scholarly journals The Phases of the Oestrous Cycle in the Adult White Rat

1951 ◽  
Vol 28 (4) ◽  
pp. 576-584
Author(s):  
ANITA M. MANDL
Keyword(s):  
Cycle Length ◽  
The Body ◽  
Oestrous Cycle ◽  
Adult Rats ◽  
Significant Fluctuation ◽  
The Mean

The duration of the oestrous cycle in thirty-nine adult rats derived from ten litters was 4.4 ± 0.04 days. The variance in cycle length tended to be less within than between litter-groups (P≏0.05). It was significantly less for individual rats than between individuals (P<0.001). The mean duration of early oestrus was 18 hr., oestrus 25 hr., late oestrus 5 hr., early dioestrus 24 hr., dioestrus 28 hr. and late dioestrus 7 hr. The length of the dioestrous phase is variable and determines the length of the cycle, while the duration of oestrus appears to be relatively constant. The figures have been compared with those published by other laboratories. Analyses of variance did not disclose any significant fluctuation in the weight of the body, adrenals or ovaries in phase with the oestrous cycle. The uterus showed a characteristic increase in weight immediately before the onset of oestrus.

The effect of the laparoscopic insemination technique on the oestrous cycle of the ewe

1991 ◽  
Vol 62 (2) ◽  
pp. 60-61
Author(s):  
T. L. Taljaard ◽  
S. J. Terblanche ◽  
H. J. Bertschinger ◽  
L. J. Van Vuuren
Keyword(s):  
Cycle Length ◽  
Intrauterine Insemination ◽  
Uterine Horn ◽  
Oestrous Cycle ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Control Groups ◽  
The Mean ◽  
And Control ◽  
Pregnant Mare Serum Gonadotrophin ◽  
Teaser Rams

This investigation was designed to determine whether or not the technique of intrauterine insemination affects the length of the subsequent oestrous cycle. Dorper ewes (n=31) were divided into treatment and control groups. All the ewes were synchronised using 40 mg fluorogestone acetate intravaginal sponges for 14 d and 300 IU pregnant mare serum gonadotrophin on the day of sponge removal. A standard semen diluent was deposited laparoscopically in each uterine horn of ewes in the treatment, group. Teaser rams were used to detect oestrus. Progesterone profiles were used to confirm oestrus. The mean oestrous cycle length of 17,83 ± 0,69 d for the group in which the diluent was deposited by laparoscopy did not differ significantly (P0,l) from the 18,36±2,11 d of the control group. The technique of laparoscopic insemination did not influence the length of subsequent oestrous cycles.

Observations on the onset of the breeding season and on the oestrous cycle of the Welsh Mountain ewe

1964 ◽  
Vol 63 (1) ◽  
pp. 59-60 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. S. M. Hutchinson ◽  
P. J. O'Connor ◽  
H. A. Robertson
Keyword(s):  
Breeding Season ◽  
Cycle Length ◽  
Oestrous Cycle ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Mean Cycle

1.Within a flock of 55 Welsh Mountain ewes maintained under lowland conditions the first ewe came into oestrus on the 14th October. The mean cycle length of 44 normal cycles was 16 days 3 hr.2. The onset of oestrus as assessed by the time of mounting of the ram does not appear to be evenly distributed throughout the day (24 hr.).

STUDIES ON THE BIOLOGY OF THE MUSKRAT IN MANITOBA: PART I. OESTROUS CYCLE AND BREEDING SEASON

1952 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 243-253
Author(s):  
J. A. McLeod ◽  
G. F. Bondar
Keyword(s):  
Breeding Season ◽  
Cycle Length ◽  
Oestrous Cycle ◽  
Minimum Time ◽  
Vaginal Smear ◽  
In Captivity ◽  
In The Wild ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Time Required ◽  
Mean Time

A study of oestrus in female muskrats was conducted during the summers of 1950 and 1951 as part of a five year investigation of the biology of the muskrat in Manitoba. Two captive females examined daily by the vaginal smear method from June 30 to Aug. 10, 1950, inconclusively indicated an oestrous cycle length of about 30 days which agreed with the findings of Beer on Wisconsin muskrats. In 9151 10 female muskrats of various ages and of different lengths of time in captivity were examined daily beginning on March 13 and continuing until August 15. The data obtained at this time showed a considerable variation in the lengths of the oestrous cycles in different females or, even, in the same individual from time to time. The minimum time required for the completion of an oestrous cycle was found to be two days while the maximum time observed was 22 days. On the basis of 136 complete oestrous cycles studied, the modal time was found to be approximately four days and the mean time 6.1 days. The longer cycles found by ourselves in 1950 and by Beer are interpreted as representing pseudopregnancies and not oestrous cycles. Failure of muskrats to mate in captivity or in the wild during the latter part of the summer is attributed to sexual inactivity of the males and not the females.

Participation of the superior ovarian nerve in the regulation of compensatory ovarian hypertrophy: the effects of its section performed on each day of the oestrous cycle

1994 ◽  
Vol 140 (2) ◽  
pp. 197-201 ◽  
Author(s):  
R Chávez ◽  
R Domínguez
Keyword(s):  
Left Ovary ◽  
Oestrous Cycle ◽  
Ovulation Rate ◽  
Adult Rats ◽  
Superior Ovarian Nerve ◽  
Neural Information ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Right

Abstract The effects were analysed of section of the superior ovarian nerve on compensatory ovulation and ovarian hypertrophy, in adult rats with the left or right ovaries extirpated during the oestrous cycle and autopsied 6 or 20 days later. Rats with hemiovariectomy or hemiovariectomy plus denervation recovered their oestrous cyclicity between 2 and 3 days after surgery. Six days after hemiovariectomy 14 out of 17 rats ovulated on the expected day of oestrus. All the animals were hemiovariectomized on the day of pro-oestrus. The mean ± s.e.m. number of ova shed was similar to the group of animals with both ovaries (7·8 ± 1·2 vs 9·5 ± 0·2 Compensatory ovarian hypertrophy was observed in the right ovary when left hemiovariectomy was performed on day 2 of dioestrus or pro-oestrus; similar results were observed in the left ovary when the right one was extirpated at oestrus or pro-oestrus. Section of the right superior ovarian nerve in left-hemiovariectomized rats caused a reduction in ovulation rate and number of ova released. Compensatory ovarian hypertrophy was modified in the opposite way by unilateral section of the superior ovarian nerve to the in situ ovary depending on the day of the cycle when hemiovariectomy was performed. Twenty days after treatment, ovulation rate, compensatory ovulation and ovarian hypertrophy were similar in both left- or right-hemiovariectomized rats. Compensatory ovarian hypertrophy increased in all animals with section of the superior ovarian nerve, except when hemiovariectomy was carried out at oestrus or the left ovary was extirpated on day 1 of dioestrus. The results suggest that modulation of compensatory ovarian hypertrophy by neural information arriving at the ovary by way of the superior ovarian nerve varies during the oestrous cycle. Journal of Endocrinology (1994) 140, 197–201

Reproductive biology of captive southern hairy-nosed wombats (Lasiorhinus latifrons). Part 1: oestrous cycle characterisation

2018 ◽  
Vol 30 (11) ◽  
pp. 1412 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alyce M. Swinbourne ◽  
Stephen D. Johnston ◽  
Tina Janssen ◽  
Alan Lisle ◽  
Tamara Keeley
Keyword(s):  
Epithelial Cells ◽  
Specific Gravity ◽  
Luteal Phase ◽  
Cycle Length ◽  
Urine Volume ◽  
Follicular Phase ◽  
Oestrous Cycle ◽  
Urine Specific Gravity ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Late Follicular Phase

Southern hairy-nosed wombats (SHNWs: Lasiorhinus latifrons) do not breed well in captivity. To better understand their reproduction, daily urine samples were collected from nine captive females and analysed for volume (mL), specific gravity and a qualitative index of the number of epithelial cells, then stored at −20°C until samples could be analysed for progesterone metabolites (P4M). The mean oestrous cycle length was 35.1 ± 2.4 days; however, individual cycle length ranged from 23 to 47 days. The mean luteal phase length was 20.8 ± 1.3 days (range: 12 to 33 days). Urinary P4M was divided into four oestrous cycle stages: (1) early follicular phase, (2) late follicular phase, (3) early luteal phase, (4) late luteal phase, and analysed against urinary characteristics. During the late follicular phase, urine volume decreased (P = 0.002) while urine specific gravity (P = 0.001) and concentration of epithelial cells (P = 0.004) both increased. The level of variability in oestrous cycle length suggests that some captive females may exhibit abnormal cycles; however, the changes in the urinary characteristics associated with the different stages of the oestrous cycle appear to offer a possible non-invasive means of monitoring the reproductive status of captive SHNWs.

Length of oestrus, duration of phenomena related to oestrus, and ovulation time in the local fat-tailed Awassi ewe

1972 ◽  
Vol 78 (1) ◽  
pp. 151-156 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Schindler ◽  
D. Amir
Keyword(s):  
Cycle Length ◽  
Fluid Secretion ◽  
Time Of Day ◽  
Oestrous Cycle ◽  
Average Period ◽  
The Mean

SUMMARYOestrous cycle and phenomena accompanying oestrus were studied in the local fattailed Awassi ewe. By heat detections at 4 h intervals, the average period of oestrous was found to be 35·5 h and the mean duration of the oestrous cycle, 17·5 days. The repeatability of length of oestrus and of cycle length was 0·60 and 0·41, respectively. The appearance of a transparent or cloudy fluid secretion indicated that the ewe was still at least in the first half of the oestrous period, while that of a viscous creamy secretion indicated the approaching end of oestrus as well as the approaching ovulation; the latter events generally coincided. The onset of oestrus was not centred around any particular time of day.

scholarly journals Relationship between tissue mobilization and storage in the rat

1997 ◽  
Vol 78 (1) ◽  
pp. 131-141 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christiani Jeyakumar Henry ◽  
Philip R Payne ◽  
Amal Ghusain-Choueiri
Keyword(s):  
The Body ◽  
Free Access ◽  
N Loss ◽  
Tissue Storage ◽  
Adult Rats ◽  
Fasting Period ◽  
Dugdale Model ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Body Energy

The amount of energy mobilized or stored as protein, expressed as a proportion of the total energy stored or mobilized (defined as the P ratio, Payne & Dugdale, 1977), was investigated in the young male (rapid growth) and adult female (slow growth) rat. Energy mobilization was induced by a 3 d fast and the changes in body content of fat and lean tissues were used to estimate the fasting P ratio (Pfast). Tissue storage was subsequently effected by 17 d of refeeding and the corresponding ratio (Prefed) was calculated from the amounts of lean and fat tissue regained. The same experimental protocol was used for measuring Pfast and Prefed in weanling (30d) and adult (130d) rats. Weight-matched individuals were assigned to three groups. All animals in group 1 were killed at the beginning of the experiment. Animals in group 2 were fasted for 3d and then killed. Group 3 animals were first fasted for 3d, then had free access to a stock diet for a further 17 d before being killed. During fasting, a close linear relationship was found between weight change and body energy changes (r 0·985, and r 0·92, P < 0·001 for weanlings and adult rats respectively) and between carcass N loss and urinary N loss (r 0·933, P < 0·001). These relationships were used to estimate the body energy and N content of each animal at the end of the initial fasting period. Hence, both Pfast and Prefed values could be calculated for all individuals at both ages. When Pfast and Prefed were calculated for adult rats, the mean values were similar (0·138 (SE 0·002) and 0·130 (SE 0·006) respectively). Individually, the Pfast, and Prefed values were correlated (r 0·54, P = 0·058). In weanling rats, the mean Prefed value was about 2·5 times the Pfast (0·421 (SE 0·0113) v. 0·156 (SE 0·004)). Despite the differences in Pfast and Prefed, the individual values were again correlated (r 0·668, P < 0·05). These results support the suggestion made by Payne & Dugdale (1977), that particular P- ratio values are characteristic of individuals and describe the extent to which protein is mobilized or stored during fasting or refeeding. These observations are discussed in relation to the predictions made by the Payne-Dugdale model.

Studies of the oestrous cycle, oestrus and pregnancy in the koala (Phascolarctos cinereus)

Reproduction ◽  
2000 ◽  
pp. 49-57 ◽  
Author(s):  
SD Johnston ◽  
MR McGowan ◽  
P O'Callaghan ◽  
R Cox ◽  
V Nicolson
Keyword(s):  
Luteal Phase ◽  
Post Partum ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
External Genitalia ◽  
Oestrous Cycle ◽  
Phascolarctos Cinereus ◽  
Pregnant Females ◽  
Peripheral Plasma ◽  
The Mean ◽  
High Concentrations

As an integral part of the development of an artificial insemination programme in the captive koala, female reproductive physiology and behaviour were studied. The oestrous cycle in non-mated and mated koalas was characterized by means of behavioural oestrus, morphology of external genitalia and changes in the peripheral plasma concentrations of oestradiol and progestogen. The mean (+/- SEM) duration of the non-mated oestrous cycle and duration of oestrus in 12 koalas was 32.9 +/- 1.1 (n = 22) and 10.3 +/- 0.9 (n = 24) days, respectively. Although the commencement of oestrous behaviour was associated with increasing or high concentrations of oestradiol, there were no consistent changes in the morphology or appearance of the clitoris, pericloacal region, pouch or mammary teats that could be used to characterize the non-mated cycle. As progestogen concentrations remained at basal values throughout the interoestrous period, non-mated cycles were considered non-luteal and presumed anovulatory. After mating of the 12 koalas, six females gave birth with a mean (+/- SEM) gestation of 34.8 +/- 0.3 days, whereas the remaining six non-parturient females returned to oestrus 49.5 +/- 1. 0 days later. After mating, oestrous behaviour ceased and the progestogen profile showed a significant increase in both pregnant and non-parturient females, indicating that a luteal phase had been induced by the physical act of mating. Progestogen concentrations throughout the luteal phase of the pregnant females were significantly higher than those of non-parturient females. Parturition was associated with a decreasing concentration of progestogen, which was increased above that of basal concentrations until 7 days post partum.

Evaluation of Salivary Antioxidants and Oxidative Stress Markers in Male Smokers

2019 ◽  
Vol 22 (7) ◽  
pp. 496-501
Author(s):  
Fatemeh Ahmadi-Motamayel ◽  
Parisa Falsafi ◽  
Hamidreza Abolsamadi ◽  
Mohammad T. Goodarzi ◽  
Jalal Poorolajal
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Uric Acid ◽  
Free Radicals ◽  
Antioxidant Capacity ◽  
Cigarette Smoke ◽  
Total Antioxidant Capacity ◽  
The Body ◽  
Total Antioxidant ◽  
The Mean ◽  
And Oxidative Stress

Background: Cigarette smoke free radicals can cause cellular damage and different diseases. All the body fluids have antioxidants which protect against free radicals. Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate salivary total antioxidant capacity and peroxidase, uric acid and malondialdehyde levels in smokers and a nonsmoking control group. Methods: Unstimulated saliva was collected from 510 males. A total of 259 subjects were current smokers and 251 were non-smokers. The levels of salivary total antioxidant capacity, uric acid, peroxidase and malondialdehyde were measured using standard procedures. Data were analyzed with t test and ANOVA. Results: The smokers were younger and dental hygiene index was higher than healthy nonsmoking controls. The mean total antioxidant capacity in smokers and nonsmokers was 0.13±0.07 and 0.21±011, respectively (P=0.001). Smokers had significantly lower peroxidase and uric acid levels than healthy controls. In addition, the mean malondialdehyde levels in the smokers and nonsmokers were 4.55 ±2.61 and 2.79 ±2.21, respectively (P=0.001). Conclusion: Cigarette smoke produces free radical and oxidative stress, causing many side effects. Salivary antioxidant levels decreased and malondialdehyde levels increased in smokers, indicating the high oxidative stress among smokers compared to nonsmokers. Cigarette smoke had deleterious effects on main salivary antioxidants levels.

Effect of High Plane of Nutrition on Blood Biochemical Profile and Onset of Puberty in Prepubertal HF X Kankrej Crossbred Heifers

2019 ◽  
Vol 15 (02) ◽  
pp. 14-17
Author(s):  
K K Hadiya ◽  
A J Dhami ◽  
D V Chaudhari ◽  
P M Lunagariya
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Treatment Group ◽  
Plasma Levels ◽  
Age Of Onset ◽  
The Body ◽  
Monthly Interval ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Blood Biochemical ◽  
Lower Protein ◽  
The Mean

This study was initiated on 24 prepubertal Holstein x Kankrej crossbred heifers of nearly identical age (7-9 months) and body weight (130-140 kg) at University farm to evaluate the effect of high plane of nutrition on blood biochemical and minerals profile and the age at puberty. Twelve heifers were managed under routine farm feeding (control) and the rest 12 under ideal optimum feeding regime (treatment) that included extra 1 kg concentrate, 30 g min mix and ad-lib dry fodder. The body weight and ovarian ultrasonography together with blood sampling was carried out at monthly interval from 10 to 18 months of age to study the ovarian dynamics and blood biochemical changes. High plane of nutrition to growing heifers was beneficial in reducing the age of onset of puberty (by 2-3 months) compared to routine farm fed group. The mean plasma total protein and cholesterol concentrations showed a rising trend with significant variations from 10 to 16 months of age, where it got mostly stabilized indicating adult profile. The activity of enzymes GOT and GPT also rose gradually and significantly from 10 months till 14-15 months of age, and thereafter it remained more or less static till 18 months of age. The levels of both these enzymes were higher, with lower protein and cholesterol, in control than the treatment group from 15-16 months of age onwards. The mean plasma levels of both calcium and phosphorus increased gradually and significantly with advancing age till 16-17 months of age, with little higher values in supplemented than a control group. The plasma levels of zinc, iron, copper, and cobalt also showed rising trend with significant differences between 10th and 12th-14th months of age, and from 15th to 18th months of age the levels were statistically the same in all the groups with slightly higher values in the treatment group.

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