scholarly journals A Metabolomic Perspective on Coeliac Disease

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Antonio Calabrò ◽  
Ewa Gralka ◽  
Claudio Luchinat ◽  
Edoardo Saccenti ◽  
Leonardo Tenori
Keyword(s):  
Energy Metabolism ◽  
Coeliac Disease ◽  
Tissue Cell ◽  
Clinical Tool ◽  
The Past ◽  
Pathological Conditions ◽  
Metabolic Fingerprint ◽  
Complete Set

Metabolomics is an “omic” science that is now emerging with the purpose of elaborating a comprehensive analysis of the metabolome, which is the complete set of metabolites (i.e., small molecules intermediates) in an organism, tissue, cell, or biofluid. In the past decade, metabolomics has already proved to be useful for the characterization of several pathological conditions and offers promises as a clinical tool. A metabolomics investigation of coeliac disease (CD) revealed that a metabolic fingerprint for CD can be defined, which accounts for three different but complementary components: malabsorption, energy metabolism, and alterations in gut microflora and/or intestinal permeability. In this review, we will discuss the major advancements in metabolomics of CD, in particular with respect to the role of gut microbiome and energy metabolism.

scholarly journals The Role of Phosphatases in Nuclear Envelope Disassembly and Reassembly and Their Relevance to Pathologies

Cells ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (7) ◽  
pp. 687 ◽  
Author(s):  
Florentin Huguet ◽  
Shane Flynn ◽  
Paola Vagnarelli
Keyword(s):  
Cell Cycle ◽  
Cell Division ◽  
Nuclear Envelope ◽  
Current Understanding ◽  
The Past ◽  
Pathological Conditions ◽  
Regulation Of Cell Cycle

The role of kinases in the regulation of cell cycle transitions is very well established, however, over the past decade, studies have identified the ever-growing importance of phosphatases in these processes. It is well-known that an intact or otherwise non-deformed nuclear envelope (NE) is essential for maintaining healthy cells and any deviation from this can result in pathological conditions. This review aims at assessing the current understanding of how phosphatases contribute to the remodelling of the nuclear envelope during its disassembling and reformation after cell division and how errors in this process may lead to the development of diseases.

Electron Microscope Characterization of Pulse Annealed Semiconductors

1980 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. G. CULLIS
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Defect Structure ◽  
Device Fabrication ◽  
Fabrication Technology ◽  
The Past ◽  
Semiconductor Structures ◽  
Pulse Processing ◽  
Processing Techniques

ABSTRACTThe pulse processing techniques that have assumed prominence over the past few years offer various important advantages for device fabrication technology. However, the usefulness of each individual method depends substantially upon the specific annealing mechanism involved. This article demonstrates the role of electron microscopy in elucidating such mechanisms and in analysing annealed semiconductor structures of importance to both research workers and semiconductor technologists. The range of laser and electron beam pulse annealing methods is covered and defect structure transitions observed are related to the solid and liquid phase processes occurring. Characteristic impurity trapping and segregation phenomena are described.

scholarly journals Continuing the debate on the role of Quaternary environmental change for macroevolution

2004 ◽  
Vol 359 (1442) ◽  
pp. 295-303 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. D. Bennett
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Change ◽  
Time Scales ◽  
Causal Factors ◽  
Species Response ◽  
The Past ◽  
Dna Characterization ◽  
Evolutionary Consequences ◽  
Response To Environmental Change

The Quaternary has been a period of dramatic environmental change for the past 1.8 Myr, with major shifts in distributions and abundances of terrestrial and marine organisms. The evolutionary consequences of this have been debated since the nineteenth century. However, the lack of accurate relative and absolute time–scales for evolutions and environmental change inhibited progress. We do now have an understanding of time–scales. Palaeoecology has demonstrated the individualistic nature of species' response to environmental change, but lacks a means of determining ancestry. DNA characterization of modern populations in relation to their distributions nicely complements palaeoecological results by contributing ancestry. The chance to understand how species originate and the causal factors of speciation (environmental change or otherwise) may be within reach.

scholarly journals The semantics of microglia activation: neuroinflammation, homeostasis, and stress

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Samuel C. Woodburn ◽  
Justin L. Bollinger ◽  
Eric S. Wohleb
Keyword(s):  
Microglia Activation ◽  
Immune Functions ◽  
Neuronal Function ◽  
Stress Effects ◽  
Pathological Conditions ◽  
Microglial Phenotype ◽  
And Function ◽  
And Behavior

AbstractMicroglia are emerging as critical regulators of neuronal function and behavior in nearly every area of neuroscience. Initial reports focused on classical immune functions of microglia in pathological contexts, however, immunological concepts from these studies have been applied to describe neuro-immune interactions in the absence of disease, injury, or infection. Indeed, terms such as ‘microglia activation’ or ‘neuroinflammation’ are used ubiquitously to describe changes in neuro-immune function in disparate contexts; particularly in stress research, where these terms prompt undue comparisons to pathological conditions. This creates a barrier for investigators new to neuro-immunology and ultimately hinders our understanding of stress effects on microglia. As more studies seek to understand the role of microglia in neurobiology and behavior, it is increasingly important to develop standard methods to study and define microglial phenotype and function. In this review, we summarize primary research on the role of microglia in pathological and physiological contexts. Further, we propose a framework to better describe changes in microglia1 phenotype and function in chronic stress. This approach will enable more precise characterization of microglia in different contexts, which should facilitate development of microglia-directed therapeutics in psychiatric and neurological disease.

scholarly journals The role of astroglia in neuroprotection

2009 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 281-295 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Hepatic Encephalopathy ◽  
Energy Metabolism ◽  
Defense Mechanisms ◽  
Ion Homeostasis ◽  
Cell Type ◽  
Pathological Conditions ◽  
Constant Support ◽  
Brain Homeostasis

Astrocytes are the main neural cell type responsible for the maintenance of brain homeostasis. They form highly organized anatomical domains that are interconnected into extensive networks. These features, along with the expression of a wide array of receptors, transporters, and ion channels, ideally position them to sense and dynamically modulate neuronal activity. Astrocytes cooperate with neurons on several levels, including neurotransmitter trafficking and recycling, ion homeostasis, energy metabolism, and defense against oxidative stress. The critical dependence of neurons upon their constant support confers astrocytes with intrinsic neuroprotective properties which are discussed here. Conversely, pathogenic stimuli may disturb astrocytic function, thus compromising neuronal functionality and viability. Using neuroinflammation, Alzheimer's disease, and hepatic encephalopathy as examples, we discuss how astrocytic defense mechanisms may be overwhelmed in pathological conditions, contributing to disease progression.

scholarly journals Roles, Responsibilities, and Needs of Institutional GME Leaders: A Multinational Characterization of Designated Institutional Officials

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (4s) ◽  
pp. 110-117 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sawsan Abdel-Razig ◽  
Halah Ibrahim
Keyword(s):  
Professional Development ◽  
Medical Education ◽  
Middle East ◽  
Best Practices ◽  
Job Descriptions ◽  
The Past ◽  
Professional Development Needs ◽  
Accredited Institutions

ABSTRACT Background Since 2012, several academic centers in the Middle East have attained accreditation by the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education International (ACGME-I). An emerging group of GME leaders have assumed the role of designated institutional official (DIO), leading their institutions to accreditation. Despite these DIOs' key positions in driving GME reform, there is a lack of published studies on the roles, responsibilities, and needs of DIOs in international settings. Objective We examined the characteristics, roles, responsibilities, and needs of DIOs in the Middle East. Methods A questionnaire was electronically distributed from December 2018 to February 2019 to all current and former DIOs in ACGME-I accredited institutions in the Middle East. Results Of 16 surveys sent, 11 (69%) were returned. All DIOs were physicians; the majority were women less than 55 years of age, and assumed the role of DIO in the past decade. Most DIOs felt prepared for the position and well supported by their institution and their program directors. All reported having additional roles beyond the DIO position. Most identified the most challenging aspect of their role related to GME budgets, training for their responsibilities, sharing best practices and documents such as DIO job descriptions and other key documents, and DIO training. Conclusions ACGME-I accreditation is a critical driver of efforts to define the DIO role. DIOs in the Middle East share common perceptions, experiences, and needs. Further research should identify professional development needs in an increasingly diverse international worldwide DIO community.

scholarly journals Endothelial dysfunction in context of women’s health disorders from menarche to menopause

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (33) ◽  
pp. 6-14
Author(s):  
I. V. Kuznetsova
Keyword(s):  
Endothelial Dysfunction ◽  
Drug Group ◽  
Female Population ◽  
Physiological Conditions ◽  
The Past ◽  
Vascular Bed ◽  
Pathological Conditions ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Timely Treatment

Endothelial function is an essential component of providing homeostasis, which allows controlling the state of the vascular bed and ensuring blood supply to organs both under physiological conditions and under the influence of various damaging factors. Endothelial dysfunction is associated with a wide range of pathological conditions and diseases, in the pathogenesis of which the vascular link is involved. Understanding the unifying role of endothelial dysfunction in the pathology of different fields of medicine allows, firstly, to predict the development of serious socially significant diseases, such as cardiovascular diseases, which remain the main cause of death among women. In particular, over the past decade, several cardiovascular risk factors specific to the female population have been identified, such as hypertensive pregnancy complications and menopausal vasomotor symptoms, which, in turn, are caused by endothelial dysfunction. Secondly, timely treatment of endotheliosis suspends or completely prevents both transient disorders associated with endothelial dysfunction and their serious consequences. In this regard, the drug group of glycosaminoglycans and its representative sulodexide are of interest.

scholarly journals Epigenetic Regulation of the Wnt/β-Catenin Signaling Pathway in Cancer

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ankita Sharma ◽  
Rafeeq Mir ◽  
Sanjeev Galande
Keyword(s):  
Regulatory Networks ◽  
Target Genes ◽  
Therapeutic Interventions ◽  
The Past ◽  
Epigenetic Machinery ◽  
Cancer Initiation ◽  
And Migration ◽  
Regenerative Therapies

Studies over the past four decades have elucidated the role of Wnt/β-catenin mediated regulation in cell proliferation, differentiation and migration. These processes are fundamental to embryonic development, regeneration potential of tissues, as well as cancer initiation and progression. In this review, we focus on the epigenetic players which influence the Wnt/β-catenin pathway via modulation of its components and coordinated regulation of the Wnt target genes. The role played by crosstalk with other signaling pathways mediating tumorigenesis is also elaborated. The Hippo/YAP pathway is particularly emphasized due to its extensive crosstalk via the Wnt destruction complex. Further, we highlight the recent advances in developing potential therapeutic interventions targeting the epigenetic machinery based on the characterization of these regulatory networks for effective treatment of various cancers and also for regenerative therapies.

scholarly journals Solving the Puzzle: What Is the Role of Progestogens in Neovascularization?

Biomolecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
pp. 1686
Author(s):  
Zhi Xia ◽  
Jian Xiao ◽  
Qiong Chen
Keyword(s):  
Progesterone Receptor ◽  
Sex Steroids ◽  
Underlying Mechanism ◽  
Physiological Changes ◽  
Exact Role ◽  
The Past ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Pathological Conditions ◽  
Insight Into

Ovarian sex steroids can modulate new vessel formation and development, and the clarification of the underlying mechanism will provide insight into neovascularization-related physiological changes and pathological conditions. Unlike estrogen, which mainly promotes neovascularization through activating classic post-receptor signaling pathways, progesterone (P4) regulates a variety of downstream factors with angiogenic or antiangiogenic effects, exerting various influences on neovascularization. Furthermore, diverse progestins, the synthetic progesterone receptor (PR) agonists structurally related to P4, have been used in numerous studies, which could contribute to unequal actions. As a result, there have been many conflicting observations in the past, making it difficult for researchers to define the exact role of progestogens (PR agonists including naturally occurring P4 and synthetic progestins). This review summarizes available evidence for progestogen-mediated neovascularization under physiological and pathological circumstances, and attempts to elaborate their functional characteristics and regulatory patterns from a comprehensive perspective.

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