scholarly journals Nitrogenous Excretion in Crocodiles

1958 ◽  
Vol 35 (3) ◽  
pp. 552-555
Author(s):  
FOUAD KHALIL ◽  
GABER HAGGAG
Keyword(s):  
Uric Acid ◽  
Total Nitrogen ◽  
White Deposit

1. In Crocodylus niloticus the liquid urine contains a white deposit. In the present study both the liquid and the deposit have been analysed. 2. For the liquid urine, the following values for percentage of total nitrogen have been found: ammonia, 66.8%; urea, 12.5%; uric acid, 2.3%. 3. For the deposit the corresponding figures are: ammonia, 6.0%; uric acid, 88.6%; urea absent. 4. From the relative proportions of liquid urine and deposit it is calculated that the total excretory nitrogen (liquid + solid) is distributed as follows: ammonia, 25.4%; urea, 4.5%; uric acid, 68.5%. 5. Crocodiles are thus ammono-uricotelic. The view that alligators are ammonotelic derives from analysis of liquid urine only. Uric acid deposits have been noted in the urine of reptiles of many orders and it is probable that they occur also in the urine of alligators.

scholarly journals Urinary nitrogen compounds in dairy cows fed urea as the sole or partial source of nitrogen

1976 ◽  
Vol 48 (4) ◽  
pp. 323-335
Author(s):  
Terttu Ettala ◽  
Matti Kreula
Keyword(s):  
Uric Acid ◽  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Total Nitrogen ◽  
Ammonium Nitrogen ◽  
Nitrogen Compounds ◽  
Urea Nitrogen ◽  
Urinary Nitrogen

Urinary nitrogen compounds were determined in test cows with urea as the sole (0-cows) or partial (ULP-cows) source of nitrogen. An average of 0.49 % total nitrogen was found in 0-cows and 0.88 % in ULP-cows, the values for urea nitrogen being 2.24 and 2.63 mg/ml, for ammonium nitrogen 0.14 and 0.09 mg/ml, for creatinine 0.77 and 0.90 mg/ml and for creatine 0.28 and 0,42 mg/ml urine, respectively. Differences between the two groups were highly significant (P < 0.001) as regards total nitrogen and significant (P < 0.05) as regards urea nitrogen and creatine. In each group the between-cow differences were highly significant with regard to total and urea nitrogen and creatine, and in 0-cows also with regard to ammonium nitrogen and creatinine. Smaller amounts of urinary allantoin and larger amounts of uric acid were found in 0-cows than in ULP-cows. Corresponding determinations were made to some extent also on the urine of cows on normal indoor or pasture feeding.

Breed and nutritional effects of the composition of faeces, urine, and plasma from Hereford and Brahman X Hereford steers fed on high and low quality diets

1967 ◽  
Vol 18 (6) ◽  
pp. 1003 ◽  
Author(s):  
JE Vercoe
Keyword(s):  
Uric Acid ◽  
Total Nitrogen ◽  
Nitrogen Balance ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Urine Volume ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Plasma Urea ◽  
Quality Diet ◽  
Nutritional Effects ◽  
Urinary Nitrogen

A comparison is presented of the composition of the faeces, urine, and plasma when Hereford and Brahman x Hereford steers were fed two different quality diets at three levels of intake. On a high quality diet (lucerne hay), the Brahman x Hereford steers produced significantly less faecal dry matter, total nitrogen, and non-dialysable nitrogen than the Hereford steers, but there were no significant differences between the breeds or between animals within a breed in total urinary nitrogen or any of its major constituents. On a low quality diet (blue grass–spear grass hay) the two breeds were not significantly different in faecal dry matter, total nitrogen, or non-dialysable nitrogen. The Brahman x Hereford steers excreted more total nitrogen, urea, and creatinine in their urine, part of which could be attributed to a higher liveweight; and they had significantly lower nitrogen balances. In animals of the same breed, water intake and urine volume were negatively correlated with plasma urea and nitrogen balance and positively correlated with urinary total nitrogen, creatinine, and uric acid.

The Energy-Sources in Ontogenesis

1926 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 114-144
Author(s):  
JOSEPH NEEDHAM
Keyword(s):  
Uric Acid ◽  
Total Nitrogen ◽  
Total Protein ◽  
Acid Content ◽  
Acid Production ◽  
Maximum Intensity ◽  
Energy Sources ◽  
Chemical Analyses ◽  
Protein Nitrogen ◽  
Hen’S Egg

1. The uric acid content of the hen's egg has been investigated from the fourth to the twentieth day of incubation. There is a period of intensive uric acid production from the seventh to the eleventh day. After that point the excretion of uric acid fails to keep pace with the growth and differentiation of the embryo. 2. The point of maximum intensity of uric acid production occurs two days later than the point of maximum intensity in the production of urea. 3. From the fourth to the seventh day more urea is present than uric acid, and more is excreted, but by the tenth day the adult relationship is attained, in which 95 per cent. of the total nitrogen excreted is uric acid. 4. The maximum intensity of protein combustion is attained between the eighth and the ninth days. It is pointed out that this occurs midway between the periods when carbohydrate and fat are respectively the predominant energy-sources. 5. The protein used as a source of energy belongs entirely to the coagulable fraction; ovomucoid is not employed for this purpose. 6. The protein nitrogen lost by combustion during development amounts to 7.5 per cent. of the total protein nitrogen present at the beginning, and to 3.0 per cent. of the total foodstuff burnt. 7. The R.Q. for each day of incubation has been calculated on the basis of chemical analyses of fat, protein, and carbohydrate, and agrees as well as can be expected at present with those experimentally determined by Bohr and Hasselbalch, and by Lussanna. 8. Further evidence has been collected from the literature indicating that in embryogenesis there is a succession of sources of energy, carbohydrate preceding protein, and protein preceding fat. 9. Injection experiments and other considerations lead to the conclusion that factors located in the embryo decide what the embryo shall make use of as a source of energy. It does not, for instance, combust protein because its supply of available carbohydrate has been exhausted.

The Catabolism of Nitrogen Compounds in Dendrostomun cymodoceae Edmonds (Sipunculoidea)

1957 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 131 ◽  
Author(s):  
SJ Edmonds
Keyword(s):  
Uric Acid ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Total Nitrogen ◽  
Ammonia Nitrogen ◽  
Nitrogen Compounds ◽  
Protein Nitrogen ◽  
Urea Nitrogen ◽  
Amino Acid Nitrogen ◽  
Sipunculus Nudus

The total non-protein nitrogen in the excretory products of fasting specimens of Dendrostomum cymodoceae Edmonds was found to be 1.18-1.40 mg N/100 g wet wt./24 hr. Of the total nitrogen, 83-90 per cent. was excreted as ammonia nitrogen, 4-6 percent, as urea nitrogen, 0-4 percent. as amino acid nitrogen, and none as uric acid; 89-94 percent. of the nitrogen was thus accounted for. The results are compared with the corresponding values obtained by other workers for Sipunculus nudus and some other invertebrates.

scholarly journals Treatment of indomitable vomiting of pregnant women Harding and van Wyck (according to Veg. Uber die ges. Gyn., Bd. X, H. 3/4)

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (9) ◽  
pp. 1075-1076
Author(s):  
A. T.
Keyword(s):  
Uric Acid ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Total Nitrogen ◽  
Blood Levels ◽  
Water Metabolism

Harding and van Wyck (according to Veg. Uber die ges. Gyn., Bd. X, H.%) are carried out by the introduction of a large amount of liquid, based on the considerations that with indomitable vomiting, the disease is based on a violation of water metabolism with a decrease in the amount of water in body, which leads to increased blood levels of total nitrogen and uric acid.

Effect of Surgical Trauma, ACTH and Adrenal Cortical Hormones on Electrolytes, Water Balance and Gluconeogenesis in Male Chickens

1957 ◽  
Vol 192 (1) ◽  
pp. 43-50 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keith I. Brown ◽  
Dorothy J. Brown ◽  
R. K. Meyer
Keyword(s):  
Uric Acid ◽  
Total Nitrogen ◽  
Liver Glycogen ◽  
Normal Weight ◽  
Cortisone Acetate ◽  
Nitrogen Excretion ◽  
Temporary Increase ◽  
Surgical Trauma ◽  
Weight Gains ◽  
Sodium And Potassium

Ten-week-old gray leghorn cockerels with ureters surgically exteriorized so that 24-hour samples of feces free urine could be collected were treated with DCA, cortisone acetate and ACTH. The stress of surgically exteriorizing the ureters produced reduction in weight gains and an increased excretion of electrolytes and nitrogenous wastes on days 3 and 4 following the surgery. In addition there was some adrenal hypertrophy. DCA treatment resulted in polyuria, polydipsia, sodium and potassium retention, and an increase in thiocyanate space. Cortisone acetate caused loss in weight, polyuria and increased excretion of sodium, potassium, total nitrogen and uric acid. There was a slight decrease in thiocyanate space and a temporary increase in liver glycogen. ACTH prevented normal weight gains and caused an increase in uric acid and total nitrogen excretion along with an increase in liver glycogen. Although there was no change in electrolyte excretion the sodium and potassium presumed to be released by tissue catabolism made it appear probable that there was retention of electrolytes by the kidneys. ACTH caused a small amount of adrenal hypertrophy. These data show that the hormones secreted by the adrenal of the bird produce effects similar to those in the mammal. The suggestion was made that the bird adrenal may be relatively autonomous and that it, therefore, functions at a relatively high level even in the absence of the anterior pituitary. It was also suggested that the ratio of adrenal steroids secreted, such as aldosterone, corticosterone, and dehydrocorticosterone, may vary according to the physiological needs of the animal.

Nitrogen Excretion in Nymphs of Aeshna Cyanea (Müll.) (Odonata, Anisoptera)

1959 ◽  
Vol 36 (3) ◽  
pp. 566-574
Author(s):  
B. W. STADDON
Keyword(s):  
Uric Acid ◽  
Total Nitrogen ◽  
Small Proportion ◽  
Egg White ◽  
The Body ◽  
Nitrogen Excretion ◽  
Temporary Increase ◽  
Aeshna Cyanea ◽  
Protein Rich

1. The excretion of ammonia and uric acid has been studied in nymphs of Aeshna cyanea (Odonata, Anisoptera). 2. Ammonia is the main nitrogenous component of the excreta of nymphs during fasting and after feeding on a protein-rich diet. Only a small proportion of the total nitrogen excreted is present as uric acid. 3. Retention of uric acid in the body is at most trivial. 4. When fasting nymphs are fed on a protein-rich diet in the form of egg-white there is a large, temporary increase in the amount of ammonia excreted, but the output of uric acid remains constant. 5. It has been estimated that nymphs excrete a quantity of nitrogen within 24-48 hr. after feeding equivalent in amount to 60% or more of the total nitrogen absorbed during that period.

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