Use of surface films to reduce ammonia volatilization from flooded rice fields

1988 ◽  
Vol 39 (2) ◽  
pp. 177 ◽  
Author(s):  
GX Cai ◽  
JR Freney ◽  
E Humphreys ◽  
OT Denmead ◽  
M Samson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ammonia Volatilization ◽  
Nitrogen Loss ◽  
Surface Film ◽  
Cetyl Alcohol ◽  
Ammonia Emission ◽  
Surface Films ◽  
Flooded Rice ◽  
Strong Winds ◽  
Long Chain Alcohol ◽  
Long Chain

This paper presents the results of experiments on the control of ammonia volatilization from flooded rice by the use of surface films of organic compounds.Preliminary experiments in evaporation pans, 1.2 m diameter, buried in an upland field of mown pasture, showed that ammonia volatilization from water could be reduced by applications of surface films of long chain alcohols; the effect increased with increasing length of carbon chain.The most effective way to add the film was to dissolve the long chain alcohol in ethanol, and to distribute the solution on the surface of the water.In an experiment in a flooded rice field, additions of cetyl alcohol dissolved in ethanol significantly reduced the rate of ammonia emission and total nitrogen loss. The effect was short-lived, probably due to microbiological decomposition of the cetyl alcohol and dispersion of the surface film by strong winds.

Simulating the effectiveness of surface film on water evaporation and ammonia volatilisation

Soil Research ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 40 (7) ◽  
pp. 1243 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Y. Zhuang ◽  
B. Yin ◽  
Z. L. Zhu
Keyword(s):  
Half Life ◽  
Surface Film ◽  
Logistic Equation ◽  
Water Evaporation ◽  
Surface Films ◽  
Nitrogen Use ◽  
Flooded Rice ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
Ammonia Volatilisation ◽  
Effective Life

The application of surface films to flooded rice fields is one of the most effective measures of controlling ammonia volatilisation for improving nitrogen use efficiency. The feasibility of using a surface film is determined to some extent by the longevity of the effectiveness and this has never been estimated accurately in the field. The concept of half-life was introduced to estimate the effective life of a surface film by calculation from its effect on water evaporation. A simple laboratory experiment was carried out to validate the usefulness of the half-life concept. The results showed that effects on ammonia volatilisation could be quantified using a logistic equation based on the half-life concept.

The interdependence of ammonia volatilization and denitrification as nitrogen loss processes in flooded rice fields in the Philippines

1990 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-36 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. R. Freney ◽  
A. C. F. Trevitt ◽  
S. K. De Datta ◽  
W. N. Obcemea ◽  
J. G. Real
Keyword(s):  
Ammonia Volatilization ◽  
Nitrogen Loss ◽  
The Philippines ◽  
Rice Fields ◽  
Flooded Rice

Surface Films on Zircaloy-2 Samples Cracked in Neutral Aqueous NaCl by Stress Corrosion

1973 ◽  
Vol 31 ◽  
pp. 46-47
Author(s):  
R.A. Ploc
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Transmission Electron Microscopy ◽  
Film Thickness ◽  
Stress Corrosion ◽  
Zirconium Dioxide ◽  
Surface Film ◽  
Surface Films ◽  
Continuous Layer ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Product Film

Samples of low-nickel Zircaloy-2 (material MLI-788-see(1)), when anodically polarized in neutral 5 wt% NaCl solutions, were found to be susceptible to pitting and stress corrosion cracking. The SEM revealed that pitting of stressed samples was occurring below a 2000Å thick surface film which behaved differently from normal zirconium dioxide in that it did not display interference colours. Since the initial film thickness was approximately 65Å, attempts were made to examine the product film by transmission electron microscopy to deduce composition and how the corrosion environment could penetrate the continuous layer.

ON THE MECHANISM OF THE DISSOLUTION OF MAGNESIUM IN ACIDIC SALT SOLUTIONS: I. PHYSICAL CONTROL BY SURFACE FILMS

1953 ◽  
Vol 31 (9) ◽  
pp. 849-867 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. J. Casey ◽  
R. E. Bergeron
Keyword(s):  
Ionic Strength ◽  
Chemical Control ◽  
Corrosion Potential ◽  
Surface Film ◽  
Surface Films ◽  
Salt Solutions ◽  
Acidic Solutions ◽  
Activity Temperature ◽  
Acidic Salt ◽  
High Concentrations

A kinetic study and analysis has been made of the effects of ionic strength, acid activity, temperature, and salt type on the dissolution of magnesium in acidic salt solutions. This is an example of the simplest type of corrosion involving hydrogen evolution. The results are interpreted in terms of the effects of the various factors on the structure of a surface film which must be magnesium oxide and/or hydroxide even in acidic solutions. The importance of internal dissolutions in the film at high concentrations of attacking reagent, for this and other cases, is shown. Owing to complex formation, under certain conditions an odd case of "chemical control" of the dissolution rate in this simplest case becomes evident. Corrosion potential measurements aid in the interpretation.

scholarly journals Keeping Daphnia out of the surface film with cetyl alcohol

1997 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 149-154 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kristen H. Desmarais
Keyword(s):  
Surface Film ◽  
Cetyl Alcohol

Analysis of combustion characteristics, engine performances and emissions of long-chain alcohol-diesel fuel blends

Fuel ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 220 ◽  
pp. 682-691 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hazrulzurina Suhaimi ◽  
Abdullah Adam ◽  
Anes G. Mrwan ◽  
Zuhaira Abdullah ◽  
Mohd. Fahmi Othman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Diesel Fuel ◽  
Combustion Characteristics ◽  
Chain Alcohol ◽  
Fuel Blends ◽  
Long Chain Alcohol ◽  
Long Chain
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