scholarly journals Studies on the Interaction of Surface Films with Solute in Solution. IV. Effect of Congo Red Dissolved in Aqueous Substrate upon the Monolayers of Octadecylamine, Cetyl Alcohol, Ethyln-Hexadecyl Ether, Ethyl Stearate and Cholesterol

1959 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 114-119 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mitsuo Muramatsu
Keyword(s):  
Congo Red ◽  
Cetyl Alcohol ◽  
Surface Films ◽  
Ethyl Stearate

Transpiration reduction by surface films

1965 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 107 ◽  
Author(s):  
DE Angus ◽  
H Bielorai
Keyword(s):  
Foliar Application ◽  
Cetyl Alcohol ◽  
Surface Films ◽  
Plant Transpiration ◽  
Root Medium ◽  
Low Viscosity ◽  
Film Forming ◽  
Silicone Oils ◽  
Growth Abnormalities ◽  
Considerable Damage

Exploratory tests on the possibility of reducing plant transpiration by means of surface films are described. Cetyl alcohol reduced transpiration significantly, but also caused considerable damage to the plants. Low viscosity silicone oils reduced transpiration by up to about 50%, and caused only marginal growth abnormalities. Comparison of the present data with other work where film-forming materials were added to the root medium of plants suggests that foliar application is preferable to root application.

Use of surface films to reduce ammonia volatilization from flooded rice fields

1988 ◽  
Vol 39 (2) ◽  
pp. 177 ◽  
Author(s):  
GX Cai ◽  
JR Freney ◽  
E Humphreys ◽  
OT Denmead ◽  
M Samson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ammonia Volatilization ◽  
Nitrogen Loss ◽  
Surface Film ◽  
Cetyl Alcohol ◽  
Ammonia Emission ◽  
Surface Films ◽  
Flooded Rice ◽  
Strong Winds ◽  
Long Chain Alcohol ◽  
Long Chain

This paper presents the results of experiments on the control of ammonia volatilization from flooded rice by the use of surface films of organic compounds.Preliminary experiments in evaporation pans, 1.2 m diameter, buried in an upland field of mown pasture, showed that ammonia volatilization from water could be reduced by applications of surface films of long chain alcohols; the effect increased with increasing length of carbon chain.The most effective way to add the film was to dissolve the long chain alcohol in ethanol, and to distribute the solution on the surface of the water.In an experiment in a flooded rice field, additions of cetyl alcohol dissolved in ethanol significantly reduced the rate of ammonia emission and total nitrogen loss. The effect was short-lived, probably due to microbiological decomposition of the cetyl alcohol and dispersion of the surface film by strong winds.

scholarly journals The Damping of Water Waves by Surface Films

1960 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 43 ◽  
Author(s):  
RG Vines
Keyword(s):  
Mass Transport ◽  
Water Waves ◽  
Cetyl Alcohol ◽  
Surface Films ◽  
Natural Conditions ◽  
Surface Mass ◽  
Small Water ◽  
Surface Mass Transport ◽  
Surface Drift

Measurements have been made of the stilling of small water ripples by surface :films of cetyl alcohol. The damping is considerable and is somewhat in excess of that predicted by existing theories. Imperfections in the ripples induce a directed surface drift (surface mass transport), and it is possible that this is indirectly responsible for the extra damping. Under natural conditions surface films not only impede the formation of small waves but they are also very effective in damping them out.

Surface Films on Zircaloy-2 Samples Cracked in Neutral Aqueous NaCl by Stress Corrosion

1973 ◽  
Vol 31 ◽  
pp. 46-47
Author(s):  
R.A. Ploc
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Transmission Electron Microscopy ◽  
Film Thickness ◽  
Stress Corrosion ◽  
Zirconium Dioxide ◽  
Surface Film ◽  
Surface Films ◽  
Continuous Layer ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Product Film

Samples of low-nickel Zircaloy-2 (material MLI-788-see(1)), when anodically polarized in neutral 5 wt% NaCl solutions, were found to be susceptible to pitting and stress corrosion cracking. The SEM revealed that pitting of stressed samples was occurring below a 2000Å thick surface film which behaved differently from normal zirconium dioxide in that it did not display interference colours. Since the initial film thickness was approximately 65Å, attempts were made to examine the product film by transmission electron microscopy to deduce composition and how the corrosion environment could penetrate the continuous layer.

TEM studies of amorphization processes and amorphous structures

1988 ◽  
Vol 46 ◽  
pp. 448-449
Author(s):  
T. E. Mitchell ◽  
R. B. Schwarz
Keyword(s):  
Amorphous Materials ◽  
Fission Products ◽  
Rapid Quenching ◽  
Surface Films ◽  
List Type ◽  
Oxide Glasses ◽  
Crystalline Materials ◽  
Amorphous Structures ◽  
Amorphous Surface ◽  
Interfacial Films

Traditional oxide glasses occur naturally as obsidian and can be made easily by suitable cooling histories. In the past 30 years, a variety of techniques have been discovered which amorphize normally crystalline materials such as metals. These include [1-3]:Rapid quenching from the vapor phase.Rapid quenching from the liquid phase.Electrodeposition of certain alloys, e.g. Fe-P.Oxidation of crystals to produce amorphous surface oxide layers.Interdiffusion of two pure crystalline metals.Hydrogen-induced vitrification of an intermetal1ic.Mechanical alloying and ball-milling of intermetal lie compounds.Irradiation processes of all kinds using ions, electrons, neutrons, and fission products.We offer here some general comments on the use of TEM to study these materials and give some particular examples of such studies.Thin specimens can be prepared from bulk homogeneous materials in the usual way. Most often, however, amorphous materials are in the form of surface films or interfacial films with different chemistry from the substrates.

Corrections for surface films in microanalysis by EDS and EELS

1992 ◽  
Vol 50 (2) ◽  
pp. 1230-1231
Author(s):  
J. Bentley ◽  
E. A. Kenik
Keyword(s):  
Hydrocarbon Contamination ◽  
Specimen Preparation ◽  
Surface Films ◽  
Ion Milling ◽  
Preferential Sputtering ◽  
Electron Energy Loss Spectrometry ◽  
Composition Determination ◽  
Analytical Electron ◽  
First Order Correction ◽  
Electron Energy Loss

Common artifacts on analytical electron microscope (AEM) specimens prepared from bulk materials are surface films with altered structure and composition that result from electropolishing, oxidation, hydrocarbon contamination, or ion milling (preferential sputtering or deposition of sputtered specimen or support material). Of course, the best solution for surface films is to avoid them by improved specimen preparation and handling procedures or to remove them by low energy ion sputter cleaning, a capability that already exists on some specialized AEMs and one that is likely to become increasingly common. However, the problem remains and it is surprising that surface films have not received more attention with respect to composition determination by energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry (EDS) and electron energy loss spectrometry (EELS).For EDS, an effective first-order correction to remove the contribution of surface films on wedge shaped specimens is to subtract from the spectrum of interest a spectrum obtained under identical conditions (probe current, diffracting conditions, acquisition live time) from a thinner region of the specimen.

Sampling and analysis of the air-water interface with SEM and EDS of microlayers

1989 ◽  
Vol 47 ◽  
pp. 1004-1005
Author(s):  
Randall W. Smith ◽  
John Dash
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Surface Microlayer ◽  
Surface Films ◽  
Water Interface ◽  
Physical Processes ◽  
Infrared Spectroscopic Analysis ◽  
Eds Analysis ◽  
Air Water Interface ◽  
Significant Area ◽  
Bulk Chemical

The structure of the air-water interface forms a boundary layer that involves biological ,chemical geological and physical processes in its formation. Freshwater and sea surface microlayers form at the air-water interface and include a diverse assemblage of organic matter, detritus, microorganisms, plankton and heavy metals. The sampling of microlayers and the examination of components is presently a significant area of study because of the input of anthropogenic materials and their accumulation at the air-water interface. The neustonic organisms present in this environment may be sensitive to the toxic components of these inputs. Hardy reports that over 20 different methods have been developed for sampling of microlayers, primarily for bulk chemical analysis. We report here the examination of microlayer films for the documentation of structure and composition.Baier and Gucinski reported the use of Langmuir-Blogett films obtained on germanium prisms for infrared spectroscopic analysis (IR-ATR) of components. The sampling of microlayers has been done by collecting fi1ms on glass plates and teflon drums, We found that microlayers could be collected on 11 mm glass cover slips by pulling a Langmuir-Blogett film from a surface microlayer. Comparative collections were made on methylcel1ulose filter pads. The films could be air-dried or preserved in Lugol's Iodine Several slicks or surface films were sampled in September, 1987 in Chesapeake Bay, Maryland and in August, 1988 in Sequim Bay, Washington, For glass coverslips the films were air-dried, mounted on SEM pegs, ringed with colloidal silver, and sputter coated with Au-Pd, The Langmuir-Blogett film technique maintained the structure of the microlayer intact for examination, SEM observation and EDS analysis were then used to determine organisms and relative concentrations of heavy metals, using a Link AN 10000 EDS system with an ISI SS40 SEM unit. Typical heavy microlayer films are shown in Figure 3.

The Use of Radioiodinated Congo Red in the Study of Amyloidosis

1963 ◽  
Vol 03 (01) ◽  
pp. 25-38
Author(s):  
Manuel Tubis ◽  
William Blahd ◽  
John Endow
Keyword(s):  
Rheumatoid Arthritis ◽  
Multiple Myeloma ◽  
Comparative Studies ◽  
Congo Red ◽  
Half Time ◽  
Positive Correlation ◽  
Autopsy Findings ◽  
Percentage Removal

SummaryA study of the removal of I131-labeled Congo red from the blood of amyloid, non-amyloid, multiple myeloma, rheumatoid arthritis and other patients is presented. The percentage removal of the labeled dye shows the same variation reported by many other workers using Bennhold’s test and its modifications.However, there seems to be a positive correlation between the percentage removal of the labeled dye and the presence of amyloid as revealed by biopsy and autopsy. The half-time of disappearance is also correlated with the amyloidosis.The availability of the I131-labeled dye permits the use of very small weights of the dye thereby drastically reducing the possibility of toxic and sometimes fatal reactions encountered with the unlabeled dye. The I131 present permits easy quantitation of the dye in the blood without separation of plasma and obviates the need of fasting. It also permits external counting and scanning of deposits in the organs containing the dye.The availability and use of the labeled dye may stimulate more comparative studies of the removal of the dye from the blood correlated with biopsy and autopsy findings.

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