STUDIES ON THE BIOLOGY OF THE MUSKRAT IN MANITOBA: PART I. OESTROUS CYCLE AND BREEDING SEASON

1952 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 243-253
Author(s):  
J. A. McLeod ◽  
G. F. Bondar
Keyword(s):  
Breeding Season ◽  
Cycle Length ◽  
Oestrous Cycle ◽  
Minimum Time ◽  
Vaginal Smear ◽  
In Captivity ◽  
In The Wild ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Time Required ◽  
Mean Time

A study of oestrus in female muskrats was conducted during the summers of 1950 and 1951 as part of a five year investigation of the biology of the muskrat in Manitoba. Two captive females examined daily by the vaginal smear method from June 30 to Aug. 10, 1950, inconclusively indicated an oestrous cycle length of about 30 days which agreed with the findings of Beer on Wisconsin muskrats. In 9151 10 female muskrats of various ages and of different lengths of time in captivity were examined daily beginning on March 13 and continuing until August 15. The data obtained at this time showed a considerable variation in the lengths of the oestrous cycles in different females or, even, in the same individual from time to time. The minimum time required for the completion of an oestrous cycle was found to be two days while the maximum time observed was 22 days. On the basis of 136 complete oestrous cycles studied, the modal time was found to be approximately four days and the mean time 6.1 days. The longer cycles found by ourselves in 1950 and by Beer are interpreted as representing pseudopregnancies and not oestrous cycles. Failure of muskrats to mate in captivity or in the wild during the latter part of the summer is attributed to sexual inactivity of the males and not the females.

Observations on the onset of the breeding season and on the oestrous cycle of the Welsh Mountain ewe

1964 ◽  
Vol 63 (1) ◽  
pp. 59-60 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. S. M. Hutchinson ◽  
P. J. O'Connor ◽  
H. A. Robertson
Keyword(s):  
Breeding Season ◽  
Cycle Length ◽  
Oestrous Cycle ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Mean Cycle

1.Within a flock of 55 Welsh Mountain ewes maintained under lowland conditions the first ewe came into oestrus on the 14th October. The mean cycle length of 44 normal cycles was 16 days 3 hr.2. The onset of oestrus as assessed by the time of mounting of the ram does not appear to be evenly distributed throughout the day (24 hr.).

Breeding Biology of the Agile Wallaby, Macropus agilis (Gould) (Marsupialia : Macropodidae), in Captivity

1976 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 93 ◽  
Author(s):  
JC Merchant
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Maturity ◽  
Post Partum ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Oestrous Cycle ◽  
Vaginal Smear ◽  
Vaginal Smears ◽  
Main Cell ◽  
In Captivity ◽  
The Mean

Female agile wallabies in captivity reached sexual maturity at about 12 months old and males produced mature spermatozoa by 14 months. Breeding was continuous throughout the year and birth and oestrus were recorded in every month. The mean length of the oestrous cycle was 32.4 days, and the mean gestation period 29.4 days. Females exhibited post-partum oestrus, usually mating within 1 day of birth. Sixty-four young born in captivity comprised 24 males, 30 females and 10 of unknown sex. If a pouch young were removed or lost, the quiescent blastocyst resumed its development, to birth about 26.5 days later. Failure or absence of the blastocyst was followed by an oestrus at about the time of the corresponding post-partum oestrus. Both the oestrous cycle and the interval between removal of a pouch young and oestrus were significantly longer than when a pregnancy intervened. The oestrous cycle was characterized by changes in the proportions of the main cell types in the vaginal smear, and by changes in the appearance of the urogenital opening and the pouch and teats. The approach of oestrus could not be predicted from vaginal smears but the post-oestrous condition was always recognizable even without mating. Young animals first left the pouch for short periods between the ages of 176 and 211 days, and left permanently between 207 and 237 days. Animals of known age were measured and the development of various morphological characters noted at weekly intervals from about birth until 12 months old.

scholarly journals Time required to move cash through slot machines

2018 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 376-384 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karen Kelly ◽  
Carl James Schwarz ◽  
Ricardo Gomez ◽  
Kim Marsh
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Slot Machines ◽  
Content Type ◽  
The Public ◽  
Average Value ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Time Required ◽  
Rest Breaks ◽  
Mean Time ◽  
Practical Implications

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to present an empirical study on the time needed to load and disburse cash using bill validators on slot machines and stand-alone cash dispensers in casinos in British Columbia under a Ticket In Ticket Out (TITO) system. Design/methodology/approach Testing took place over two days, using 18 machines. The results were extrapolated to estimate the approximate time required to process $1,000,000 with different average bill amounts in the cash mix and three different bill validator machines in common use. The average value per bill using the cash mix used by the public in the casino was $33.11 [standard error (SE) $2.11]. Findings The mean time/accepted note ranged from 4.12 to 9.65 s, depending on bill validator type. This implies that the time needed to load $1,000,000 onto credit slips using bill validators on slot machines ranges from 35 to 81 h, excluding rest breaks and other breaks. The time needed to redeem $1,000,000 is estimated to be 3 h. Practical/implications The implications of these finding for illicit actors to successfully launder large amounts of cash are discussed. Given the time needed to physically handle the cash, and other control systems currently in use in casinos in British Columbia, processing large amounts of cash using bill validators on slot machines would require a highly organized team that would find it difficult to elude detection. Originality/value The trial results provide a baseline estimate to be used going forward when investigating or proposing money laundering methodologies that include slot machines.

Treatment of hyperthyroidism with a small single daily dose of methimazole

1988 ◽  
Vol 119 (1) ◽  
pp. 139-144 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yasuo Mashio ◽  
Mutsuo Beniko ◽  
Akemi Ikota ◽  
Hiroaki Mizumoto ◽  
Haruhiko Kunita
Keyword(s):  
Divided Dose ◽  
Dose Regimen ◽  
Single Daily Dose ◽  
Once Daily ◽  
Daily Dose ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Time Required ◽  
Daily Dose Regimen ◽  
Mean Time ◽  
Immunoglobulin Levels

Abstract. A prospective randomized trial with the conventional divided doses (10 mg 3 times daily, N = 29) and a small single daily dose (15 mg once daily, N = 25) of methimazole for the treatment of Graves' hyperthyroidism was performed. Within 8 weeks, almost 80% of the patients in both groups became euthyroid. The mean time required to achieve the euthyroid state was 6.0 ± 2.8 and 6.0 ± 3.8 weeks, respectively. TSH binding inhibitor immunoglobulin was found in about 90% of the patients in both groups before methimazole treatment. However, a gradual fall of its levels was observed in nearly all patients after treatment. There was no difference in the mean levels of TSH binding inhibitor immunoglobulin between the two groups during therapy. We conclude that the single daily dose regimen of 15 mg of methimazole will control Graves' hyperthyroidism in most patients, and TSH binding inhibitor immunoglobulin levels decrease in this regimen in the same way as with the conventional divided dose regimen (10 mg 3 times daily).

Breeding Biology of Brushtail Possums Trichosurus vulpecula (Marsupialia, Phalangeridae) in Captivity.

1995 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
R.T. Gemmell
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Life Span ◽  
Post Partum ◽  
Young Female ◽  
Brushtail Possum ◽  
Lactation Period ◽  
In Captivity ◽  
In The Wild ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Reproductive Capability

The brushtail possum is a common arboreal marsupial that is well adapted to the Australian urban environment and to rearing in captivity. Data obtained from 100 female possums housed in a semi-captive colony over a 7 year period demonstrate the reproductive capability of this marsupial. The main breeding season is from March to June with a declining number of births occurring from July to October. The possums gave birth to 259 single young and one set of twins. The range of the lactation period was from 177 to 200 days with the birth of the subsequent young occurring at 188.4 ± 4.1 days post partum (SD, n = 5). The growth rate of the young female possum varied greatly after day 100 post partum, the mean body weight of possums at day 172, being 753.0 ± 76.2g (SD, n = 5) with a range of 685 to 851 g. Female possums, with a mean body weight of 2171 ± 388g, gave birth to their first litter on day 345.9 ± 69.3 days postpartum (mean, SD, n = 7). Although two female possums trapped in the wild were held in captivity for 64 and 63.4 months and one possum bred in captivity had a life span of 51.5 months, the mean life span was 21.0 ± 12.5 months (SD, n =3D 8), with a range of 14.3 to 51.5 months. This life span is very variable and it is of interest to determine if this is an artefact of captivity or is also observed in the wild.

The effect of the laparoscopic insemination technique on the oestrous cycle of the ewe

1991 ◽  
Vol 62 (2) ◽  
pp. 60-61
Author(s):  
T. L. Taljaard ◽  
S. J. Terblanche ◽  
H. J. Bertschinger ◽  
L. J. Van Vuuren
Keyword(s):  
Cycle Length ◽  
Intrauterine Insemination ◽  
Uterine Horn ◽  
Oestrous Cycle ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Control Groups ◽  
The Mean ◽  
And Control ◽  
Pregnant Mare Serum Gonadotrophin ◽  
Teaser Rams

This investigation was designed to determine whether or not the technique of intrauterine insemination affects the length of the subsequent oestrous cycle. Dorper ewes (n=31) were divided into treatment and control groups. All the ewes were synchronised using 40 mg fluorogestone acetate intravaginal sponges for 14 d and 300 IU pregnant mare serum gonadotrophin on the day of sponge removal. A standard semen diluent was deposited laparoscopically in each uterine horn of ewes in the treatment, group. Teaser rams were used to detect oestrus. Progesterone profiles were used to confirm oestrus. The mean oestrous cycle length of 17,83 ± 0,69 d for the group in which the diluent was deposited by laparoscopy did not differ significantly (P0,l) from the 18,36±2,11 d of the control group. The technique of laparoscopic insemination did not influence the length of subsequent oestrous cycles.

scholarly journals Antithrombotic properties of hemofilter coated with polymer having a hydrophilic blood-contacting layer

2018 ◽  
Vol 42 (2) ◽  
pp. 88-94 ◽  
Author(s):  
Masashi Tagaya ◽  
Kazunobu Hara ◽  
Shunsuke Takahashi ◽  
Saki Nagoshi ◽  
Hiroki Handa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Extracorporeal Circulation ◽  
Polymer Coating ◽  
Coating Agent ◽  
Biocompatible Polymer ◽  
Time Points ◽  
Antithrombin Activity ◽  
Antithrombotic Effects ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Time Required ◽  
Mean Time

Objective: Extracorporeal circulation devices are coated with a biocompatible polymer coating agent (BPCA) that has a hydrophilic blood-contacting layer, but hemofilters are not. We aimed to investigate the antithrombotic properties of a BPCA-coated hemofilter. Methods: Four experiments using BPCA-coated circuits and non-coated hemofilters and four experiments using BPCA-coated circuits and BPCA-coated hemofilters were performed with whole human blood and compared by measuring the circuit pressure every 5 min, antithrombin activity every 40 min, and thrombin–antithrombin complex every 40 min, for a total of 240 min of recirculation. Results: The mean time required for the pressure at the inlet of the hemofilter to increase sharply was longer in BPCA-coated than in non-coated hemofilters (66 ± 11 min vs 25 ± 9 min, p < 0.01). The mean antithrombin activity value at 200 and 240 min of recirculation was significantly higher in the experiments with BPCA-coated versus non-coated hemofilters (43.3 ± 2.87 vs 33.3 ± 5.74, p = 0.04; 42.8 ± 3.59 vs 31.0 ± 5.35, p = 0.01, respectively); the antithrombin activity values at the other time points were not significantly different. Furthermore, all thrombin–antithrombin complex values in experiments with the BPCA-coated hemofilters achieved overrange at 80 min of recirculation, whereas those with the non-coated hemofilter achieved overrange at 40 min. Conclusion: This study suggests that BPCA-coated hemofilters can inhibit antithrombin consumption, contributing to antithrombotic effects in extracorporeal circulation circuits.

Reproduction in the red-legged pademelon, Thylogale stigmatica Gould (Marsupialia : Macropodidae), and age estimation and development of pouch young

1994 ◽  
Vol 21 (5) ◽  
pp. 553 ◽  
Author(s):  
PM Johnson ◽  
K Vernes
Keyword(s):  
Age Estimation ◽  
Post Partum ◽  
General Pattern ◽  
Age Determination ◽  
Gestation Period ◽  
Growth Equation ◽  
In Captivity ◽  
In The Wild ◽  
The Mean

The reproduction of Thylogale stigmatica in captivity was studied and a predictive growth equation for age determination of the pouch young was developed. The general pattern of reproduction involved an oestrous cycle of 29-32 days, a gestation period of 28-30 days and a mean pouch life of 184 days. A post-partum oestrus and mating generally followed birth. Births were observed in all months in captivity, and from October to June in the wild. Mean age of weaning of young was 66 days following permanent pouch emergence, and the mean ages at maturity for females and males was 341 and 466 days, respectively.

Timing should no Longer be an Obstacle to Oocyte Cryopreservation in Patients with Cancer

2016 ◽  
Vol 103 (2) ◽  
pp. 182-186 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giorgia Mangili ◽  
Enrico Papaleo ◽  
Cristina Sigismondi ◽  
Rossella Masciangelo ◽  
Veronica Sarais ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Malignant Tumors ◽  
Oocyte Cryopreservation ◽  
Relevant Issue ◽  
Patients With Cancer ◽  
Number Of Patients ◽  
Anticancer Treatment ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Time Required ◽  
Second Period ◽  
Mean Time

Purpose Anticancer treatment-related infertility is preventable with oocyte cryopreservation, but this is often not considered a relevant issue, due to lack of knowledge and time. The aim of this study is to prove that adequate organization of an Oncofertility Unit and the use of new protocols for controlled ovarian stimulation (COS) can reduce the time required by the procedure, encouraging consultants and patients to preserve fertility before gonadotoxic treatments. Methods A total of 125 patients diagnosed with malignant tumors were referred to the Oncofertility Unit of San Raffaele Hospital: 52 patients between April 2011 and October 2013 and 73 patients between October 2013 and November 2015. The 2 periods differ in office organization and type of COS protocol used. Results Between the 2 periods, a reduction in the mean number of days required from first counseling to the initiation (6.45 ± 1.058 vs 1.61 ± 0.228) and the end of the COS (17.83 ± 1.227 vs 13.70 ± 0.393) was observed (p<0.0001). No differences exist in the groups between the mean time required to complete COS (11.38 ± 0.360 vs 12.17 ± 0.309; p = 0.11) and mean number of frozen oocytes (8.458 ± 1.060 vs 10.30 ± 0.919; p = 0.22). Furthermore, in the second period, the number of patients who accepted fertility preservation increased (46.15% vs 64.38%; p<0.05). Conclusions Renewed organization of the Oncofertility Unit and the newest random-start COS protocol allowed us to shorten the time for oocyte cryopreservation and start anticancer treatment on time.

Effects of stress on ovarian morphology and oestrus cycles in ewes

1964 ◽  
Vol 15 (6) ◽  
pp. 937 ◽  
Author(s):  
AWH Braden ◽  
GR Moule
Keyword(s):  
Corpus Luteum ◽  
Breeding Season ◽  
Cycle Length ◽  
Acute Stress ◽  
Oestrous Cycle ◽  
Large Cavity ◽  
Severe Stress ◽  
Microscopic Appearance ◽  
Ovarian Morphology ◽  
Luteal Tissue

Observations involving over 600 sheep and extending over 4 years were made on the effect of acute stress on the oestrous cycle and ovarian morphology of ewes. In anoestrous ewes ovulation unaccompanied by oestrus was often induced by severe stress. Injections of ACTH did not induce ovulation in anoestrous ewes. During the breeding season severe stress appeared sometimes to lengthen the oestrous cycle by a few days. The presence of a large cavity in the corpus luteum (C.L.) often seemed to have been induced by stress, but the amount of luteal tissue and its microscopic appearance did not usually appear much different from solid C.L. Oxytocin injections did not affect oestrous cycles or ovarian morphology, but in some circumstances injections of ACTH or stilboestrol appeared to cause an increase in cycle length.

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