictions

The merits of microcalorimetry below 1°K for high resolution spectroscopy has become widely recognized on theoretical grounds. By combining the high efficiency, broadband spectral sensitivity of traditional photoelectric detectors with the high resolution capabilities characteristic of dispersive spectrometers, the microcalorimeter could potentially revolutionize spectroscopic measurements of astrophysical and laboratory plasmas. In actuality, however, the performance of prototype instruments has fallen short of theoretical predictions and practical detectors are still unavailable for use as laboratory and space-based instruments. These issues are currently being addressed by the new collaborative initiative between LLNL, LBL, U.C.I., U.C.B., and U.C.D.. Microcalorimeters of various types are being developed and tested at temperatures of 1.4, 0.3, and 0.1°K. These include monolithic devices made from NTD Germanium and composite configurations using sapphire substrates with temperature sensors fabricated from NTD Germanium, evaporative films of Germanium-Gold alloy, or material with superconducting transition edges. A new approache to low noise pulse counting electronics has been developed that allows the ultimate speed of the device to be determined solely by the detector thermal response and geometry. Our laboratory studies of the thermal and resistive properties of these and other candidate materials should enable us to characterize the pulse shape and subsequently predict the ultimate performance. We are building a compact adiabatic demagnetization refrigerator for conveniently reaching 0.1°K in the laboratory and for use in future satellite-borne missions. A description of this instrument together with results from our most recent experiments will be presented.

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