scholarly journals Hungary: In Transition to a Market Economy

1991 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 195-201 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul G Hare
Keyword(s):  
Market Economy ◽  
Economic Reform ◽  
Central Planning ◽  
Eastern European ◽  
Political Transformation ◽  
Economic Mechanism ◽  
Successful Transition

Hungary began its transition to a market economy as long ago as 1968 with the adoption of the New Economic Mechanism, when detailed central planning was abandoned and the economy was regulated by means of financial and economic levers. However, after a period of re-centralization in the 1970s and further market-oriented reforms during the 1980s, it became evident that the country was still far from achieving a successful transition. Nevertheless, Hungary's attempts at economic reform over the last 20 years are remarkably instructive, both for the present government's program of transition and for other Eastern European nations. Moreover, many of the measures now being implemented in Hungary were prepared and in many cases began to be implemented prior to the country's political transformation. Hence, there is much stronger continuity in the Hungarian reforms than one can find elsewhere in the region.

scholarly journals The Presentation of Self in Emigration

2012 ◽  
Vol 642 (1) ◽  
pp. 186-199 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martina Cvajner
Keyword(s):  
Market Economy ◽  
Legal Status ◽  
Social Stigma ◽  
The Self ◽  
Eastern European ◽  
Presentation Of Self ◽  
Ethnographic Fieldwork ◽  
Care Workers ◽  
The Social ◽  
Eastern European Immigrant

This article, based on five years of ethnographic fieldwork, describes the strategies for the presentation of the Self employed by Eastern European immigrant women in the Italian northeast. These middle-aged women migrated alone, are employed as live-in care workers, and often lack legal status. For them, migration is a deeply felt trauma, which they narrate as being forced upon them by the collapse of the USSR and the failures of the transition to a market economy. They perceive their life in Italy as degrading, their work is stressful and undignified, they miss their children, and they are often seen as poor mothers with questionable morals. Consequently, they seek to dilute the social stigma, presenting positive images of their selves and claiming respect from a variety of audiences. The women continuously endeavor to define their current condition as accidental and temporary and to assert their right to a better future.

scholarly journals Niemiecka droga do demokracji i gospodarki rynkowej jako przykład dla państw Europy Wschodniej

2017 ◽  
pp. 123-135
Author(s):  
Martin Dahl
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Market Economy ◽  
Political System ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Soviet Bloc ◽  
Eastern European ◽  
Political Systems ◽  
World War ◽  
Eastern European Countries ◽  
Democratic Political System

The German experience with democracy and the market economy can be particularly valuable for other European countries for at least two reasons. Firstly, after World War II, the Germans effectively and permanently managed to enter the democratic political system based on the market economy. Initially, the economy was implemented only in the western part of the country and since 1990 all over the country. Secondly, after the collapse of the former Soviet bloc, Central European countries greatly benefited from German political solutions. This means that in favourable conditions, these experiences can be a valuable source of inspiration for other countries, especially those in Eastern Europe.This study is a result of research conducted in 2016 as part of the project ‘Germany and Russia in a multipolar international order. Strategic vision and potential alliances’ with the support of the Foundation for Polish-German Cooperation. It consists of four parts. Part I is an introduction to the issues analysed. Part II shows the genesis and characteristics of the democratic political system of Germany. Part III contains an analysis of the German experience with the implementation of the market economy. In Part IV, the author presents his conclusions of how and to what extent Eastern European countries can use the German experience in reforming their political systems and what conditions they would have to meet.

European Geography

2004 ◽  
Author(s):  
Boian Koulov ◽  
Linda McCarthy
Keyword(s):  
European Integration ◽  
Spatial Scales ◽  
Economic Life ◽  
Environmental Damage ◽  
Eastern European ◽  
Political Transformation ◽  
National Scale ◽  
European Continent ◽  
And Migration ◽  
The Cold War

The European Specialty Group (ESG) was founded with considerable enthusiasm in 1992. Its organization and the rapid membership increase were in response to the historic changes following the fall of the Iron Curtain, the reintegration of the European continent, and a heightened interest in the evolution of European political and economic life. The purpose of the ESG is to move beyond the Cold War legacy of East–West division of the continent and foster research, teaching, and scholarly interaction on the geography of the new Europe. The ESG also serves as a bridge between US geographers working on Europe and their counterparts in the rest of the world. Finally, the group promotes the study of Europe within the discipline of geography and facilitates the exchange of information and ideas among its members and Europeanists in other disciplines, government, and private agencies. Research on Europe has been undertaken at a variety of spatial scales. A number of books reflect the pan-European scale (Berentsen 1993, 1997; Harris 1991, 1993a, b, 1997; Jordan 1996; McDonald 1997; Murphy 1991; Unwin 1998). The national scale also has received attention due to the continued importance of the different national contexts despite increased European integration, in conjunction with difficulties created by the lack of comparable statistical databases at a sub-national scale for the countries across Europe. Regardless of spatial scale several consistent themes have emerged. Within political geography focus is clearly on the new divisions of Europe, states–nations relationships, sub-national political transformation, the twin forces of democratization and nationalism, and ethnic conflict. Within economic geography research has centered around issues of “widening” versus “deepening” in the EU, globalization and pan-European integration, the impacts and implications of the incorporation of Central and Eastern European nations into the European economy, and the spatially uneven nature of economic change. Geographers also have been active in addressing issues of environmental damage, population, and migration. This chapter takes a regional approach that reflects the typical focus of most research. The material is treated systematically within sections on Western, Nordic, Eastern, and Mediterranean Europe.

scholarly journals Conditions of the Occurrence of the Environmental Kuznets Curve in Agricultural Production of Central and Eastern European Countries

Energies ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (20) ◽  
pp. 5478
Author(s):  
Piotr Kułyk ◽  
Łukasz Augustowski
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Production ◽  
Environmental Kuznets Curve ◽  
Generalized Least Squares ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Kuznets Curve ◽  
Eastern European ◽  
Political Transformation ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Social Variables ◽  
Eastern European Countries

The article examines the relationship between CO2 equivalent emissions and agricultural production, taking into account additional economic and social variables that correct the considered relationship for the six Central and Eastern European countries over the period 1992–2017. The aim of the article was to confirm or negate the occurrence of the environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) in the countries of Central and Eastern Europe. Countries that experienced a political transformation and were subsequently admitted to the European Union (EU) undergoing a preparatory period were included. The topic is timely as all EU countries are required to monitor their emissions under the EU Climate Monitoring Mechanism. The discussed problem is significant due to the changes taking place in the common agricultural policy, the choice of actions to be taken by individual countries in their national policies, and the choice of instruments to support the transformation of agriculture. Agriculture has a particularly large impact on emissions, especially N2O and CH4. This paper uses GLS (Generalized least squares) panel regression with random effects taking into consideration individual effects for countries. The conducted empirical research confirmed the hypothesis regarding the occurrence of the Kuznets curve in relation to agricultural production. In this situation, it is required to increase the activities of maintaining production growth, with the support of technological changes that significantly increase pro-environmental conditions, because, in the current circumstances, this growth takes place with an increase in CO2 gas emissions, thus leading to negative external effects.

Financial context of ceec process of privatization and restructuring (czech republic, poland, hungary)

1998 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Petr Chvojka
Keyword(s):  
Czech Republic ◽  
Market Economy ◽  
Homogeneous Group ◽  
Eastern Enlargement ◽  
The Czech Republic ◽  
Common Features ◽  
Low Level ◽  
Successful Transition ◽  
Eu Eastern Enlargement ◽  
The Eu

As EU Eastern enlargement draws nearer, CEE countries - especially those with the best chance to become EU members in the first group - have to get prepared for the EU environment, where they will be exposed to new competitive pressures. They have to increase their performance and overcome their low level of competitiveness, existing in spite of their recent relatively successful transition from command to market economy. Even though they are not a homogeneous group of states, at minimum those of them, the application of which for joining EU are dealt with, show despite the existing differences certain common features of their hitherto transformation (including restructuring) development (we take into account the Czech Republic, Hungary and Poland).

La struttura istituzionale della produzione *

1991 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 163-173
Author(s):  
Ronald H. Coase
Keyword(s):  
Economic Theory ◽  
Transaction Costs ◽  
Market Economy ◽  
Government Regulation ◽  
Social Cost ◽  
Economic Planning ◽  
Invisible Hand ◽  
Eastern European ◽  
Eastern European Countries ◽  
Wealth Of Nations

Abstract During the two centuries following the publication of Adam Smith’s Wealth of Nations the economists’ main objective has been to improve his analysis and in particular his basic statement that government regulation and economic planning are not necessary for the functioning of an efficient economy, since the price system (the «invisible hand») can successfully coordinate the economy.However, the excessive attention to prices deviated research from other aspects of the economic system. Coase’s effort, through his articles on «The nature of the firm» (1937) and «The problem of social cost» (1960), was to introduce in the traditional economic theory some institutional elements. The contribution of the first article was essentially the introduction into economic analysis of transaction costs. In the second article it was shown that contracting in absence of transaction costs maximizes the wealth, quite apart from the assignment of property rights.The introduction of institutional elements can be very helpful for reforms in Eastern European countries, because market economy can only work through appropriate institutions.

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