Urea and Osmoregulation in the Diamondback Terrapin Malaclemys Centrata Centrata (Latreille)

1970 ◽  
Vol 52 (3) ◽  
pp. 691-697
Author(s):  
M. GILLES-BAILLIEN
Keyword(s):  
Osmotic Pressure ◽  
Fresh Water ◽  
Water Loss ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Urea Concentration ◽  
Diamondback Terrapin ◽  
Salt Balance ◽  
Second Stage

1. The blood of the diamondback terrapin going from fresh water to 50% sea water shows an increase in its osmotic pressure which is mainly due to an increase in Na and Cl concentrations. 2. The blood of terrapins living in sea water compared with the blood of terrapins living in 50% sea water shows a higher osmotic pressure which is the result solely of a higher urea concentration; Na and Cl concentrations are no longer affected in this second stage of adaptation. 3. Urine of 50% sea-water terrapins and of sea-water terrapins is generally isosmotic to the blood while the urine of fresh-water terrapins is usually hypo-osmotic. 4. The bladder appears to play an essential part in reducing water loss in the sea-water terrapins but is not implicated in the salt balance. 5. When each animal is considered individually, the urea concentration in the urine is always higher than in the serum, suggesting that the high urea concentration in the blood of terrapins adapted to sea water is due to an urea accumulation in the bladder.

The Osmoregulatory Ability of the Lampern (Lampetra Fluviatilis L.) In Sea Water During the Course of its Spawning Migration

1956 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 235-248
Author(s):  
R. MORRIS
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Osmotic Pressure ◽  
Fresh Water ◽  
Water Loss ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Water Concentration ◽  
Rate Of Change ◽  
Plasma Chloride ◽  
Osmoregulatory Ability ◽  
Better Than

1. Although fresh-run lamperns are able to withstand the effects of increasing sea-water concentration better than maturing animals, they can only maintain their plasma chloride constant in environments more dilute than 50% sea water. This is achieved, in part, by gradually reducing the urine output from the normal fresh-water level (155.8 ml./kg./day) to a negligible rate in solutions which are mildly hypertonic to the blood (33% sea water). 2. Studies on the rate of change of weight loss, of plasma chloride and of plasma osmotic pressure following abrupt immersion in dilute sea water show that mature lamperns cannot osmoregulate and can only survive in 33% sea water by tolerating a raised blood osmotic pressure caused by water loss. 3. Similar experiments on fresh-run animals suggest that the external surfaces of their bodies are less permeable to water than mature animals. Unlike mature animals, they also show considerable variation in the way in which they respond to 33% sea water. Some are able to maintain their plasma osmotic pressure and chloride well below that of the environment. These animals also show little loss in weight, and this indicates that water is taken up actively, since this process has been shown to occur in some animals. Other fresh-run animals show raised plasma osmotic pressures in varying degrees and these are associated with larger losses of weight. These facts suggest that the hypotonic regulating mechanism gradually degenerates as the lampern enters fresh water.

Hibernation and Osmoregulation in the Diamondback Terrapin Malaclemys Centrata Centrata (Latreille)

1973 ◽  
Vol 59 (1) ◽  
pp. 45-51
Author(s):  
M. GILLES-BAILLIEN
Keyword(s):  
Osmotic Stress ◽  
Blood Plasma ◽  
Osmotic Pressure ◽  
Fresh Water ◽  
Seasonal Variations ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
The Other ◽  
Diamondback Terrapin ◽  
Diamondback Terrapins

1. Two batches of diamondback terrapins have been kept for a whole year, one in sea water the other in tap water, and seasonal variations have been recorded in the composition and osmotic pressure of the blood plasma. 2. All year round the sea-water animals have a higher osmotic pressure and higher concentrations of Na, K, Cl and urea than fresh-water animals. It is in July, however, that these differences are the least marked. 3. The seasonal variations recorded are linked in particular to the conditions of osmotic stress imposed by the environment. 4. The results are discussed within the framework of hibernation and of the evolution among chelonians from fresh water to sea water.

The Renal Excretion of Nitrogenous Compounds by the Duck (Anas Platyrhynchos) Maintained on Freshwater and on Hypertonic Saline

1969 ◽  
Vol 50 (2) ◽  
pp. 527-539
Author(s):  
D. J. STEWART ◽  
W. N. HOLMES ◽  
G. FLETCHER
Keyword(s):  
Uric Acid ◽  
Fresh Water ◽  
Hypertonic Saline ◽  
Plasma Flow ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Renal Plasma Flow ◽  
Urea Concentration ◽  
Plasma Urea ◽  
Pah Clearance ◽  
Plasma Urea Concentration

1. The excretory rates of total nitrogen, uric acid, urea and ammonia by intact birds maintained on fresh water did not differ significantly from the corresponding rates of excretion by birds maintained on saline equivalent to 60% sea water (284 mM-NaCl, 6.0 mM-KCl). 2. The uric acid excreted by these birds contributed 53.8%, the ammonia 29.2% and the urea 1.5% of the total nitrogen excreted. The three compounds together accounted for 84.5% of the nitrogen excreted. 3. The glomerular filtration rates (inulin clearance) and the renal plasma flow rates (PAH clearance) did not differ between the freshwater-maintained and the salinemaintained birds. 4. The clearance of uric acid in all groups of birds was equal to the PAH clearance and may be interpreted as a reliable measure of the renal plasma flow rate. 5. The urea:inulin clearance ratios for the individual urine samples from all birds suggested that renal tubular synthesis and secretion of urea may occur. 6. In a second set of experiments uric acid and urea concentrations in the plasma of fed ducks were followed during adaptation to hypertonic saline and during a similar period of dehydration. 7. A sharp in the increase plasma uric acid concentration was generally observed in all groups of birds after feeding and the concentration then gradually declined to the prefeeding level. 8. The plasma urea concentrations of birds given saline equivalent to 60% sea water equilibrated, after the first 24 hr., at about twice the concentration found in the freshwater-maintained birds. 9. In birds maintained on saline equivalent to 100% sea water (470 mM-NaCl; 10 mM-KCl), the plasma urea concentration steadily rose during the first 50 hours and then equilibrated at a level approximately 10 times that observed in freshwatermaintained birds. 10. Withholding all drinking water from birds which had been previously given fresh water resulted in a rise in the plasma urea concentration during the first 50 hr. similar to that observed in the birds maintained on saline equivalent to 100% sea water. But the plasma urea concentration of these birds, in contrast to that of salinemaintained birds, continued to rise throughout the remainder of the experimental period.

The Adaptation of Gunda Ulvae to Salinity

1931 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 82-94
Author(s):  
C. F. A. PANTIN
Keyword(s):  
Osmotic Pressure ◽  
Electric Conductivity ◽  
Fresh Water ◽  
Salt Concentration ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Distilled Water ◽  
Dilute Solution ◽  
Dilute Solutions ◽  
The Moment ◽  
Limiting Value

1. The rate of loss of salts by the estuarine worm, Gunda ulvae, on transference from sea water to various dilute solutions has been studied by measurement of the electric conductivity of the solutions. 2. Salts are lost by the worms from the moment of immersion in dilute solutions. Conditions affecting the rate of loss of salts are discussed. 3. The relation between the amount of salts lost and the total electrolyte content of the worm was determined. It is shown that the worms only lose 25 per cent. of their salts during the time that they imbibe a volume of water from the dilute solution equal to their initial volume. 4. The limiting internal salt concentration of worms surviving in waters containing calcium is about 6-10 per cent. of the normal concentration in sea water. No such limiting value can be found for distilled water, since salts are lost continuously till cytolysis occurs. The significance of the limiting concentration is discussed. 5. The effect of osmotic pressure, pH, dilute solutions of NaCl, NaHCO3, glycerol, CaCl2 and CaCO3 are studied. The presence of calcium reduces the rate of loss of salts. Other factors do not seem to influence this rate. 6. The relation of calcium to the maintenance of normal permeability to water and salts in the worm, and the significance of this to the problem of migration into fresh water are discussed.

Isosmotic Regulation in Various Tissues of the Diamondback Terrapin Malaclemys Centrata Centrata (Latreille)

1973 ◽  
Vol 59 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-43
Author(s):  
M. GILLES-BAILLIEN
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Osmotic Pressure ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Amino Acid Content ◽  
Inorganic Ions ◽  
Total Amino Acid ◽  
Diamondback Terrapin ◽  
Ion Content ◽  
Inorganic Ion ◽  
Total Amino Acid Content

1. Osmotic adjustment is achieved by blood and intracellular fluids in the diamond-back terrapin when acclimatized either to fresh water or to sea water. 2. The muscle adjusts its composition to a higher blood osmotic pressure by greater concentrations in ammonia, in taurine and in urea and to a lesser extent in all amino acids (aspartate excepted). The inorganic ion content is not affected. 3. In the bladder mucosa ammonia, taurine and all amino acids are more concentrated in sea-water animals. But essentially urea is responsible for the higher osmotic pressure. Of the inorganic ions only potassium shows a (slight) increase in sea-water animals. 4. In the colon mucosa there is a slight increase in the total amino acid content, in the concentrations of sodium and chloride, and a larger increase in urea. 5. In the jejunum mucosa the concentrations of amino acids, urea and K are much higher in sea-water animals. 6. The results are discussed within the framework of isosmotic regulation of intracellular fluids.

scholarly journals The osmotic changes in some marine animals

1931 ◽  
Vol 107 (754) ◽  
pp. 606-624 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Osmotic Pressure ◽  
Fresh Water ◽  
Marine Invertebrates ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Body Fluids ◽  
The Body ◽  
Marine Animals

Since Bottazzi's (1897) first determinations of the osmotic pressure of the body fluids of various marine animals many researches have been performed by other authors, particularly in reference to the permeability of the membranes separating the body from its surroundings. Bottazzi (1897, 1906, 1908, b) investigated individuals belonging to very different groups of animals, and found that the osmotic pressure of the body fluids of marine invertebrates, and of elasmobranchs, is very similar to that of the surroundings, while the osmotic pressure of the blood of teleosts is quite different. Changing the osmotic pressure of the medium, the osmotic pressure of most marine invertebrates, and of elasmobranchs, was shown to change in the same direction (L. Fredericq, 1882, 1904; Quinton, 1897; Dakin, 1908) and to reach, finally, the value of the former. The blood of teleosts is much more independent of the medium, for it shown to change only about 30 percent, in concentration, on transferring the animals from sea water to fresh water or vice versa (Dakin, 1908; Dekhuyzen, 1904: Sumner, 1905); other authors, however (fredericq, 1904: Garrey, 1905) could not field even these variations.

scholarly journals Studies on Adaptation to Salinity in Gammarus Spp

1940 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 153-163
Author(s):  
L. C. BEADLE ◽  
J. B. CRAGG
Keyword(s):  
Osmotic Pressure ◽  
Fresh Water ◽  
Brackish Water ◽  
Blood Concentration ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Marine Species ◽  
Eriocheir Sinensis ◽  
Tolerance Range ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Ion Absorption

1. Four species of Gammarus were studied: the fresh-water G. pulex, the brackish water G. duebeni, and two normally marine species G. locusta and obtusatus, the former of which has also been recorded from brackish water. 2. The relation between osmotic pressure and chloride of the blood and of the external medium, after sudden transfer to salinities which could be withstood for at least 24 hr., is shown in Fig. 1. 3. The changes in blood osmotic pressure are due to salt and not to water movements. 4. The marine species G. obtusatus and locusta maintain a very hypertonic blood in dilute sea water and can withstand 50% (270 mM.) and 25% (135 mM.) sea water respectively. 5. The brackish water G. duebeni has a tolerance range from pure sea water to water containing a trace of salt, but is not as well adapted to fresh water as G. pulex. 6. For a wide salinity tolerance range two mechanisms are necessary, (a) for regulating the blood concentration within certain limits, and (b) for maintaining a low intracellular concentration of certain ions (e.g. C1) in spite of changes in blood concentration. Defection of the latter mechanism can alone account for the inability of G. pulex to withstand direct transfer to more than about 40% sea water (115 mM.). 7. On the basis of this work and that of others on other animals the following hypothesis is suggested. Adaptation to fresh water has proceeded by two main stages: (a) Probably by active ion absorption, a high blood concentration is maintained (as in Eriocheir sinensis and Telphusa fluviatile) and is associated with a large blood/tissue C1 gradient. Such animals can still be transferred suddenly to a high concentration of sea water. (b) Evolution of the renal salt-reabsorption mechanism, and lowering of both blood concentration and blood/tissue C1 gradient to levels more easily maintained (as in G. pulex and most fresh-water animals). The consequent loss of power to maintain a large blood/tissue C1 gradient entails inability to withstand transfer to more than low concentrations of sea water, unless, as in certain species, a special mechanism is evolved for preventing the blood concentration from rising.

LUMINESCENCE OF THE BLACK SEA MICROSCOPIC FUNGI CULTURES

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Olga Mashukova ◽  
Olga Mashukova ◽  
Yuriy Tokarev ◽  
Yuriy Tokarev ◽  
Nadejda Kopytina ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fresh Water ◽  
Black Sea ◽  
Ethyl Alcohol ◽  
Light Emission ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Control Culture ◽  
Chemical Stimulation ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
The Given ◽  
First Time

We studied for the first time luminescence characteristics of the some micromycetes, isolated from the bottom sediments of the Black sea from the 27 m depth. Luminescence parameters were registered at laboratory complex “Svet” using mechanical and chemical stimulations. Fungi cultures of genera Acremonium, Aspergillus, Penicillium were isolated on ChDA medium which served as control. Culture of Penicillium commune gave no light emission with any kind of stimulation. Culture of Acremonium sp. has shown luminescence in the blue – green field of spectrum. Using chemical stimulation by fresh water we registered signals with luminescence energy (to 3.24 ± 0.11)•108 quantum•cm2 and duration up to 4.42 s, which 3 times exceeded analogous magnitudes in a group, stimulated by sea water (p < 0.05). Under chemical stimulation by ethyl alcohol fungi culture luminescence was not observed. Culture of Aspergillus fumigatus possessed the most expressed properties of luminescence. Stimulation by fresh water culture emission with energy of (3.35 ± 0.11)•108 quantum•cm2 and duration up to 4.96 s. Action of ethyl alcohol to culture also stimulated signals, but intensity of light emission was 3–4 times lower than under mechanical stimulation. For sure the given studies will permit not only to evaluate contribution of marine fungi into general bioluminescence of the sea, but as well to determine places of accumulation of opportunistic species in the sea.

Reosquido Desalinasi Metode Evaporasi dengan Ultraviolet Berbasis Mikrokontroller

2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 38-47
Author(s):  
Muhammad Abdul Azis ◽  
Nuryake Fajaryati
Keyword(s):  
Temperature Measurement ◽  
Fresh Water ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Evaporation Process ◽  
Heater Element ◽  
The Third ◽  
Turn On ◽  
Speed Up ◽  
Arduino Uno

This research aims to create a Reosquido desalination tool for evaporation methods using a microcontroller. This tool can control the temperature to speed up the evaporation process in producing fresh water. The method applied to Reosquido desalination uses Evaporation. The first process before evaporation is the detection of temperature in sea water that will be heated using an element heater. The second process of temperature measurement is to turn off and turn on the Arduino Uno controlled heater, when the temperature is less than 80 ° then the heater is on. The third process is evaporation during temperatures between 80 ° to 100 °, evaporation water sticks to the glass roof which is designed by pyramid. Evaporated water that flows into the reservoir is detected by its solubility TDS value. The fourth process is heater off when the temperature is more than 100 °. Based on the results of the testing, the desalination process using a microcontroller controlled heater can speed up the time up to 55% of the previous desalination process tool, namely manual desalination prsoes without using the heater element controlled by the temperature and controlled by a microcontroller which takes 9 hours. Produces fresh water as much as 30ml from 3000ml of sea water, so that it can be compared to 1: 100.

Study on Drying Characteristics of Microalgae under Different Conditions

2013 ◽  
Vol 724-725 ◽  
pp. 296-299
Author(s):  
Chun Xiang Chen ◽  
Xiao Qian Ma ◽  
Xiao Cong Li ◽  
Wei Ping Qin
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Mass Loss ◽  
Fresh Water ◽  
Chlorella Vulgaris ◽  
Drying Process ◽  
Drying Time ◽  
Drying Characteristics ◽  
Second Stage ◽  
Drying System ◽  
Two Stages

To find out an alternative of coal saving, a kind of microalgae, Chlorella vulgaris (C. vulgaris) which is widespread in fresh water was studied by digital blast drying system. The effect of the moisture content, drying thickness and temperature on the drying process of C. vulgaris were investigated. The results indicated that when the drying temperature is high, the moisture content is low and the material thickness is small, the drying time is short. The drying process of C.vulgaris can be divided into two stages, and the mass loss is mainly occurred in the second stage . The results will provide guidance for design of drying process and dryer of microalgae.

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