The Energy-Sources in Ontogenesis

1926 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 114-144
Author(s):  
JOSEPH NEEDHAM
Keyword(s):  
Uric Acid ◽  
Total Nitrogen ◽  
Total Protein ◽  
Acid Content ◽  
Acid Production ◽  
Maximum Intensity ◽  
Energy Sources ◽  
Chemical Analyses ◽  
Protein Nitrogen ◽  
Hen’S Egg

1. The uric acid content of the hen's egg has been investigated from the fourth to the twentieth day of incubation. There is a period of intensive uric acid production from the seventh to the eleventh day. After that point the excretion of uric acid fails to keep pace with the growth and differentiation of the embryo. 2. The point of maximum intensity of uric acid production occurs two days later than the point of maximum intensity in the production of urea. 3. From the fourth to the seventh day more urea is present than uric acid, and more is excreted, but by the tenth day the adult relationship is attained, in which 95 per cent. of the total nitrogen excreted is uric acid. 4. The maximum intensity of protein combustion is attained between the eighth and the ninth days. It is pointed out that this occurs midway between the periods when carbohydrate and fat are respectively the predominant energy-sources. 5. The protein used as a source of energy belongs entirely to the coagulable fraction; ovomucoid is not employed for this purpose. 6. The protein nitrogen lost by combustion during development amounts to 7.5 per cent. of the total protein nitrogen present at the beginning, and to 3.0 per cent. of the total foodstuff burnt. 7. The R.Q. for each day of incubation has been calculated on the basis of chemical analyses of fat, protein, and carbohydrate, and agrees as well as can be expected at present with those experimentally determined by Bohr and Hasselbalch, and by Lussanna. 8. Further evidence has been collected from the literature indicating that in embryogenesis there is a succession of sources of energy, carbohydrate preceding protein, and protein preceding fat. 9. Injection experiments and other considerations lead to the conclusion that factors located in the embryo decide what the embryo shall make use of as a source of energy. It does not, for instance, combust protein because its supply of available carbohydrate has been exhausted.

The Energy-Sources in Ontogenesis

1926 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 145-154
Author(s):  
JOSEPH NEEDHAM
Keyword(s):  
Uric Acid ◽  
Energy Sources ◽  
Absolute Amount ◽  
Ammonia Content ◽  
Hen’S Egg ◽  
Urea Production ◽  
The Absolute ◽  
Production Of Ammonia

1. Investigation of the ammonia content of the developing hen's egg shows that though in absolute amount it steadily increases during incubation, in percentage of the embryonic weight it declines. 2. The intensity of production of ammonia reaches its highest point on the fourth day, i.e. five days before that of urea production, and seven days before that of the production of uric acid. 3. The absolute amounts of nitrogen excreted in the form of ammonia are so small, however, that the curve for protein combusted by 100 gm. of embryo each day is hardly affected, and rises to a peak between the eighth and ninth days. 4. These results are compared with others already in the literature of chemical embryology, which seem to bear on the theory of recapitulation. They afford further support to the conception of an ontogenetic succession of energy-sources.

Comparison of Amino Acid Content in Canned Pleurotus Ostreatus and Agaricus Bisporus Mushrooms

2011 ◽  
Vol 74 (1) ◽  
pp. 107-115 ◽  
Author(s):  
Grażyna Jaworska ◽  
Emilia Bernaś
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Total Nitrogen ◽  
Acid Content ◽  
Pleurotus Ostreatus ◽  
Agaricus Bisporus ◽  
Amino Acid Content ◽  
Protein Patterns ◽  
Protein Nitrogen ◽  
Fresh Matter

Comparison of Amino Acid Content in Canned Pleurotus Ostreatus and Agaricus Bisporus Mushrooms The work compares the levels of amino acids in canned Pleurotus ostreatus and Agaricus bisporus mushrooms. Compared with A. bisporus, P. ostreatus contained significantly lower levels of ash, total nitrogen and protein nitrogen (by 17-40%), but 12% more total carbohydrates. Protein nitrogen constituted 87% of the total nitrogen in A. bisporus and 72% in P. ostreatus. The conversion factor from total nitrogen to protein was 3.45 in A. bisporus, 15% lower than in P. ostreatus. In both species, glutamine was the most abundant endogenous amino acid while leucine was the most abundant exogenous amino acid. The least abundant endogenous and exogenous amino acids were respectively glycine, and methionine and cysteine. When the results were expressed in terms of per 100 g of fresh matter, P. ostreatus contained significantly higher levels of arginine, tyrosine and valine than A. bisporus (by 14-21%), but lower levels of alanine, asparagine, glutamine, glycine, cysteine and histidine (by 5-38%). In terms of per 100 g of protein, P. ostreatus contained significantly higher levels of alanine, arginine, glycine, isoleucine, leucine, phenylalanine, threonine, tyrosine and valine (by 9-40%) than A. bisporus, but lower levels of asparagine, glutamine, proline and cysteine (by 5-37%). Compared with the FAO/WHO reference protein patterns, no limiting amino acids were found in either species. The EAA (Essential Amino Acid) index values for canned P. ostreatus were 11% higher than for canned A. bisporus.

The Catabolism of Nitrogen Compounds in Dendrostomun cymodoceae Edmonds (Sipunculoidea)

1957 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 131 ◽  
Author(s):  
SJ Edmonds
Keyword(s):  
Uric Acid ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Total Nitrogen ◽  
Ammonia Nitrogen ◽  
Nitrogen Compounds ◽  
Protein Nitrogen ◽  
Urea Nitrogen ◽  
Amino Acid Nitrogen ◽  
Sipunculus Nudus

The total non-protein nitrogen in the excretory products of fasting specimens of Dendrostomum cymodoceae Edmonds was found to be 1.18-1.40 mg N/100 g wet wt./24 hr. Of the total nitrogen, 83-90 per cent. was excreted as ammonia nitrogen, 4-6 percent, as urea nitrogen, 0-4 percent. as amino acid nitrogen, and none as uric acid; 89-94 percent. of the nitrogen was thus accounted for. The results are compared with the corresponding values obtained by other workers for Sipunculus nudus and some other invertebrates.

Amino acid composition, protein content and accurate nitrogen-to-protein conversion factor for sheepgrass (Leymus chinensis)

Botany ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (3) ◽  
pp. 137-146 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qingfen Zhang ◽  
Dongmei Qi ◽  
Xiaobing Dong ◽  
Xiaoxia Li ◽  
Liqin Cheng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acid ◽  
Amino Acid Composition ◽  
Protein Content ◽  
Acid Composition ◽  
Total Nitrogen ◽  
Total Protein ◽  
Conversion Factor ◽  
Leymus Chinensis ◽  
Total Protein Content ◽  
Protein Nitrogen

The protein content of plants is commonly estimated by multiplying the total nitrogen content (Kjeldahl; KN) by a nitrogen-to-protein conversion factor of 6.25. This method is based on the incorrect assumption that all nitrogen in the ammonia/ammonium and organic substances in plants is protein nitrogen, usually resulting in overestimation of protein content. We have examined amino acid composition, amino acid nitrogen, total nitrogen (KN), and actual protein content (AP) determined from amino acid residues in 16 accessions of perennial sheepgrass (Leymus chinensis (Trin.) Tzvelev). We determined a new nitrogen-to-protein conversion factor, kP, as the ratio of AP to KN, and applied this factor to estimate the total protein content (TP) as KN × kP. The non-protein nitrogen accounted for 40.5% to 62.4% of the total nitrogen. The average kP value was 3.17 overall, 3.20 in the accessions sampled at the jointing stage, and 3.15 in the accessions sampled at the flowering stage. The TP, calculated as KN × 3.17, was about half that of crude protein contents, calculated as KN × 6.25. Our study suggests that the AP-based kP of 3.17 can be used to more accurately estimate the total protein content in sheepgrass.

scholarly journals On the relation between the output of uric acid and the rate of heat production the body

1907 ◽  
Vol 79 (535) ◽  
pp. 541-545
Keyword(s):  
Uric Acid ◽  
Total Nitrogen ◽  
Chemical Reactions ◽  
Heat Production ◽  
Acid Production ◽  
Muscular Activity ◽  
The Body ◽  
Considerable Degree ◽  
Purine Derivatives ◽  
Pathological Conditions

The rate at which uric acid is turned out of the body is very different at different times of the day, even when the food contains no ready-made purine derivatives. It is higher during the early hours of the day than at anytime, and it is considerably lower at night. The reason for this, as was pointed out by one of us, is not likely to be that the excretory functions are depressed at night, since these functions, to judge from the total nitrogen of the urine, are more active during the first hours of sleep than at any time in the 24 hours. And since, when the diet is confined to bread, butter, and milk, the uric acid must be derived from the body substance and not from the food, it seems probable that there is some function of the body which is in abeyance during sleep and is, to a considerable degree, responsible for the output of uric acid; some function, that is to say, which is effected by chemical reactions involving the production of uric acid, and possibly in some measure creatinine. If it is possible to identify this function, the activity of which can, on a suitable diet, be measured by the amount of the uric acid excreted, it may be possible to give a clearer account of the processes by which, at the onset of fever, the temperature of the body can be sent up independently of any voluntary muscular activity; for while the temperature is rising, the output of uric acid may be four times as great as it otherwise would be. Similarly, in the study of other pathological conditions in which uric acid plays a part, it must be of importance to be able to point to the kind of activity which is accompanied by increased uric acid production.

Chain-breaking/Preventive Antioxidant, Urate-lowering, and Anti-inflammatory Effects of Pure Curcumin

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 66-74
Author(s):  
Seghira Bisset ◽  
Widad Sobhi ◽  
Chawki Bensouici ◽  
Abdelhalim Khenchouche
Keyword(s):  
Uric Acid ◽  
Xanthine Oxidase ◽  
Acid Production ◽  
Biological Activities ◽  
Antioxidant Effect ◽  
Metal Chelating ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Chain Breaking ◽  
Pharmaceutical Industries ◽  
Anti Inflammatory

Background: Several researches have shown that therapeutic compounds or phytochemicals from natural sources are important in the food as it is valuable in pharmaceutical industries due to their fewer side effects and potent against various diseases. Curcumin, a major polyphenol derived from turmeric spice, which used in many foods, has a wide range of biological activities, with quite a safety. Objective: The goal of this study was to investigate the antioxidant, urate-lowering, and antiinflammatory effects of pure curcumin. Methods: The antioxidant activity was evaluated for chain-breaking antioxidant effect (radicalscavenging and reducing abilities assays) and for preventive antioxidant effect with metal chelating assay, the urate-lowering was assayed on aspectrophotometer by measuring the inhibition of uric acid production by xanthine oxidase (XO) enzyme, and the anti-inflammatory effect was estimated using in vitro albumin denaturation inhibition. Results: Curcumin showed a significant and good chain-breaking antioxidant effect, both in free radical- scavenging assays (Galvinoxyl radical, ABTS, and hydroxyl radical), and in reducing abilities methods (reducing power, Cupric ion reducing antioxidant capacity and O-phenanthroline assays). In preventive antioxidant effect, assessed with the metal chelating assay, curcumin showed significant effect but with high concentration compared with standard. In the xanthine/xanthine oxidase system, curcumin significantly inhibited uric acid production (IC50=0.71 ± 0.06 mg/mL). Regarding antiinflammatory activity, curcumin showed significant inhibition of albumin denaturation with an IC50 value of 1181.69 ± 1.11μg/mL. Conclusion: These results indicated that curcumin showed promising antioxidant, anti-gout and antiinflammatory properties and might be used as potential, natural drugs against oxidative and inflammation- related diseases.

scholarly journals THE URIC ACID CONTENT OF THE BLOOD OF NEW-BORNS

1917 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 261-268
Author(s):  
F.B. Kingsbury ◽  
J.P. Sedgwick
Keyword(s):  
Uric Acid ◽  
Acid Content
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