The Mechanism of Osmotic Regulation in Artemia Salina (L.): The Physiology of the Branchiae

1958 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 234-242 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. C. CROGHAN
Keyword(s):  
Methylene Blue ◽  
Silver Ions ◽  
Artemia Salina ◽  
Physiological Effects ◽  
Osmotic Regulation ◽  
External Concentration ◽  
Active Uptake ◽  
Branchial Epithelium ◽  
Nacl Excretion

1. The uptake of silver ions by Artemia has been investigated. The staining is localized to the first ten pairs of branchiae. There is no staining of the eleventh pair or of any other part of the animal. The uptake of silver is due to a purely passive precipitation of AgCl within the thickness of the branchial cuticle. 2. The effects of KMnO4 and methylene-blue solutions have also been studied. Their effect is localized to the epithelium under the cuticle of the first ten pairs of branchiae. 3. It is concluded that all these staining reactions demonstrate that the cuticle over the first ten pairs of branchiae is the only part of the external cuticle that is appreciably permeable. 4. Animals whose branchial epithelium has been damaged by a brief exposure to saturated KMnO4 solution have lost the ability to osmo-regulate. They are closely isotonic with their medium, and the range of external concentration tolerated is much restricted. 5. This isotonicity is not due simply to increased permeability, but is due to specific destruction of the mechanism normally excreting NaCl in hypertonic media. 6. Correlation of the physiological effects of KMnO4 treatment with the sharp localization of damage, and the evidence for localized permeability indicates that the epithelium of the first ten pairs of branchiae is the site of active NaCl excretion in hypertonic media, and probably of active uptake from hypotonic media. 7. The ontogeny of this mechanism is traced. In nauplii the dorsal organ is apparently concerned in NaCl excretion. When the branchiae develop the dorsal organ degenerates.

The Mechanism of Osmotic Regulation in Artemia Salina (L.): The Physiology of the Gut

1958 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 243-249
Author(s):  
P. C. CROGHAN
Keyword(s):  
Water Balance ◽  
Osmotic Pressure ◽  
Artemia Salina ◽  
Chloride Ions ◽  
Osmotic Regulation ◽  
Active Uptake ◽  
Gut Epithelium ◽  
Water Balances

1. Artemia is continuously swallowing its medium, whether it is hyper-, iso-, or hypotonic to the haemolymph, and taking up water from the gut lumen. 2. The osmotic pressure of the gut fluids is appreciably greater than that of the haemolymph, but in the more concentrated media is considerably below that of the medium. This indicates that considerable amounts of NaCl must be passing across the gut epithelium into the haemolymph. 3. The concentration of both sodium and chloride ions in the gut fluids is always less than that in the haemolymph, indicating that there must be an active uptake of NaCl across the gut epithelium. 4. It is considered that the gut of Artemia has become adapted as a mechanism for the active uptake of water, controlling water balance and preventing dehydration in hypertonic media. 5. The adaptations for maintaining the NaCl and the water balances in Artemia are compared to those found in the marine teleosts, and are shown to be extremely similar.

The Ionic Relations of Artemia Salina (L.)

1969 ◽  
Vol 51 (3) ◽  
pp. 739-757
Author(s):  
P. G. SMITH
Keyword(s):  
Sea Water ◽  
Electrical Potential ◽  
Artemia Salina ◽  
Electrical Potential Difference ◽  
External Concentration ◽  
Sodium Efflux ◽  
Exchange Diffusion ◽  
Similar Shape ◽  
Diffusional Permeability ◽  
Free Media

I. The effects of different external media on the sodium and chloride efflux in Artemia salina, the brine shrimp, have been observed, using animals acclimatized to sea water. In sea water, both sodium and chloride fluxes across the epithelium are approximately 7,000 pmole cm.-2 sec.-1. 2. Sodium efflux drops markedly in sodium-free media, and chloride efflux falls in chloride-free media; the two effects are independent, and are not due to changes in external osmolarity. 3. The decreases in sodium efflux can be explained by changes in electrical potential difference and diffusional permeability; exchange diffusion of sodium does not occur. 4. Approximately 70% of the chloride efflux is due to exchange diffusion, and most of the remainder is due to active transport. 5. It is shown that graphs of ion efflux against external concentration which can be fitted by a Michaelis-Menten equation do not constitute evidence for the presence of exchange diffusion; graphs of similar shape can be obtained if the flux is simply diffusional. 6. The drinking rate, determined from the rate of uptake of 131I-polyvinylpyr-rolidone, is 36 pl. sec.-1, or 2.0% body weight hr.-1. 7. The diffusional influx of water is 240 pl. sec.-1.

scholarly journals Degradation of Methylene Blue Using Biologically Synthesized Silver Nanoparticles

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Vanaja ◽  
K. Paulkumar ◽  
M. Baburaja ◽  
S. Rajeshkumar ◽  
G. Gnanajobitha ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Methylene Blue ◽  
Silver Nanoparticles ◽  
Leaf Extract ◽  
Nitrate Solution ◽  
Reaction Medium ◽  
Silver Ions ◽  
Silver Nitrate Solution ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Synthesis Of Nanoparticles ◽  
Aqueous Leaf Extract

Nowadays plant mediated synthesis of nanoparticles has great interest and achievement due to its eco-benign and low time consuming properties. In this study silver nanoparticles were successfully synthesized by usingMorinda tinctorialeaf extract under different pH. The aqueous leaf extract was added to silver nitrate solution; the color of the reaction medium was changed from pale yellow to brown and that indicates reduction of silver ions to silver nanoparticles. Thus synthesized silver nanoparticles were characterized by UV-Vis spectrophotometer. Dispersity and morphology was characterized by scanning electron microscope (SEM); crystalline nature and purity of synthesized silver nanoparticles were revealed by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX). FTIR spectrum was examined to identify the effective functional molecules responsible for the reduction and stabilization of silver nanoparticles synthesized by leaf extract. The photocatalytic activity of the synthesized silver nanoparticles was examined by degradation of methylene blue under sunlight irradiation. Green synthesized silver nanoparticles were effectively degrading the dye nearly 95% at 72 h of exposure time.

Sulfhydryl modified β-cyclodextrin/Fe3O4/graphene oxide magnetic nanohybrid for the adsorption of silver ions and cationic dye methylene blue

2021 ◽  
Vol 226 ◽  
pp. 419-430
Author(s):  
Xin Li ◽  
Yingxia Ma ◽  
Xiaofeng Shi ◽  
Xiaoya Kang ◽  
Fengming Bai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Methylene Blue ◽  
Graphene Oxide ◽  
Silver Ions ◽  
Cationic Dye

Osmotic Regulation in the Brackish-Water Rotifer Brachionus Plicatilis (Muller)

1977 ◽  
Vol 68 (1) ◽  
pp. 151-156
Author(s):  
R. W. EPP ◽  
P. W. WINSTON
Keyword(s):  
Brackish Water ◽  
Body Fluid ◽  
Brachionus Plicatilis ◽  
Body Fluids ◽  
The Body ◽  
Osmotic Regulation ◽  
External Concentration ◽  
Brackish Waters ◽  
Low Concentrations ◽  
Rotifer Brachionus Plicatilis

The body fluid osmolarity of individual rotifers was measured at 12 external concentrations ranging from 32 to 957 m-osmol/1. Brachionus plicatilis is essentially an osmoconformer, since a change in the concentration of the medium results in a corresponding change in the concentration of the body fluids. Most animals were, however, slightly hyperosmotic throughout the range tested. The lowest body fluid osmolarity was 59 m-osmol/1 at an external concentration of 32 m-osmol/1. It appears that B. plicatilis is unable to tolerate the low concentrations that are frequently associated with acid water environments and this is responsible for the restriction of this species to alkaline and brackish waters.

scholarly journals Revisiting the physiological effects of methylene blue as a treatment of cyanide intoxication

2018 ◽  
Vol 56 (9) ◽  
pp. 828-840 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philippe Haouzi ◽  
Maxime Gueguinou ◽  
Takashi Sonobe ◽  
Annick Judenherc-Haouzi ◽  
Nicole Tubbs ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Methylene Blue ◽  
Physiological Effects ◽  
Cyanide Intoxication

Na+ Fluxes Across Isolated Perfused Gills of the Chinese Crab Eriocheir Sinensis

1981 ◽  
Vol 92 (1) ◽  
pp. 173-186 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. PEQUEUX ◽  
R. GILLES
Keyword(s):  
Ethacrynic Acid ◽  
Coupled System ◽  
Eriocheir Sinensis ◽  
Transport Processes ◽  
Functional Difference ◽  
Uptake System ◽  
Active Uptake ◽  
Branchial Epithelium ◽  
Na Uptake

Sodium transport processes in the branchial epithelium of euryhaline crustaceans have been investigated using a perfused preparation of gills isolated from Chinese crabs Eriocheir sinensis acclimated to dilute (FW) and to concentrated (SW) media. The results clearly establish the existence of a functional difference between the different pairs of branchiae with respect to their participation in the regulation of the blood Na+ content. In FW-acclimated animals, the Na+ active uptake which counter-balances the salt loss along the concentration gradient is mostly achieved across the three posterior pairs of gills. Conversely, the Na+ fluxes measured in the three anterior pairs are essentially passive and carrier-mediated. Further characterization of the Na+ uptake system present in the posterior gills by means of inhibitors like ouabain and ethacrynic acid indicates the existence of at least two spatially separated components of the Na+ carrying system. It is shown that NH4+ may be used as co-ion for Na+ but that such a coupling can only account for a very small part of the Na+ actively transported inward. The existence of an electrogenic mechanism or of another coupled system has thus to be postulated but remains at present a matter of speculation. To study FW-to-SW and SW-to-FW acclimation, Na+ fluxes were measured in isolated gills of SW-acclimated crabs and of FW crabs perfused and incubated in SW conditions. During acclimation to SW the Na+ active uptake in the posterior gills is abolished primarily as a result of inhibition of the Na+ carrier activity.

Methylene blue-based distinguishing DNA conformation for colorimetric detection of silver ions

2019 ◽  
Vol 147 ◽  
pp. 995-998 ◽  
Author(s):  
Song Xu ◽  
Xiaojuan Chen ◽  
Xin Chen ◽  
Yong Liang
Keyword(s):  
Methylene Blue ◽  
Colorimetric Detection ◽  
Silver Ions ◽  
Dna Conformation

Salinity-induced Changes in Branchial Na+/K+- ATPase Activity and Transepithelial Potential Difference in the Brine Shrimp Artemia Sauna

1990 ◽  
Vol 151 (1) ◽  
pp. 279-296 ◽  
Author(s):  
CHARLES W. HOLLIDAY ◽  
DAVID B. ROYE ◽  
ROBERT D. ROER
Keyword(s):  
Brine Shrimp ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Specific Activity ◽  
Silver Ions ◽  
Artemia Salina ◽  
The Body ◽  
Salt Transport ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Chloride Cells ◽  
Transepithelial Potential

Silver staining of the adult brine shrimp, Artemia salina, revealed that only the metepipodites of the phyllopodia were significantly permeable to chloride and/or silver ions. The metepipodites stained in a reticulated pattern, possibly indicating areas in the cuticle over cells specialized for chloride secretion. Crude homogenates of metepipodites had very high Na+/K+-ATPase enzyme specific activity (ESA) which increased in proportion to the salinity of the external medium and, thus, in proportion to the need for outward salt transport in these strongly hypoosmoregulating animals. Metepipodite ESA as a percentage of whole-body ESA increased from 7.6% in 50% sea water (SW) to 25.0% in 400%SW. Gut and maxillary gland also had high Na+/K+-ATPase ESAs, implicating these organs in osmoregulatory processes as well. The time courses of increases in phyllopodial and gut ESAs in brine shrimps transferred from 100% SW to 400 % SW are consistent with the induction of new Na+/K+-ATPase; 4–7 days was required for significant increases to occur. Haemolymph ion analyses and transepithelial potential differences, measured in brine shrimp acclimated in all the SW media, indicate that chloride is actively transported out of the brine shrimp while sodium is very close to electrochemical equilibrium across the body wall. Thus, the metepipodites of the brine shrimp appear to possess cells with many functional similarities to the teleost branchial chloride cells.

scholarly journals Analytical application of the reaction system methylene blue B-K2S2O8 for the spectrophotometric kinetic determination of silver in citric buffer media

2014 ◽  
Vol 68 (4) ◽  
pp. 429-434
Author(s):  
Sofija Rancic ◽  
Snezana Nikolic-Mandic ◽  
Aleksandar Bojic
Keyword(s):  
Methylene Blue ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Catalytic Effect ◽  
Kinetic Method ◽  
Reaction System ◽  
Silver Ions ◽  
Icp Oes ◽  
Kinetic Determination ◽  
Good Agreement

A new, simple, rapid, sensitive and selective spectrophotometric kinetic method for Ag(I) traces determination at room temperature was elaborated in this paper. It is based on catalytic effect of silver ions upon the oxidation of methylene blue B (MBB) by K2S2O8 (PPS) in citric buffer (BUF) solution. The method was confirmed by determination of Ag(I) in PbO. The obtained results were compared to those obtained by ICP-OES method and good agreement of results was found.

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