Hibernation and Osmoregulation in the Diamondback Terrapin Malaclemys Centrata Centrata (Latreille)

1973 ◽  
Vol 59 (1) ◽  
pp. 45-51
Author(s):  
M. GILLES-BAILLIEN
Keyword(s):  
Osmotic Stress ◽  
Blood Plasma ◽  
Osmotic Pressure ◽  
Fresh Water ◽  
Seasonal Variations ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
The Other ◽  
Diamondback Terrapin ◽  
Diamondback Terrapins

1. Two batches of diamondback terrapins have been kept for a whole year, one in sea water the other in tap water, and seasonal variations have been recorded in the composition and osmotic pressure of the blood plasma. 2. All year round the sea-water animals have a higher osmotic pressure and higher concentrations of Na, K, Cl and urea than fresh-water animals. It is in July, however, that these differences are the least marked. 3. The seasonal variations recorded are linked in particular to the conditions of osmotic stress imposed by the environment. 4. The results are discussed within the framework of hibernation and of the evolution among chelonians from fresh water to sea water.

Urea and Osmoregulation in the Diamondback Terrapin Malaclemys Centrata Centrata (Latreille)

1970 ◽  
Vol 52 (3) ◽  
pp. 691-697
Author(s):  
M. GILLES-BAILLIEN
Keyword(s):  
Osmotic Pressure ◽  
Fresh Water ◽  
Water Loss ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Urea Concentration ◽  
Diamondback Terrapin ◽  
Salt Balance ◽  
Second Stage

1. The blood of the diamondback terrapin going from fresh water to 50% sea water shows an increase in its osmotic pressure which is mainly due to an increase in Na and Cl concentrations. 2. The blood of terrapins living in sea water compared with the blood of terrapins living in 50% sea water shows a higher osmotic pressure which is the result solely of a higher urea concentration; Na and Cl concentrations are no longer affected in this second stage of adaptation. 3. Urine of 50% sea-water terrapins and of sea-water terrapins is generally isosmotic to the blood while the urine of fresh-water terrapins is usually hypo-osmotic. 4. The bladder appears to play an essential part in reducing water loss in the sea-water terrapins but is not implicated in the salt balance. 5. When each animal is considered individually, the urea concentration in the urine is always higher than in the serum, suggesting that the high urea concentration in the blood of terrapins adapted to sea water is due to an urea accumulation in the bladder.

Osmoregulation in the Diamondback Terrapin, Malaclemys Terrapin Centrata

1967 ◽  
Vol 46 (1) ◽  
pp. 161-167 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. J. BENTLEY ◽  
W. L. BRETZ ◽  
KNUT SCHMIDT-NIELSEN
Keyword(s):  
Fresh Water ◽  
Solute Concentration ◽  
Diamondback Terrapin ◽  
Malaclemys Terrapin ◽  
Excess Sodium ◽  
Diamondback Terrapins ◽  
Do So

1. While in hypertonic environment diamondback terrapins (Malaclemys centrata) slowly lose water by osmosis through the integument and as urine through the kidney. 2. Small amounts of sodium are gained, probably largely as a result of diffusion through the integument rather than by drinking, and this sodium is principally excreted extrarenally. Nevertheless, the solute concentration in the blood of such turtles increases. 3. When returned to fresh water the animals rehydrate and excrete accumulated excess sodium. 4. In these ways they could undoubtedly survive for extended periods in the absence of fresh water, but it is not clear whether they could do so indefinitely.

scholarly journals On the structure and functions of tubular and cellular polypi, and of asidiæ

1837 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
pp. 268-270
Keyword(s):  
Fresh Water ◽  
Opposite Direction ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
The Other ◽  
Perfect Health ◽  
Southern Coast ◽  
Regular Shape ◽  
The One ◽  
Structure And Functions ◽  
A Current

This paper contains the account of a great number of observations made by the author during the last summer, while he was at the southern coast of England, on several species of Sertulariæ , Plumulariæ , Tubulariæ , Campanulariæ , Flustræ , and other polypiferous zoophytes, and also on various Ascidiæ . Each specimen was placed for examination in a glass trough with parallel sides, before the large achromatic microscope of the author, directed horizontally; and care was taken to change the sea-water frequently, which was done by means of two syphons, the one supplying fresh water, while the other carried off the old; a plan which succeeded in keeping the animals in perfect health and vigour. The drawings which were taken of the appearances that presented themselves were traced with a cameralucida, slid over the eye-piece of the microscope. In a specimen of the Tubularia indivisa , when magnified 100 times, a current of particles was seen within the tube, strikingly resembling, in the steadiness and continuity of its stream, the vegetable circulation in the Chara . Its general course was parallel to the slightly spiral lines of irregular spots on the tube; on one side flowing from, and on the other towards, the polypus, each current occupying one half of the circumference of the tube. The particles were of various sizes, some very small, others larger, but apparently aggregations of the smaller: a few were nearly globular, but in general they had no regular shape. At the knots, or contracted parts of the tube, slight vortices were observed in the current; and at the ends of the tube the particles were seen to turn round, and pass over to the other side. Singular fluctuations were also observed in the size of the stomach and of the cavity of the mouth; the one occasionally enlarging, while the other contracted, as if produced by the passage of a fluid from the one into the other and its subsequent recession, thus distending each alternately. This flux and reflux took place regularly at intervals of 80 seconds; besides which two currents were continually flowing, both in the mouth and stomach; an outer one in one direction, and an inner one in the opposite direction.

The Osmoregulatory Ability of the Lampern (Lampetra Fluviatilis L.) In Sea Water During the Course of its Spawning Migration

1956 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 235-248
Author(s):  
R. MORRIS
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Osmotic Pressure ◽  
Fresh Water ◽  
Water Loss ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Water Concentration ◽  
Rate Of Change ◽  
Plasma Chloride ◽  
Osmoregulatory Ability ◽  
Better Than

1. Although fresh-run lamperns are able to withstand the effects of increasing sea-water concentration better than maturing animals, they can only maintain their plasma chloride constant in environments more dilute than 50% sea water. This is achieved, in part, by gradually reducing the urine output from the normal fresh-water level (155.8 ml./kg./day) to a negligible rate in solutions which are mildly hypertonic to the blood (33% sea water). 2. Studies on the rate of change of weight loss, of plasma chloride and of plasma osmotic pressure following abrupt immersion in dilute sea water show that mature lamperns cannot osmoregulate and can only survive in 33% sea water by tolerating a raised blood osmotic pressure caused by water loss. 3. Similar experiments on fresh-run animals suggest that the external surfaces of their bodies are less permeable to water than mature animals. Unlike mature animals, they also show considerable variation in the way in which they respond to 33% sea water. Some are able to maintain their plasma osmotic pressure and chloride well below that of the environment. These animals also show little loss in weight, and this indicates that water is taken up actively, since this process has been shown to occur in some animals. Other fresh-run animals show raised plasma osmotic pressures in varying degrees and these are associated with larger losses of weight. These facts suggest that the hypotonic regulating mechanism gradually degenerates as the lampern enters fresh water.

The Adaptation of Gunda Ulvae to Salinity

1931 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 82-94
Author(s):  
C. F. A. PANTIN
Keyword(s):  
Osmotic Pressure ◽  
Electric Conductivity ◽  
Fresh Water ◽  
Salt Concentration ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Distilled Water ◽  
Dilute Solution ◽  
Dilute Solutions ◽  
The Moment ◽  
Limiting Value

1. The rate of loss of salts by the estuarine worm, Gunda ulvae, on transference from sea water to various dilute solutions has been studied by measurement of the electric conductivity of the solutions. 2. Salts are lost by the worms from the moment of immersion in dilute solutions. Conditions affecting the rate of loss of salts are discussed. 3. The relation between the amount of salts lost and the total electrolyte content of the worm was determined. It is shown that the worms only lose 25 per cent. of their salts during the time that they imbibe a volume of water from the dilute solution equal to their initial volume. 4. The limiting internal salt concentration of worms surviving in waters containing calcium is about 6-10 per cent. of the normal concentration in sea water. No such limiting value can be found for distilled water, since salts are lost continuously till cytolysis occurs. The significance of the limiting concentration is discussed. 5. The effect of osmotic pressure, pH, dilute solutions of NaCl, NaHCO3, glycerol, CaCl2 and CaCO3 are studied. The presence of calcium reduces the rate of loss of salts. Other factors do not seem to influence this rate. 6. The relation of calcium to the maintenance of normal permeability to water and salts in the worm, and the significance of this to the problem of migration into fresh water are discussed.

scholarly journals I. On the absorption of carbonic acid by saline solutions

1874 ◽  
Vol 22 (148-155) ◽  
pp. 192-196 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Fresh Water ◽  
Carbonic Acid ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
The Other ◽  
Atmospheric Gases ◽  
Absorption Coefficients ◽  
Precise Information ◽  
Series Of Experiments ◽  
The One ◽  
Saline Solutions

Until lately it was believed that the atmospheric gases dissolved in sea-water could be extracted from it, as from fresh water, by boiling in vacuo . The merit of the discovery that such is not the case is due to Dr. Jacobsen, of Kiel, who found that, in order to drive out the whole of the carbonic acid, the water must be evaporated almost to dryness, and that no amount of boiling in vacuo will suffice to eliminate it. Being particularly interested in the matter, I immediately commenced a series of experiments to determine, if possible, the salt or salts to which sea-water owes this property. Preliminary observations satisfied me, in the first place, that sea-water has this property, and, secondly, that solutions of the sulphates of magnesia and of lime possess the same property. In order to gain more precise information, two series of experiments were made, the one analytical, the other synthetical. The former consisted in saturating saline solutions with carbonic acid, and then distilling them, the carbonic acid passing in the various fractions being determined; the latter, in determining the absorption coefficients of two solutions, the one of sulphate of magnesia, the other of sulphate of lime.

scholarly journals The Physiology of Contractile Vacuoles

1934 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 364-381
Author(s):  
J. A. KITCHING
Keyword(s):  
Fresh Water ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Marine Species ◽  
The Body ◽  
Contractile Vacuole ◽  
Body Volume ◽  
Water Value ◽  
Contractile Vacuoles ◽  
Sustained Increase

1. The rate of output of fluid from the contractile vacuole of a fresh-water Peritrich Ciliate was decreased to a new steady value immediately the organism was placed in a mixture of tap water and sea water. The rate of output returned to its original value immediately the organism was replaced in tap water. The contractile vacuole was stopped when the organism was treated with a mixture containing more than 12 per cent, of sea water. 2. Transference of various species of marine Peritricha from 100 per cent, sea water to mixtures of sea water and tap water led to an immediate increase of the body volume to a new and generally steady value. Return of the organism to 100 per cent, sea water led to an immediate decrease of the body volume to its original value or less. 3. Marine Peritricha showed little change in rate of output when treated with concentrations of sea water between 100 and 75 per cent. In more dilute mixtures the rate of output was immediately increased, and then generally fell off slightly to a new steady value which was still considerably above the original (100 per cent. sea water) value. The maximum sustained increase was approximately x 80. Return of the organism to 100 per cent, sea water led to an immediate return of the rate of output to approximately its original value. 4. When individuals of some marine species were placed in very dilute concentrations of sea water, the pellicle was frequently raised up in blisters by the formation of drops of fluid underneath it, and the contractile vacuole stopped. 5. Evidence is brought forward to suggest that in the lower concentrations of sea water marine forms lost salts. 6. The contractile vacuole probably acts as an osmotic controller in fresh-water Protozoa. Its function in those marine Protozoa in which it occurs remains obscure.

Isosmotic Regulation in Various Tissues of the Diamondback Terrapin Malaclemys Centrata Centrata (Latreille)

1973 ◽  
Vol 59 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-43
Author(s):  
M. GILLES-BAILLIEN
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Osmotic Pressure ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Amino Acid Content ◽  
Inorganic Ions ◽  
Total Amino Acid ◽  
Diamondback Terrapin ◽  
Ion Content ◽  
Inorganic Ion ◽  
Total Amino Acid Content

1. Osmotic adjustment is achieved by blood and intracellular fluids in the diamond-back terrapin when acclimatized either to fresh water or to sea water. 2. The muscle adjusts its composition to a higher blood osmotic pressure by greater concentrations in ammonia, in taurine and in urea and to a lesser extent in all amino acids (aspartate excepted). The inorganic ion content is not affected. 3. In the bladder mucosa ammonia, taurine and all amino acids are more concentrated in sea-water animals. But essentially urea is responsible for the higher osmotic pressure. Of the inorganic ions only potassium shows a (slight) increase in sea-water animals. 4. In the colon mucosa there is a slight increase in the total amino acid content, in the concentrations of sodium and chloride, and a larger increase in urea. 5. In the jejunum mucosa the concentrations of amino acids, urea and K are much higher in sea-water animals. 6. The results are discussed within the framework of isosmotic regulation of intracellular fluids.

scholarly journals Studies of photo-synthesis in marine algæ.—1. Fixation of carbon and nitrogen from inorganic sources in sea water. 2. Increase of alkalinity of sea water as a measure of photo-synthesis

1921 ◽  
Vol 92 (642) ◽  
pp. 51-60 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Seasonal Variation ◽  
Cell Division ◽  
Fresh Water ◽  
Seasonal Variations ◽  
Marine Algae ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Subsequent Paper ◽  
Carbon And Nitrogen ◽  
Applied Physiology ◽  
Series Of Experiments

The series of experiments recorded in this communication were carried out at Port Erin; the subsequent analyses for amounts of nitrogen fixed were made at the temporary laboratory of the Department of Applied Physiology, M. R. C., at the Lister Institute. The results of the series confirm and amplify those obtained with fresh-water algæ, which showed a convincing uptake of nitrogen from the air, but on account of the change of the medium of growth from fresh to sea water, there are several important modifications in the medium itself as well as in the growing algæ, which appear to us to possess considerable importance in the annual life of the sea, and in the inductance at certain definite periods of the year of increased processes of cell-division and reproduction of species, and possibly in guiding the development of variations in species, and the process of evolution. The details of seasonal variation in growth resulting from intensity of illumination will be given in a subsequent paper; here will be considered the changes in the algæ and the sea water due to the action of light apart from seasonal variations.

scholarly journals The osmotic changes in some marine animals

1931 ◽  
Vol 107 (754) ◽  
pp. 606-624 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Osmotic Pressure ◽  
Fresh Water ◽  
Marine Invertebrates ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Body Fluids ◽  
The Body ◽  
Marine Animals

Since Bottazzi's (1897) first determinations of the osmotic pressure of the body fluids of various marine animals many researches have been performed by other authors, particularly in reference to the permeability of the membranes separating the body from its surroundings. Bottazzi (1897, 1906, 1908, b) investigated individuals belonging to very different groups of animals, and found that the osmotic pressure of the body fluids of marine invertebrates, and of elasmobranchs, is very similar to that of the surroundings, while the osmotic pressure of the blood of teleosts is quite different. Changing the osmotic pressure of the medium, the osmotic pressure of most marine invertebrates, and of elasmobranchs, was shown to change in the same direction (L. Fredericq, 1882, 1904; Quinton, 1897; Dakin, 1908) and to reach, finally, the value of the former. The blood of teleosts is much more independent of the medium, for it shown to change only about 30 percent, in concentration, on transferring the animals from sea water to fresh water or vice versa (Dakin, 1908; Dekhuyzen, 1904: Sumner, 1905); other authors, however (fredericq, 1904: Garrey, 1905) could not field even these variations.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document