scholarly journals The Rise and Decline of General Laws of Capitalism

2015 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-28 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daron Acemoglu ◽  
James A. Robinson
Keyword(s):  
Political Institutions ◽  
Economic Factors ◽  
True Nature ◽  
The Past ◽  
Top Incomes ◽  
Distribution Of Resources ◽  
Evolution Of Technology ◽  
The Interest Rate

Thomas Piketty's (2013) book, Capital in the 21st Century, follows in the tradition of the great classical economists, like Marx and Ricardo, in formulating general laws of capitalism to diagnose and predict the dynamics of inequality. We argue that general economic laws are unhelpful as a guide to understanding the past or predicting the future because they ignore the central role of political and economic institutions, as well as the endogenous evolution of technology, in shaping the distribution of resources in society. We use regression evidence to show that the main economic force emphasized in Piketty's book, the gap between the interest rate and the growth rate, does not appear to explain historical patterns of inequality (especially, the share of income accruing to the upper tail of the distribution). We then use the histories of inequality of South Africa and Sweden to illustrate that inequality dynamics cannot be understood without embedding economic factors in the context of economic and political institutions, and also that the focus on the share of top incomes can give a misleading characterization of the true nature of inequality.

Electron Microscope Characterization of Pulse Annealed Semiconductors

1980 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. G. CULLIS
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Defect Structure ◽  
Device Fabrication ◽  
Fabrication Technology ◽  
The Past ◽  
Semiconductor Structures ◽  
Pulse Processing ◽  
Processing Techniques

ABSTRACTThe pulse processing techniques that have assumed prominence over the past few years offer various important advantages for device fabrication technology. However, the usefulness of each individual method depends substantially upon the specific annealing mechanism involved. This article demonstrates the role of electron microscopy in elucidating such mechanisms and in analysing annealed semiconductor structures of importance to both research workers and semiconductor technologists. The range of laser and electron beam pulse annealing methods is covered and defect structure transitions observed are related to the solid and liquid phase processes occurring. Characteristic impurity trapping and segregation phenomena are described.

scholarly journals Continuing the debate on the role of Quaternary environmental change for macroevolution

2004 ◽  
Vol 359 (1442) ◽  
pp. 295-303 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. D. Bennett
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Change ◽  
Time Scales ◽  
Causal Factors ◽  
Species Response ◽  
The Past ◽  
Dna Characterization ◽  
Evolutionary Consequences ◽  
Response To Environmental Change

The Quaternary has been a period of dramatic environmental change for the past 1.8 Myr, with major shifts in distributions and abundances of terrestrial and marine organisms. The evolutionary consequences of this have been debated since the nineteenth century. However, the lack of accurate relative and absolute time–scales for evolutions and environmental change inhibited progress. We do now have an understanding of time–scales. Palaeoecology has demonstrated the individualistic nature of species' response to environmental change, but lacks a means of determining ancestry. DNA characterization of modern populations in relation to their distributions nicely complements palaeoecological results by contributing ancestry. The chance to understand how species originate and the causal factors of speciation (environmental change or otherwise) may be within reach.

scholarly journals SPECIFICATIONS OF DIFFERENT IOP METHODS SPECIFICATIONS

2019 ◽  
Vol 34 (4) ◽  
pp. 1009-1013
Author(s):  
Strahil Gazepov ◽  
Alen Georgiev
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factor ◽  
Ocular Tissues ◽  
True Nature ◽  
Number Of Patients ◽  
Drainage Channels ◽  
Triggering Factor ◽  
Eye Examination ◽  
Proven Method

IOP is an important risk factor for glaucoma, and lowering IOP, even when IOP is within the normal range as defined epidemiologically, remains the only proven-effective treatment of the disease.However, our knowledge of the true nature of IOP in humans or how it affects ocular tissues is partially limited by the lack of continuous IOP monitoring technology for patients.Although clinical IOP reduction remains the only proven method for preventing the occurrence and progression of glaucoma, the role of IOP in the development and progression of the disease is not well understood.This is largely due to clinical observation that a significant number of patients with normal IOP develop glaucoma, while other individuals with elevated IOP show no signs of disease.This may mean that IOP (or some IOP-driven factor) is the primary triggering factor in glaucoma, and IOP vulnerability varies among individuals.Another possibility is that the clinical characterization of the secondary IOP using rare imaging measurements fails to capture the exposure to harmful IOP fluctuations that partially drive the disease in these normotensive patients with glaucoma, which contributes to the IOP-gloomy relationship.Recent data suggest that the IOP varies around 5 mmHg daily and hourly, and from 15 to 40 mmHg per second when measured continuously in awake patients.Very little is known about IOP fluctuations in humans and how The eye responds to these fluctuations, but IOP levels at all time points have the potential to cause disturbances in the neuroretic layer.Intraocular pressure assessment (IOP) is a key phase of routine eye examination, especially for patients with glaucoma. Indeed, in these cases, elevated IOP is the only risk factor that physicians can modify.This is why the IOP value is important to the patient: it is a key element in the diagnosis and management of glaucoma.The IOP depends on the speed of movement and the rate of leakage of the guiding light, ie it depends on the flow resistance ofн the drainage channels and the amount of episcleral venous pressure.Glaucoma is a slowly progressive neuropathy with changes in the optic nerve, retinalneurofibrillary layer (RNFL) and visual field.

scholarly journals Roles, Responsibilities, and Needs of Institutional GME Leaders: A Multinational Characterization of Designated Institutional Officials

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (4s) ◽  
pp. 110-117 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sawsan Abdel-Razig ◽  
Halah Ibrahim
Keyword(s):  
Professional Development ◽  
Medical Education ◽  
Middle East ◽  
Best Practices ◽  
Job Descriptions ◽  
The Past ◽  
Professional Development Needs ◽  
Accredited Institutions

ABSTRACT Background Since 2012, several academic centers in the Middle East have attained accreditation by the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education International (ACGME-I). An emerging group of GME leaders have assumed the role of designated institutional official (DIO), leading their institutions to accreditation. Despite these DIOs' key positions in driving GME reform, there is a lack of published studies on the roles, responsibilities, and needs of DIOs in international settings. Objective We examined the characteristics, roles, responsibilities, and needs of DIOs in the Middle East. Methods A questionnaire was electronically distributed from December 2018 to February 2019 to all current and former DIOs in ACGME-I accredited institutions in the Middle East. Results Of 16 surveys sent, 11 (69%) were returned. All DIOs were physicians; the majority were women less than 55 years of age, and assumed the role of DIO in the past decade. Most DIOs felt prepared for the position and well supported by their institution and their program directors. All reported having additional roles beyond the DIO position. Most identified the most challenging aspect of their role related to GME budgets, training for their responsibilities, sharing best practices and documents such as DIO job descriptions and other key documents, and DIO training. Conclusions ACGME-I accreditation is a critical driver of efforts to define the DIO role. DIOs in the Middle East share common perceptions, experiences, and needs. Further research should identify professional development needs in an increasingly diverse international worldwide DIO community.

scholarly journals The significance of techné in understanding the art and practice of electroacoustic composition

2006 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 81-90 ◽  
Author(s):  
PETER MANNING
Keyword(s):  
Electroacoustic Music ◽  
Tape Recorder ◽  
Functional Characteristics ◽  
True Nature ◽  
The Past ◽  
Formative Years

The birth of electroacoustic music is associated with an era of creativity which is now firmly embedded in the past. As the years advance so the opportunities for evaluating the pioneering years of the medium become increasingly remote. Few can now claim first-hand experience of working with the technologies that shaped and influenced the evolution of the early repertory, and many commentators are content to see them consigned to the museum. Others are less sure, having become aware of a number of features that appear to have no parallels in the modern all-digital domain. This article is predicated on the proposition that the functional characteristics of the equipment available during the formative years materially influenced the ways in which composers developed their compositional aesthetic. By studying the characteristics of the resulting interactions, important clues emerge as to the true nature of this engagement. Central to this study is the nature of the techné involved in these processes of creativity, and the significance of this is evaluated in the context of establishing a case for further research in this area. Particular attention is paid to the role of the tape recorder in this context, in particular its influence on the development of spatialisation techniques.

scholarly journals Epigenetic Regulation of the Wnt/β-Catenin Signaling Pathway in Cancer

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ankita Sharma ◽  
Rafeeq Mir ◽  
Sanjeev Galande
Keyword(s):  
Regulatory Networks ◽  
Target Genes ◽  
Therapeutic Interventions ◽  
The Past ◽  
Epigenetic Machinery ◽  
Cancer Initiation ◽  
And Migration ◽  
Regenerative Therapies

Studies over the past four decades have elucidated the role of Wnt/β-catenin mediated regulation in cell proliferation, differentiation and migration. These processes are fundamental to embryonic development, regeneration potential of tissues, as well as cancer initiation and progression. In this review, we focus on the epigenetic players which influence the Wnt/β-catenin pathway via modulation of its components and coordinated regulation of the Wnt target genes. The role played by crosstalk with other signaling pathways mediating tumorigenesis is also elaborated. The Hippo/YAP pathway is particularly emphasized due to its extensive crosstalk via the Wnt destruction complex. Further, we highlight the recent advances in developing potential therapeutic interventions targeting the epigenetic machinery based on the characterization of these regulatory networks for effective treatment of various cancers and also for regenerative therapies.

scholarly journals A Metabolomic Perspective on Coeliac Disease

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Antonio Calabrò ◽  
Ewa Gralka ◽  
Claudio Luchinat ◽  
Edoardo Saccenti ◽  
Leonardo Tenori
Keyword(s):  
Energy Metabolism ◽  
Coeliac Disease ◽  
Tissue Cell ◽  
Clinical Tool ◽  
The Past ◽  
Pathological Conditions ◽  
Metabolic Fingerprint ◽  
Complete Set

Metabolomics is an “omic” science that is now emerging with the purpose of elaborating a comprehensive analysis of the metabolome, which is the complete set of metabolites (i.e., small molecules intermediates) in an organism, tissue, cell, or biofluid. In the past decade, metabolomics has already proved to be useful for the characterization of several pathological conditions and offers promises as a clinical tool. A metabolomics investigation of coeliac disease (CD) revealed that a metabolic fingerprint for CD can be defined, which accounts for three different but complementary components: malabsorption, energy metabolism, and alterations in gut microflora and/or intestinal permeability. In this review, we will discuss the major advancements in metabolomics of CD, in particular with respect to the role of gut microbiome and energy metabolism.

scholarly journals War Remembrance in China and Its Influence on Sino-Japanese Relations in the 1950s – Early 1980s

2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
pp. 80-90
Author(s):  
Vera A. Perminova
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Economic Factors ◽  
The Past ◽  
Joint Declaration ◽  
Bilateral Relations ◽  
Sensitive Issue ◽  
Role Of The State ◽  
China And Japan ◽  
War Of Resistance

Problems of the past remain one of the most important factors that have plagued Sino-Japanese relations for the last few decades. Questions that are related to events of WWII and in particular events of the Second Sino-Japanese war are still relevant and remain a sensitive issue in contemporary China. Complicated postwar Sino-Japanese relations are not only caused by political and economic factors, but to a great extent are related to specific perceptions of events of the shared past in the first half of the 20th century by these two nations. Collective remembrance of Sino-Japanese wars and one of the most major wars of the 20th century – WWII – that was formed during the 20th centenary is vastly different in China and Japan, and still has a great impact on the dynamics of bilateral relations. The paper studies Chinese approaches to the interpretation of the Sino-Japanese war of resistance, role of the State and non-State actors in forming collective war remembrance in China during different stages of postwar development in the 20th century: during the first decades after the end of WWII (1950–70s), period of normalization of Sino-Japanese relations after 1972 – when a joint declaration was signed and “renewing” war remembrance in the 1980s.

scholarly journals The Role of Ribosomal Protein S6 Kinases in Plant Homeostasis

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Irabonosi Obomighie ◽  
Kestutis Lapenas ◽  
Billy E. Murphy ◽  
Alexander M. C. Bowles ◽  
Ulrike Bechtold ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sequence Similarity ◽  
Tor Pathway ◽  
The Past ◽  
Ribosomal Protein S6 ◽  
Downstream Effectors ◽  
Regulation Mechanisms ◽  
Ribosomal S6 Kinase ◽  
High Level

The p70 ribosomal S6 kinase (S6K) family is a group of highly conserved kinases in eukaryotes that regulates cell growth, cell proliferation, and stress response via modulating protein synthesis and ribosomal biogenesis. S6Ks are downstream effectors of the Target of Rapamycin (TOR) pathway, which connects nutrient and energy signaling to growth and homeostasis, under normal and stress conditions. The plant S6K family includes two isoforms, S6K1 and S6K2, which, despite their high level of sequence similarity, have distinct functions and regulation mechanisms. Significant advances on the characterization of human S6Ks have occurred in the past few years, while studies on plant S6Ks are scarce. In this article, we review expression and activation of the two S6K isoforms in plants and we discuss their roles in mediating responses to stresses and developmental cues.

scholarly journals Las Meditaciones suramericanas del Conde de Keyserling. Su impronta en la filosofía de lo mexicano

2021 ◽  
pp. 189
Author(s):  
José Manuel Cuéllar Moreno
Keyword(s):  
Latin America ◽  
Major Influence ◽  
Past Century ◽  
South American ◽  
The Past ◽  
Palabras Clave ◽  
Mexican Philosophy ◽  
First Time

el objetivo es revisar las principales tesis del Conde de Keyserling en las Meditaciones suramericanas (1933) y demostrar su influencia en dos pensadores mexicanos: Samuel Ramos y Emilio Uranga. Tiene la doble originalidad de reivindicar a Keyserling como pieza clave para comprenderel proceso de “germanización” de la filosofía mexicana durante los años veinte y treinta del siglo pasado, y de rastrear por primera vez la influencia de nociones keyserlinguianas como “hombre telúrico”, “mundo abisal” y “gana” en los análisis sobre la finura y la desgana del mexicano.Se concluye que esta influencia no fue accesoria, sino decisiva, y que no se limitó a México. Por décadas, Keyserling alimentó el imaginario de filósofos y novelistas de toda Latinoamérica. El artículo adopta el presupuesto metodológico del historicismo: “una idea no viene a ser sino la forma de reacción de un determinado hombre frente a sus circunstancias”.Palabras clave: Keyserling; Meditaciones suramericanas; Filosofía de lo mexicano; Samuel Ramos; Emilio Uranga.Abstract: The purpose of this article is to review Keyserling’s main philosophical ideas and categories in his South American Meditations (published in German in 1932), and show the major influence they had on Mexican thinkers such as Samuel Ramos and Emilio Uranga. This articlesvindicates the important role of Keyserling in the “Germanization” of Mexican Philosophy in the first half of the past century, and traces for the first time the presence of some Keyserling’s notions(“hombre telúrico”, “mundo abisal”, “gana”) in the characterization of the Mexican as delicate and unwilling. This influence was decisive and spread throughout Latin America. Historicism provides the methodological assumption that an idea (even a philosophical one) is nothing but a way a concrete human being deals with her circumstances.Key words: Keyserling; South American Meditations; Mexican Philosophy; Samuel Ramos; Emilio Uranga.

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