Experiments on Artificial Cryptorchidism and Ligature of the Vas Deferens in Mammals

1927 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 333-341
Author(s):  
J. T. CUNNINGHAM
Keyword(s):  
Vas Deferens ◽  
Abdominal Cavity ◽  
Interstitial Cells ◽  
Interstitial Tissue ◽  
Normal Spermatogenesis ◽  
Evolution Of Mammals ◽  
Lower Temperature

Observations are recorded showing that the temperature of the scrotal cavity is lower than that within the abdomen. An experiment is described in which the testis was displaced from the scrotal cavity to the abdominal cavity, and after 3 weeks the seminal tubules were found to be reduced in size and their contents degenerate with no spermatogenesis, while the interstitial tissue was relatively increased. Experiments are recorded in which ligature of the vas deferens was carried out and after 6 weeks the contents of the seminal tubules showed the stages of normal spermatogenesis. These and similar results obtained by Moore and others are interpreted as showing that although a lower temperature is essential for spermatogenesis in Mammals, it is not correct to state that the maintenance of this lower temperature is the function of the scrotum and that this was essential for the evolution of Mammals. The adaptation of spermatogenesis to temperature is the consequence of the evolution of the scrotum, which was due to causes independent of the function of the testes. My results do not support Steinach's theory that rejuvenation depends on increase of the interstitial cells of the testis, and that this increase can be produced by ligature of the vas deferens.

OBSERVATIONS ON CADMIUM DAMAGE AND REPAIR IN RAT TESTES AND THE EFFECTS ON THE PITUITARY GONADOTROPHS

1962 ◽  
Vol 24 (4) ◽  
pp. 453-NP ◽  
Author(s):  
M. ALLANSON ◽  
R. DEANESLY
Keyword(s):  
Subcutaneous Injection ◽  
Cadmium Chloride ◽  
Cytological Study ◽  
Interstitial Cells ◽  
Germinal Epithelium ◽  
Seminiferous Tubules ◽  
Interstitial Tissue ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Single Subcutaneous Injection

SUMMARY Cadmium chloride, in a single subcutaneous injection, can destroy spermatogenic and interstitial cells in the rat testis (Pařízek, 1957) and produce changes in the pituitary. The interstitial tissue is restored by ingrowths from the tunica and full androgen secretion returns before there is any regeneration of germinal epithelium. A cytological study has been made of the peripheral and central pituitary gonadotrophs; the latter revert almost to normal as the interstitial tissue regenerates, whereas the former retain characteristic castration features, unless there is also regeneration of the germinal epithelium. This seems to indicate that in the normal testis there is a hormone contribution from the seminiferous tubules as well as from the interstitial cells. The long-term effects of cadmium on the testis depend on the dose. Early stages of tubule restoration have been studied, but after administration of 0·9 mg., actual proliferation of the germinal epithelium was rarely found—only in four out of twenty rats, 113 or 142 days after injection.

scholarly journals Laparoscopic orchiopexy of palpable undescended testes_ experience of a single tertiary institution with over 773 cases

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jia You ◽  
Gang Li ◽  
Shuang Li ◽  
Haitao Chen ◽  
Jun Wang
Keyword(s):  
Inguinal Hernia ◽  
Doppler Ultrasound ◽  
Vas Deferens ◽  
Abdominal Cavity ◽  
Undescended Testes ◽  
Processus Vaginalis ◽  
Hernia Sac ◽  
Patent Processus Vaginalis ◽  
Contralateral Patent Processus Vaginalis ◽  
Laparoscopic Orchiopexy

Abstract Background Discuss the superiority of laparoscopic orchiopexy in the treatment of inguinal palpable undescended testes. Methods Inclusion criteria: Preoperative examination and color Doppler ultrasound examination confirmed that the testes were located in the inguinal canal and could not be pulled into the scrotum, except for retractive and ectopic testes. The surgical steps were depicted as follow. The retroperitoneal wall was carved by ultrasonic scalpels, separates the spermatic vessels closed to the inferior pole of the kidney if necessary, dissects the peritoneum of vas deferens, cuts the testicular gubernaculum, and pulls back the testicle into the abdominal cavity. Besides, protect the vas deferens, and descend the testes to the scrotum and fix them without tension. Results There were 773 patients with 869 inguinal undescended palpable testes, 218 cases on the left side, 459 cases on the right side and 96 cases with bilateral undescended testes, whose age ranged from 6 months to 8 years, with an average of 20 months. All testes were successfully operated, no converted to open surgery. The average operation time was (34.8 ± 5.4) min. There were 692 testes have an ipsilateral patent processus vaginalis (89.5%); In 677 cases of unilateral cryptorchidism, 233 cases (34.4%) have a contralateral patent processus vaginalis, and laparoscopic percutaneous extraperitoneal closure the hernia sac carry out during the surgery. There was no subcutaneous emphysema during the operation, no vomiting, no abdominal distension, no wound bleeding and obvious pain after surgery, especially wound infection is rarely. Doppler ultrasound was evaluated regularly after surgery. The patients were followed up for 6 to 18 months. All the testes were located in the scrotum without testicular retraction and atrophy. No inguinal hernia or hydrocele was found in follow-up examination. Conclusion Laparoscopic orchiopexy manage inguinal palpable cryptorchidism is safe and effective, and there are obvious minimally invasive advantages. Furthermore, It could discover a contralateral patent processus vaginalis, and treat at the same time, which avoid the occurrence of metachronous inguinal hernia.

The Influence of a Gonadotrophin on the Seasonal Changes in the Testis and Deferent Duct of the Chaffinch (Fringilla coelebs)

1949 ◽  
Vol s3-90 (9) ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
J. W. SLUITER ◽  
G. J. van OORDT
Keyword(s):  
Interstitial Cells ◽  
Seminiferous Tubules ◽  
Control Bird ◽  
Interstitial Tissue ◽  
Fringilla Coelebs ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Different Seasons ◽  
The Difference ◽  
In The Beginning ◽  
Progressive Stage

1. Male chaffinches (Fringilla coelebs) were treated with gestyl, a gonadotrophin prepared from pregnant mare serum, in different seasons; using different techniques their testes and deferent ducts were histologically studied after autopsy on 11 August, 30 November, 28 January, and 5 May. 2. After Champy-fixation and Altmann-staining two types of interstitial cells can be distinguished in the intertubular tissue of sexually active chaffinches: lipoid cells. (= Leydig cells) and secretion cells. 3. Results of gestyl-administration: In summer- and winter-birds (PI. I) whose testes are in the resting stage, the testis-tubule diameter shows a strong enlargement, which is partly due to the plasma of the cells being distinctly inflated; spermatogenesis does not take place. In the intertubular tissue lipoid and secretion cells appear in abnormally large numbers. In 10 days the deferent ducts pass over from the quiescent into the fully-activated stage. In spring-birds (Pl. III), being in the reproductive stage, the administration of gestyl has practically no effect. In this stage the intertubular tissue also contains both lipoid and secretion cells. 4. From the results mentioned under 3, and the fact that in the control bird of 28 January, being in the beginning of the progressive stage (Pl. II), many lipoid cells were found, whereas its deferent ducts were still quiescent, it is concluded that only the secretion cells produce the male sex-hormone. The lipoid cells, which amongst others contain cholesterol, possess only a trophic function. 5. The difference in reaction of the seminiferous tubules of birds to chorionic and hypophyseal gonadotrophins as well as the function of the interstitial cells are discussed. Most opinions on the last-mentioned subject are not sufficiently well founded, as the investigators used routine techniques only for the cytological investigation of the interstitial tissue.

Reproduction in Dasykaluta-Rosamondae (Marsupialia, Dasyuridae) - Field and Laboratory Observations

1991 ◽  
Vol 39 (5) ◽  
pp. 549 ◽  
Author(s):  
PA Woolley
Keyword(s):  
Breeding Season ◽  
Granulosa Cells ◽  
Sexual Maturity ◽  
Reproductive Development ◽  
Interstitial Cells ◽  
Field Population ◽  
Interstitial Tissue ◽  
Mating Period ◽  
Reproductive Senescence ◽  
Age Class

Observations on reproduction in both wild-caught and laboratory-maintained Dasykaluta rosamondae have led to the conclusion that this species is one of 10 dasyurid marsupials in which males die soon after their first mating period. D. rosamondae have a short annual breeding season. The females are monoestrous, mating in September and bearing the young in November. Laboratory-reared young are weaned at an age of about 3 1/2-4 months, in February and March, and juveniles appear in the field population at this time. Both mates and females reach sexual maturity at an age of about 10 months. In the laboratory, males breed in only one season, after which those that survive become reproductively senile. Mature males disappear from the field population about the time the young are born; those collected shortly before this show signs of reproductive senescence. Males collected in the months after the young are weaned represent a single age-class; their reproductive development parallels that of maturing known-age males. Females are capable of breeding in at least two seasons and litters of up to eight are reared. Development of the pouch young is described. Unusual interstitial tissue masses develop in the ovaries of D. rosamondae; the granulosa cells of some follicles undergo transformation to interstitial cells, and the oocytes in these follicles degenerate, shortly before the females enter oestrus.

scholarly journals A Study on Testicular Development in Apteronotus albifrons

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 82
Author(s):  
Chengxu HA ◽  
Cuihua YANG ◽  
Wei WANG ◽  
Yunzhong WANG ◽  
Jiguang Qi
Keyword(s):  
Blood Vessels ◽  
Germ Cells ◽  
Vas Deferens ◽  
Abdominal Cavity ◽  
External Environment ◽  
The Body ◽  
Testicular Development ◽  
Lower Jaw ◽  
Front End ◽  
Testis Structure

Apteronotus albifrons has its cloacal aperture located in the front of the body and on the back of the lower jaw. A. albifrons possess a pair of testes attached on the mesentery below its liver on the back of the abdominal cavity. In the early days of development, the testes are in translucent elongated thin strips in nude colour. As they develop, the testes will grow thicker and become white or creamy white in color. The rear end of the testes will split whereas the front end will merge to form the vas deferens which is connected to the external environment through the cloacal aperture. Testes of A. albifrons are lobular. There are six stages in its development. At 6 months of age, the testis structure shows clear medium with primary spermatocytes and abundant spermatogonia, suggesting that development is into the stageⅡ. At 8 months of age, testes in male A. albifrons are in the shape of a thin rod in white with blood vessels in presence. Germ cells consist of spermatogonia, primary spermatocytes and spermatocytes, indicating stageⅢ development. At 11 months of age, testes in male A. albifrons grow fuller and are in creamy white with apparent blood vessels present. Primary spermatocytes, secondary spermatocytes, spermatids and a small amount of sperms are president, indicating stageⅣ of development. At 15 months of age, testes in male A. albifrons swells and consist of a large amount of sperms, reaching full maturity. This is the stageⅥof development, after which is the stage featured by testes after spermiation.

scholarly journals Mice Lacking the UBC4-testis Gene Have a Delay in Postnatal Testis Development but Normal Spermatogenesis and Fertility

2005 ◽  
Vol 25 (15) ◽  
pp. 6346-6354 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nathalie Bedard ◽  
Pascal Hingamp ◽  
Zhiyu Pang ◽  
Andrew Karaplis ◽  
Carlos Morales ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Germ Cells ◽  
Abdominal Cavity ◽  
Testis Weight ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Early Maturation ◽  
Ubiquitinated Proteins ◽  
Adult Mice ◽  
Normal Spermatogenesis ◽  
The Many ◽  
Ubiquitin Conjugating Enzymes

ABSTRACT Activation of ubiquitination occurs during spermatogenesis and is dependent on the induction of isoforms of the UBC4 family of ubiquitin-conjugating enzymes. The UBC4-testis isoform is testis specific, is induced in round spermatids, and demonstrates biochemical functions distinct from a ubiquitously expressed isoform UBC4-1. To explore further the function of UBC4-testis, mice bearing inactivation of this gene were produced. Homozygous (−/−) mice showed normal body growth and fertility. Although testis weight and morphology were normal in testes from adult mice, examination of young mice during the first wave of spermatogenesis revealed that testes were ∼10% smaller in weight at 40 and 45 days of age but had become normal at 65 days of age. Overall protein content, levels of ubiquitinated proteins, and ubiquitin-conjugating activity did not differ between wild-type and homozygous (−/−) mice. Spermatid number, as well as the motility of spermatozoa isolated from the epididymis, was also normal in homozygous (−/−) mice. To determine whether the germ cells lacking UBC4-testis might be more sensitive to stress, testes from wild-type and knockout mice were exposed to heat stress by implantation in the abdominal cavity. Testes from both strains of mice showed similar rates of degeneration in response to heat. The lack of an obvious phenotype did not appear to be due to induction of other UBC4 isoforms, as shown by two-dimensional gel immunoblotting. Our data indicate that UBC4-testis plays a role in early maturation of the testis and suggest that the many UBC4 isoforms have mixed redundant and specific functions.

On Ligature of the Vas Deferens in the Cat and Researches on the Efferent Ducts of the Testis in Cat, Rat and Mouse

1928 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 12-25
Author(s):  
J. T. CUNNINGHAM
Keyword(s):  
Microscopic Examination ◽  
Vas Deferens ◽  
Inguinal Canal ◽  
Efferent Ducts ◽  
Normal Spermatogenesis ◽  
Perfectly Normal

In Rodents the inguinal canal is represented by a wide opening and the testis can be retracted into the abdomen. In the cat and other Carnivora the inguinal canal is open but narrow, and retraction is not possible. The operation of vasectomy was performed on a cat which was killed 104 days after the operation. Anatomical and microscopic examination of the testis of the operated side showed perfectly normal spermatogenesis. In the rat and mouse the epididymis is connected with the testis by a membrane of some width in which the vasa efferentia are contained, and a ligature can be passed round them. In-the cat the epididymis is closely attached to the testis and the vasa cannot be separately ligatured.

scholarly journals Identification of PDGFRα-positive interstitial cells in the distal segment of the murine vas deferens

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tasuku Hiroshige ◽  
Kei-Ichiro Uemura ◽  
Shingo Hirashima ◽  
Kiyosato Hino ◽  
Akinobu Togo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Extracellular Vesicles ◽  
Laser Scanning ◽  
Vas Deferens ◽  
Smooth Muscles ◽  
Growth Factor Receptor ◽  
Distal Segment ◽  
Interstitial Cells ◽  
Laser Scanning Microscopy ◽  
Confocal Laser

AbstractPlatelet-derived growth factor receptor-α (PDGFRα)-positive interstitial cells (ICs) are widely distributed in various organs and may be involved in the motility of various tubular organs. We, for the first time, aimed to investigate the distribution, immunohistochemical characteristics, and ultrastructure of PDGFRα-positive ICs in murine vas deferens, using confocal laser scanning microscopy, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and immuno-electron microscopy (immuno-EM). For immunofluorescence, we used antibodies against PDGFRα and other markers of ICs. PDGFRα-positive ICs were distributed widely in the lamina propria, smooth muscles, and serosal layers. Although most PDGFRα-positive ICs labeled CD34, they did not label CD34 in the subepithelial layers. Additionally, PDGFRα-positive ICs were in close proximity to each other, as also to the surrounding cells. TEM and immuno-EM findings revealed that PDGFRα-positive ICs established close physical interactions with adjacent ICs. Extracellular vesicles were also detected around the PDGFRα-positive ICs. Our morphological findings suggest that PDGFRα-positive ICs may have several subpopulations, which can play an important role in intercellular signaling via direct contact with the IC network and the extracellular vesicles in the murine vas deferens. Further investigation on PDGFRα-positive ICs in the vas deferens may lead to understanding the vas deferens mortility.

scholarly journals THE NORMAL FINE STRUCTURE OF OPOSSUM TESTICULAR INTERSTITIAL CELLS

1961 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 653-670 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Kent Christensen ◽  
Don W. Fawcett
Keyword(s):  
Endoplasmic Reticulum ◽  
Interstitial Cell ◽  
Physiological State ◽  
Interstitial Cells ◽  
Small Cells ◽  
Pancreatic Acinar Cells ◽  
Interstitial Tissue ◽  
Biochemical Evidence ◽  
Testicular Interstitial Cells ◽  
Irregular Cell

The interstitial tissue of the opossum testis includes interstitial or Leydig cells, macrophages, and small cells which morphologically resemble mesenchymal cells. The latter are thought to give rise to mature interstitial cells. The most prominent feature of the interstitial cell cytoplasm is an exceedingly abundant agranular endoplasmic reticulum. This reticulum is generally in the form of a meshwork of interconnected tubules about 300 to 450 A in diameter, but occasionally it assumes the form of flattened, fenestrated cisternae resembling those of pancreatic acinar cells, except for the lack of ribonucleoprotein particles on the surface of the membranes. The interstitial cells vary considerably in their cytoplasmic density. The majority are quite light, but some appear extremely dense, and in addition usually have a more irregular cell surface, with numerous small pseudopodia. These differences may well reflect variations in physiological state. Cytoplasmic structures previously interpreted as "crystalloids" consist of long bundles of minute parallel tubules, each about 180 A in diameter, which seem to be local differentiations of the endoplasmic reticulum. The mitochondria are rod-shaped, and contain a moderately complex internal membrane structure, and also occasional large inclusions that are spherical and homogeneous. The prominent juxtanuclear Golgi complex contains closely packed flattened sacs and small vesicles. The results of the present study, coupled with biochemical evidence from other laboratories, make it seem highly probable that the agranular endoplasmic reticulum is involved in the synthesis of the steroid hormones produced by the interstitial cell. This finding therefore constitutes one of the first functions of the agranular reticulum for which there is good morphological and biochemical evidence.

P2X2 receptor expression by interstitial cells of Cajal in vas deferens implicated in semen emission

2000 ◽  
Vol 84 (3) ◽  
pp. 147-161 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lucille D Burton ◽  
Gary D Housley ◽  
Salam G Salih ◽  
Leif Järlebark ◽  
David L Christie ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Interstitial Cells Of Cajal ◽  
Vas Deferens ◽  
Interstitial Cells ◽  
Receptor Expression ◽  
P2x2 Receptor ◽  
Cells Of Cajal
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