Intracellular and extracellular acid-base regulation in the tropical fresh-water teleost fish Synbranchus marmoratus in response to the transition from water breathing to air breathing

1982 ◽  
Vol 99 (1) ◽  
pp. 9-28 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Heisler
Keyword(s):  
Partial Pressure ◽  
Fresh Water ◽  
Intracellular Ph ◽  
Environmental Water ◽  
Fresh Water Fish ◽  
Bicarbonate Concentration ◽  
Acid Base ◽  
Intracellular Space ◽  
Air Breathing ◽  
Main Site

In the tropical fresh water fish, Synbranchus marmoratus, transition from water breathing to air breathing, induced by reduction of oxygen partial pressure (PO2) in the environmental water below 16 mmHg, causes a considerable rise in the arterial partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PCO2), from 5.6 to 26 mmHg on the average (half time of the rise between 2 and 6.5 h). The associated fall in arterial plasma pH by about 0.6 units is not compensated by an increase in plasma bicarbonate concentration, whereas the intracellular pH of white skeletal muscle and heart muscle is kept almost constant by elevation of the intracellular bicarbonate concentration. The additional bicarbonate is generated by intracellular non-bicarbonate buffering, and by net transfer into the intracellular space of bicarbonate formed by buffering in blood. Only a relatively small quantity of bicarbonate is taken up from environmental water. This type of acid-base regulation, with almost complete intracellular pH compensation and only minor bicarbonate uptake (equivalent H+ release or OH- uptake) from water, is attributed to several factors. Probably the most important of these is the lack of continuous contact of the gills, which are the main site of ion transfer processes, with the environmental water during air breathing. Regardless of the mechanisms involved, this particular strategy of acid-base regulation provides a constant milieu for the intracellular structures and demonstrates the prevalence of intracellular over extracellular acid-base regulation.

Relationship between intracellular pH and ammonia metabolism in LLC-PK1 cells

1990 ◽  
Vol 258 (1) ◽  
pp. F103-F108 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Sahai ◽  
E. Laughrey ◽  
R. L. Tannen
Keyword(s):  
Intracellular Ph ◽  
Cultured Cells ◽  
Ph Responsive ◽  
Bicarbonate Concentration ◽  
Acid Base ◽  
Ammonia Metabolism ◽  
Ph Changes ◽  
Concentration Measurements ◽  
Significant Change ◽  
Alanine Production

Previous studies from our laboratory have confirmed that cultures of LLC-PK1 cells exhibit pH-responsive alterations in ammonia metabolism produced by changes in media bicarbonate concentration. To further elucidate the mechanism of ammonia regulation, studies were carried out using parallel cultures of still and rocked LLC-PK1 cells subjected to acute alterations in media pH by either metabolic or respiratory acid-base manipulations. When media pH was altered by modifying PCO2 levels, the response of ammonia and alanine production by rocked culture was identical to the changes observed with metabolic acid-base maneuvers. Furthermore, both metabolic and respiratory acute acidosis resulted in a fall of intracellular alpha-ketoglutarate concentrations in these cells. In contrast, standard still cultures subjected to acute acidosis/alkalosis by metabolic and respiratory manipulations did not exert any significant change in ammonia and alanine production or in intracellular alpha-ketoglutarate concentration. Measurements of intracellular pH (pHi) by the 5,5-[2-14C]dimethyloxazolidine-2,4-dione method in rocked cells demonstrated changes in pHi parallel to media pH changes induced by both metabolic and respiratory acid-base maneuvers. Despite the absence of pH-responsive ammonia-genesis in still cultured cells the pHi values were altered in a fashion similar to their rocked counterparts, indicating the lack of an effect of the pHi signal on ammonia metabolism.

scholarly journals III. The bionomics of certain air-breathing fishes of India, together with an account of the development of their air-breathing organs

1928 ◽  
Vol 216 (431-439) ◽  
pp. 183-219 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Fresh Water ◽  
The Other ◽  
Fresh Water Fish ◽  
Air Bubbles ◽  
Air Breathing ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Water Fish ◽  
Close Observation ◽  
To Come

It has long been known that certain species of fresh-water fish, inhabiting the rivers, lakes and ponds of India, are in the habit of leaving the water and making considerable excursions over the adjacent marshes and meadows, and some have been credited with the power of climbing trees. The older authors (Cuvier, Owen and Günther) explained the power which these fishes possessed of sustaining life outside the water by supposing that they carried with them, in reservoirs at the sides of the head, supplies of water by which the gills were kept moist. On the other hand, Taylor (1831) and specially Day (1808) and Hyrtl (1863) showed, as the result of close observation, that the reservoirs in question contained little or no water, and that the fish, when kept in tanks or globes, could be seen to come to the top at intervals and emit air-bubbles. It was, therefore, clear that the reservoirs in question contained not water but air, and that the fish must be regarded as true air-breathers. The fact that certain fish, such as Protopterus in Africa, Lepidosiren in S. America and Ceratodus in Australia, possess organs for breathing air as well as gills for respiring in water is well known; the structure and habits of these “double-breathers” (Dipnoi) form an integral part of the instruction given in every elementary course of Zoology. But the air-breathing organs of the Dipnoi are homologous with the lungs of the higher vertebrates, and the Dipnoi must be regarded as comparatively unchanged survivors from the time when the Devonian fish were making their first attempt to invade the land, at a period when no land-inhabiting air-breathing vertebrates existed.

scholarly journals Acid-base regulation and ion transfers in the carp (Cyprinus carpio): pH compensation during graded long- and short-term environmental hypercapnia, and the effect of bicarbonate infusion

1986 ◽  
Vol 126 (1) ◽  
pp. 41-61 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. B. Claiborne ◽  
N. Heisler
Keyword(s):  
Cyprinus Carpio ◽  
Respiratory Acidosis ◽  
Exposure Period ◽  
Environmental Water ◽  
Ambient Water ◽  
Bicarbonate Concentration ◽  
Acid Base ◽  
Plasma Bicarbonate ◽  
Arterial Blood ◽  
Carp Cyprinus Carpio

To study both temporal and quantitative effects of hypercapnia on the extent of pH compensation in the arterial blood, specimens of carp (Cyprinus carpio) were exposed to a PCO2 of about 7.5 mmHg (1 mmHg = 133.3 Pa) (1% CO2) in the environmental water for several weeks, and a second group of animals was subjected to an environmental PCO2 of about 37 mmHg (5% CO2) for up to 96 h. A third series of experiments was designed to test the possibility that infusion of bicarbonate would increase the extent of plasma pH compensation. Dorsal aortic plasma pH, PCO2 and [HCO3-], as well as net transfer of HCO3- -equivalent ions, NH4+, Cl- and Na+, between fish and ambient water, were monitored throughout the experiments. Exposure to environmental PCO2 of 7.5 mmHg resulted in the expected respiratory acidosis with the associated drop in plasma pH, and subsequent compensatory plasma [HCO3-] increase. The compensatory increase of plasma bicarbonate during long-term hypercapnia continued during 19 days of exposure with plasma bicarbonate finally elevated from 13.0 mmoll-1 during control conditions to 25.9 mmoll-1 in hypercapnia, an increase equivalent to 80% plasma pH compensation. Exposure to 5% hypercapnia elicited much larger acid-base effects, which were compensated to a much lesser extent. Plasma pH recovered to only about 45% of the pH depression expected at constant bicarbonate concentration. At the end of the 96-h exposure period, plasma [HCO3-] was elevated by a factor of 2.5 to about 28.2 mmoll-1. The observed increase in plasma bicarbonate concentration during 5% hypercapnic exposure was attributable to net gain of bicarbonate equivalent ions from (or release of H+-equivalent ions to) the environmental water. Quantitatively, the gain of 15.6 mmol kg-1 was considerably larger than the amount required for compensation of the extracellular space, suggesting that acid-base relevant ions were transferred for compensation of the intracellular body compartments. The uptake of bicarbonate-equivalent ions from the water was accompanied by a net release of Cl-and, to a smaller extent, by a net uptake of Na+, suggesting a 75% contribution of the Cl-/HCO-3 exchange mechanism. Infusion of bicarbonate after 48 h of exposure to 7.5 mmHg PCo2 had only a transient effect on further pH compensation. The infused bicarbonate was lost to the ambient water, and pre-infusion levels of bicarbonate were reattained within 24 h. Repetition of the infusion did not result in a notable improvement of the acid-base status.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

The Intracellular pH of Human Leucocytes in Response to Acid—Base Changes in Vitro

1976 ◽  
Vol 50 (4) ◽  
pp. 293-299 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. E. Levin ◽  
P. Collinson ◽  
D. N. Baron
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Acidosis ◽  
Intracellular Ph ◽  
Metabolic Alkalosis ◽  
Venous Blood ◽  
Bicarbonate Concentration ◽  
Acid Base ◽  
Ph Measurements

1. Viable human leucocytes were isolated from venous blood and suspended in artificial media. Intracellular pH measurements were made by the dimethyloxazolidinedione technique in conditions simulating ‘respiratory’ or ‘metabolic’ acid-base disturbances. 2. Normal intracellular pH was 7·11 ± 0·02 (mean ± 2 sd) at an extracellular Pco2 of 5·8 kPa and a bicarbonate concentration of 25 mmol/l. 3. ‘Respiratory’ and ‘metabolic’ acidosis caused little change in pH1 although increases in Pco2 led to relatively greater falls in pH1 than did reduction in external bicarbonate concentration. 4. ‘Respiratory’ and ‘metabolic’ alkalosis caused similar and relatively greater increases in the pH1 when compared with the response to an external acidosis.

Intracellular pH and bicarbonate concentration in human muscle during recovery from exercise

1978 ◽  
Vol 45 (3) ◽  
pp. 474-480 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Sahlin ◽  
A. Alvestrand ◽  
R. Brandt ◽  
E. Hultman
Keyword(s):  
Intracellular Ph ◽  
Venous Blood ◽  
Recovery Period ◽  
Bicarbonate Concentration ◽  
Intracellular Space ◽  
Base Parameters ◽  
Exercise Muscle ◽  
Chloride Method ◽  
Acid Labile

Eight subjects exercised on an ergometer until exhaustion. Femoral venous blood was analyzed for lactate, pyruvate, protein, electrolytes, and acid-base parameters. Muscle samples taken during the recovery period from m. quadriceps femoris were analyzed for water, electrolytes, lactate, and acid-labile CO2. Water content in the muscle biopsy sample was increased after exercise to 78.7 +/- 0.5% compared with the normal 76.7 +/- 0.8% at rest. The distribution of water between the extra- and intracellular space was calculated by the chloride method. In spite of elevated PCO2 in femoral venous blood the content of acid-labile CO2 was decreased in muscle after exercise. One minute after termination of exercise muscle CO2 was about half of the normal content at rest. During the recovery period muscle CO2 increased but was 20 min after termination of exercise still significantly below the value at rest. Intracellular pH (pHi) and bicarbonate concentration ([HCO3-]i) in muscle have been calculated. The validity of the assumptions underlying the calculations are thoroughly discussed. pHi decreased from the normal value at rest, 7.00 +/- 0.06 (mean +/- SD), to about 6.4 after exercise. [HCO3-] decreased from 10.2 +/- 1.2 mmol/l at rest to about 3 mmol/l after exercise. The changes are the greatest so far reported for an in vivo situation. After 20 min recovery pHi was almost the same as at rest, whereas bicarbonate was still well below.

scholarly journals Acid-Base Regulation and Ion Transfers in the Carp (Cyprinus Carpio) During and After Exposure to Environmental Hypercapnia

1984 ◽  
Vol 108 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-43 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. B. CLAIBORNE ◽  
NORBERT HEISLER
Keyword(s):  
Cyprinus Carpio ◽  
Environmental Water ◽  
Acid Base Balance ◽  
Bicarbonate Concentration ◽  
Acid Base ◽  
Ph Adjustment ◽  
Carp Cyprinus Carpio ◽  
Net Uptake ◽  
Base Balance ◽  
Time Required

Acid-base balance and ion transfers were studied in the carp, Cyprinus carpio L., during and after 48 h of exposure to environmental hypercapnia (PCOCO27.5 Torr). Plasma pH, PCOCO2, [HCO3−], and net transfers of HCO3−, NH4+, Cl− and Na+ between the fish and the environmental water were measured periodically throughout the experiment. Over the first 8 h of hypercapnia, plasma PCOCO2 increased by 7.6 Torr with a concurrent decrease in plasma pH of 0.28 units. Plasma [HCO3−] was slowly elevated from about 14 to 22 mM after 48 h, at which point 50% of the pH depression expected at constant bicarbonate concentration had been compensated. The net amount of H+ transferred to the water was 3.3 mmol kg−1 fish, representing a 115% increase in the rate of cumulative H+ efflux, and inducing an elevation of both intracellular and extracellular [HCO3−]. Cl− transfer was reversed from a net uptake to a net efflux, while net Na+ influx was increased slightly. Following hypercapnia, plasma pH returned to control values within 1 h, while the plasma [HCO3−], which was elevated during hypercapnia, fell continuously to reattain pre-hypercapnic control values after 20 h. The [HCO3−] decrease was due to the net gain of H+ ions from the water during this period. Cl− transfer returned to a net uptake, while the original Na+ influx was reversed to a net loss. Acid-base regulatory responses in the carp are qualitatively similar to those observed in other fish, though the time required for compensatory pH adjustment is longer. It is concluded that alterations in the rates of Cl−/HCO3− and Na+/H+ exchanges during hypercapnia and Na+/H+ exchange following hypercapnia, play a significant role in the compensation of respiratory acid-base disturbances in these animals.

Effect of bicarbonate administration on skeletal muscle intracellular pH in the rat: implications for acute administration of bicarbonate in man

1992 ◽  
Vol 82 (5) ◽  
pp. 559-564 ◽  
Author(s):  
Campbell H. Thompson ◽  
Paul D. Syme ◽  
E. Mark Williams ◽  
John G. G. Ledingham ◽  
George K. Radda
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Partial Pressure ◽  
Intracellular Ph ◽  
Rate Of Change ◽  
Acute Administration ◽  
Intracellular Acidosis ◽  
Rat Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Bicarbonate Concentration

1. The effect of bicarbonate administration on the intracellular pH of rat skeletal muscle was examined by using 31P n.m.r. 2. Bicarbonate administered intraperitoneally caused a significant intracellular acidosis in rat skeletal muscle in vivo. When the bicarbonate was administered intravenously there was no such change in the pH of the skeletal muscle. 3. Bicarbonate administration by either route resulted in an elevated mixed venous partial pressure of carbon dioxide and an elevated arterial pH, but no significant change in the arterial partial pressure of carbon dioxide. The increase in arterial bicarbonate concentration after intraperitoneal injection of bicarbonate was delayed when compared with that after intravenous injection. 4. The administration of hypertonic solutions intravenously caused a transient 40–50% fall in blood pressure, which had resolved within 1 min. 5. The data suggest that the effect of bicarbonate administration on intracellular pH in vivo is related not only to carbon dioxide loading of the cell but also to the rate of change in the extracellular bicarbonate concentration.

The morphology of Trypanosoma striati n.sp., from an Indian fresh-water fish

Parasitology ◽  
1955 ◽  
Vol 45 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 79-85 ◽  
Author(s):  
Syed Shamsuddin Qadri
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
Fresh Water ◽  
Fresh Water Fish ◽  
Important Food ◽  
Air Breathing ◽  
Fresh Waters ◽  
Inland Fisheries ◽  
Water Fish ◽  
Moist Condition

The new species of Trypanosoma described in this paper is parasitic in the blood of Ophicephalus ( = Ophiocephalus) striatus Bl., an air-breathing teleostean ‘Serpentfish’ found extensively in the fresh waters of India. This fish is one of the important food-fishes of India, especially in areas far away from the sea, which are mainly served by inland fisheries. It is equipped with an elaborate accessory air-breathing organ and therefore survives when taken out of water and kept in a moist condition. This hardiness of the fish has made it a popular item of diet since it is available in the hottest months of the summer in a fresh condition or even alive. With the expansion of the inland fisheries of India the importance of fishes of the genus Ophicephalus is also on the increase.

DESCRIPTION OF CIRCUMONCOBOTHRIUM SINGHII N.SP. FROM CLARIAS BATRACUS OF SAVITRI RIVER AT DAPOLI DISTRICT RATNAGIRI (M.S.) INDIA

2018 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
R.R. DANDAWATE
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Fresh Water ◽  
Summer Season ◽  
Fresh Water Fish ◽  
Water Fish

Present paper deals with study of cestode parasites of genus Circumoncobothrium from fresh water fish Clarius batracus at Savitri river, (Dapoli) for the percentages of infection occurance during summer season,minimum during winter and tolarate during rainy season.The parasite mainly infected the intestine of host and fed on nutrients from digested food. It completed its life cycle in the intestine of host. By camparing different characters of it to identify that the species is new

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