scholarly journals Relationship between tissue mobilization and storage in the rat

1997 ◽  
Vol 78 (1) ◽  
pp. 131-141 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christiani Jeyakumar Henry ◽  
Philip R Payne ◽  
Amal Ghusain-Choueiri
Keyword(s):  
The Body ◽  
Free Access ◽  
N Loss ◽  
Tissue Storage ◽  
Adult Rats ◽  
Fasting Period ◽  
Dugdale Model ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Body Energy

The amount of energy mobilized or stored as protein, expressed as a proportion of the total energy stored or mobilized (defined as the P ratio, Payne & Dugdale, 1977), was investigated in the young male (rapid growth) and adult female (slow growth) rat. Energy mobilization was induced by a 3 d fast and the changes in body content of fat and lean tissues were used to estimate the fasting P ratio (Pfast). Tissue storage was subsequently effected by 17 d of refeeding and the corresponding ratio (Prefed) was calculated from the amounts of lean and fat tissue regained. The same experimental protocol was used for measuring Pfast and Prefed in weanling (30d) and adult (130d) rats. Weight-matched individuals were assigned to three groups. All animals in group 1 were killed at the beginning of the experiment. Animals in group 2 were fasted for 3d and then killed. Group 3 animals were first fasted for 3d, then had free access to a stock diet for a further 17 d before being killed. During fasting, a close linear relationship was found between weight change and body energy changes (r 0·985, and r 0·92, P < 0·001 for weanlings and adult rats respectively) and between carcass N loss and urinary N loss (r 0·933, P < 0·001). These relationships were used to estimate the body energy and N content of each animal at the end of the initial fasting period. Hence, both Pfast and Prefed values could be calculated for all individuals at both ages. When Pfast and Prefed were calculated for adult rats, the mean values were similar (0·138 (SE 0·002) and 0·130 (SE 0·006) respectively). Individually, the Pfast, and Prefed values were correlated (r 0·54, P = 0·058). In weanling rats, the mean Prefed value was about 2·5 times the Pfast (0·421 (SE 0·0113) v. 0·156 (SE 0·004)). Despite the differences in Pfast and Prefed, the individual values were again correlated (r 0·668, P < 0·05). These results support the suggestion made by Payne & Dugdale (1977), that particular P- ratio values are characteristic of individuals and describe the extent to which protein is mobilized or stored during fasting or refeeding. These observations are discussed in relation to the predictions made by the Payne-Dugdale model.

scholarly journals The Circadian Rhythm of Copeptin, the C-Terminal Portion of Arginine Vasopressin

2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 ◽  
pp. 1-5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Svetlana Beglinger ◽  
Jürgen Drewe ◽  
Mirjam Christ-Crain
Keyword(s):  
Circadian Rhythm ◽  
Healthy Subjects ◽  
Prospective Observational Study ◽  
Diagnostic Marker ◽  
Early Morning ◽  
Fasting Period ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Salt Homeostasis ◽  
Minor Extent

Background. Several studies have investigated copeptin as a prognostic marker of different acute diseases and as a diagnostic marker in disorders of water and salt homeostasis. However, no data of the normal circadian rhythm of copeptin in healthy subjects are available. Aim. To investigate the circadian rhythm of copeptin in healthy subjects under standardized conditions. Methods. 19 healthy volunteers aged 18 to 53 years, male and female, were studied in a prospective observational study. In all 19 participants, blood samples for copeptin were taken in regular intervals of 30 minutes for 24 hours after a fasting period of minimum 8 hours. Results. The mean values of copeptin showed a circadian rhythm, similar to that described for AVP release, with a trend towards higher levels (5.9±1 pmol/L) at night and early morning between 4 am and 6 am and lowest levels (2.3±0.2 pmol/L) in the late afternoon between 5 pm and 7 pm. This finding was only observed in individuals with initial higher copeptin levels, whereas in individuals with lower basal copeptin levels no circadian rhythm was observed. Conclusion. There is evidence for a circadian rhythm in copeptin release during 24 hours, however, of minor extent. These findings suggest that copeptin levels can be determined irrespectively of the time of the day.

A Study of the Variation of Size within two Species of Aphides

1940 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 45-56
Author(s):  
G. H. L. Dicker ◽  
S. C. Pearce
Keyword(s):  
The Body ◽  
Standard Errors ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Asymmetry ◽  
The Right ◽  
Different Parts

At least 30 specimens of each form of Macrosiphum rubiellum, Theobald, and Aphis idaei, van der Goot, were collected, mounted and their principal organs measured.Correlations were calculated between different parts on the right side and the conclusion reached that the ratios of lengths of organs were unstable characteristics of the species examined. High correlations were obtained between the same part on different sides of the body.The mean values and standard errors are tabulated and a method given for assigning limits of variation within a species. The standard errors obtained were of the order of 7 per cent. of the mean.The asymmetry, kurtosis and skewness of the distributions were calculated to test the effect of possible non-normality on the foregoing work.

scholarly journals The Phases of the Oestrous Cycle in the Adult White Rat

1951 ◽  
Vol 28 (4) ◽  
pp. 576-584
Author(s):  
ANITA M. MANDL
Keyword(s):  
Cycle Length ◽  
The Body ◽  
Oestrous Cycle ◽  
Adult Rats ◽  
Significant Fluctuation ◽  
The Mean

The duration of the oestrous cycle in thirty-nine adult rats derived from ten litters was 4.4 ± 0.04 days. The variance in cycle length tended to be less within than between litter-groups (P≏0.05). It was significantly less for individual rats than between individuals (P&lt;0.001). The mean duration of early oestrus was 18 hr., oestrus 25 hr., late oestrus 5 hr., early dioestrus 24 hr., dioestrus 28 hr. and late dioestrus 7 hr. The length of the dioestrous phase is variable and determines the length of the cycle, while the duration of oestrus appears to be relatively constant. The figures have been compared with those published by other laboratories. Analyses of variance did not disclose any significant fluctuation in the weight of the body, adrenals or ovaries in phase with the oestrous cycle. The uterus showed a characteristic increase in weight immediately before the onset of oestrus.

scholarly journals Changes in Biochemical Parameters in Human immunodeficiency virus Infected Patients: A Pre-Treatment Study

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 95-101
Author(s):  
D O Ochalefu ◽  
H A Abu ◽  
E OO Amali ◽  
A S Agada ◽  
I E Alonyenu
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Alkaline Phosphatase ◽  
Biochemical Parameters ◽  
Density Lipoprotein ◽  
The Body ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Pre Treatment ◽  
Conjugated Bilirubin

In recent times there have been advances in the management of Human Immunodeficiency Virus infection. However, the disease still poses threat to biochemical parameters of the body. This study was carried out to investigate the biochemical parameters in Human Immunodeficiency Virus infected patients who were yet to start anti-Retroviral drugs regimen. This study was carried out for a period of six weeks using structural questionnaires.  A total of one hundred participants were used for the study out of which fifty were Human Immunodeficiency Virus infected while the remaining fifty were Human Immunodeficiency Virus negative, who served as control. There were significant differences (p<0.05) in the values of Total Protein, Albumin, Alkaline Phosphatase, Aspartate aminotransferase, Alanine aminotransferase, Total Cholesterol, High Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol, Triacylglycerol, Calcium and Sodium of Human Immunodeficiency Virus positive patients when compared with the control. However, there were no significant differences (p>0.05) between the mean values of the conjugated Bilirubin, Urea, Creatinine, Potassium, Bicarbonate and Chloride of the infected patients when compared with those of the control. The findings in this study showed significant changes in biochemical parameters in Human Immunodeficiency Virus infected subjects.

Asymptotic Analysis of Wave Resistance of a Submerged Body Moving with an Oscillating Velocity

1993 ◽  
Vol 37 (02) ◽  
pp. 119-125
Author(s):  
N. G. Kuznetsov
Keyword(s):  
Perturbation Technique ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Wave Resistance ◽  
The Body ◽  
Singular Perturbation Technique ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Absolute Value ◽  
Submerged Body ◽  
Short Period ◽  
The Mean

An asymptotic study is made of potential and tree-surface elevation due to forward motion of a submerged body with an oscillating velocity. The latter is supposed to be a short period. As the nondimensional period ε 1, the singular perturbation technique is applied. Using two-term expansion for the potential, the principal terms of asymptotics for instant and mean values of wave resistance are obtained. The mean value (up to a term 0(e)) is the sum of two addends, the first of which is the wave resistance of the same body moving at the mean speed. The second addend is proportional to the dispersion of velocity with the coefficient depending on the form of the body. This coefficient vanishes if the body is symmetric with respect to the mid-section. Numerical examples for the two-dimensional problem show that there exist cylinders with the following property: the absolute value of wave resistance decreases when passing from motion at the mean speed to motion with oscillating velocity.

The influence of selected factors and sport results of endurance horses on their saliva cortisol concentration

2013 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 533-541 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. Janczarek ◽  
A. Bereznowski ◽  
K. Strzelec
Keyword(s):  
Air Temperature ◽  
Cortisol Level ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Hormone Level ◽  
Cortisol Concentration ◽  
The Body ◽  
Clear Correlation ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Repeated Measures Design ◽  
The Mean

Abstract The aim of the study was to define the influence of the selected factors (gender, age, transportation time, riding distance and air temperature during the ride) on the cortisol secretion and finding a correlation between the hormone level and the horses’ sport results (veterinary parameters and the ride route parameters). The research was performed on 38 Arabian pure breed horses taking part in the endurance rides. The cortisol level was measured with enzyme-immunological method in saliva samples, taken four times from each horse. In order to verify the differences between the mean results the repeated measures design was applied. The significance of the differences between the mean values was determined by the Tukey test. To evaluate the interrelations between the analysed attributes Pearson’s correlation analysis was applied. The cortisol level at rest was not affected by any of the analysed factors. In case of other results, the most significant influence (P ≤ 0.05) was related to the gender, as well as the ride distance and air temperature during the ride. Higher cortisol level was noted in mares, horses running the longest distances and at the highest temperatures. A significant increase in the cortisol level was noted when the ride distance was longer. There were no clear correlation between the adrenal cortex activity and the veterinary parameters at different riding speed. High cortisol concentration can negatively affect the heart rate (HR) by increasing it, but it can simultaneously stimulate the body to fight dehydration.

The Body Feature Study of Young Women from Northeastern China

2014 ◽  
Vol 1048 ◽  
pp. 567-570
Author(s):  
Jun Wang ◽  
Xiao Jiu Li ◽  
Xiao Mei Chen ◽  
Tong Yao ◽  
Li Pan
Keyword(s):  
Young Women ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Northeastern China ◽  
The Body ◽  
3D Scanner ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Adult Females ◽  
Width Direction ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Difference

This study aims to investigate the anthropometric feature of young women aged between 18 and 25 from Northeastern China, and compare the difference between the young Northeastern China women and the national adult females. More than 400 young Northeastern China women were measured, and the body data were collected by mix-measurement of 3D scanner and manual method, and the main sizes were extracted to descript the total anthropometric characterizes. The high mean value of the Northeastern young women is 162.3 CM, which is 5.75 CM higher than the national adult females. In the high direction, the other mean values of the samples are variously higher than the national adult females. Overall, the young Northeastern China women are taller than the national adult females and well proportioned. In the width direction, the mean values of bust, waist and neck of the 18-25 years old young women are larger than the national adult females, except the hip.

Arterial lactate responses in dogs made apneic or breathing nitrogen

1977 ◽  
Vol 42 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-43 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. M. Cain
Keyword(s):  
Latent Period ◽  
Venous Blood ◽  
Tissue Hypoxia ◽  
The Body ◽  
Mixed Venous Blood ◽  
Arterial Lactate ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Curvilinear Relation ◽  
Mixed Venous

O2 stores are kept more intact in apnea than in N2 breathing which removes O2stores from the body. If lactate moves readily into the circulation, arterial lactate should rise sooner with N2 breathing than with apnea because tissue O2 is lowered faster. This was tested in 10 anesthetized, paralyzed dogs made hypoxic both ways. Arterial and mixed venous blood were sampledevery minute until circulation began to fail. Calculated changes in O2 stores would have supported control V O2 for 1.3 min with N2 and 2.7 min with apnea. The PVO2 at those times were 23.1 and 20.1 Torr. Although arterial lactate rose sooner with N2 than with apnea, the mean values for lactate increase for both N2 and apnea were fitted by a single curvilinear relation with PVO2. The PVO2 at which lactate first rosores were depleted. Latent period for lactate rise, therefore, was nearly the same as that for development of tissue hypoxia.

scholarly journals Effects of feeding and short-term fasting on water and electrolyte turnover in female mink (Mustela vison)

1996 ◽  
Vol 76 (5) ◽  
pp. 711-725 ◽  
Author(s):  
Søren Wamberg ◽  
Anne-Helene Tauson ◽  
Jan Elnif
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Daily Intake ◽  
Mustela Vison ◽  
Free Access ◽  
Urine Collection ◽  
Fasting Period ◽  
Balance Study ◽  
Percentage Recovery ◽  
Osmotic Pumps ◽  
The Mean

Daily (24 h) rates of water and electrolyte turnover were measured in a conventional balance study in ten adult female pastel mink (Mustela vison) given free access to a standard mink feed for a 1-week conditioning period, followed by a 4 d experimental period and a 2 d fasting period. Drinking water was available throughout. In addition, the completeness of urine collection and the fraction of urine collected with the faeces were determined using a new experimental technique based on 24 h recoveries of specific urinary markers such as tritiatedp-aminohippuric acid ([3H]PAH) or14C-1abelled inulin ([14C]IN) continuously delivered by small Alzet® osmotic pumps implanted intraperitoneally. During feeding the mean individual percentage recovery in urine of [3H]PAH released from tbe osmotic pumps ranged from 68 to 88% (median 78%). Tbe mean percentage of urinary [3H]PAH recovered from faecal collections was 6% (range 3–12%). In response to fasting the mean individual percentage recovery of [3H]PAH in urine ranged from 62 to 78% (median 68%). For urinary [14C]IN the mean percentage recoveries in fed and fasted animals were 79 and 63% respectively. Furthermore, during fasting, withdrawal of the supplies of dietary water caused a slight but insignificant (P = 0·17) increase in the daily intake of drinking water and, hence, the animals maintained their normal water balance by a dramatic reduction in urine excretion (P < 0·001). At the same time urinary solute excretion declined significantly (P < 0·001), due in part to the cessation of dietary electrolyte intake and in part to reduced formation of urea, whereas urinary osmolality decreased only moderately. The mean 24 h balances of Na, K, Ca, Mg, Cl and P were close to zero and only minor differences between the feeding and fasting periods were observed. When corrected for the measured inaccuracies in urine collection the balance data obtained in the present study represent useful reference standards for normally fed and fasted non-growing mink and, to some extent, useful guidelines for future studies in experimental animals.

scholarly journals Is the secular trend reflected in early stages of human ontogenesis?

2014 ◽  
Vol 77 (1) ◽  
pp. 77-86
Author(s):  
Zygmunt Domagała ◽  
Paweł Dąbrowski ◽  
Michał Porwolik ◽  
Krystian Porwolik ◽  
Bohdan Gworys
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Body Length ◽  
Secular Trend ◽  
Growth Period ◽  
The Body ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Secular Changes ◽  
Political Transformations ◽  
Period 2 ◽  
The Mean

Abstract There are a limited number of studies on secular changes in the neonatal period, and the majority of them concern research related to childhood and puberty The objective of our study was to carry out a comparative analysis of body weight and length at birth in neonates born in Wrocław in subsequent decades since 1950 to find out if these parameters are subject to secular trend, and what values they attained during the studied period of 50 years. The study was carried out in the 1950s, 1960s, 1970s, 1980s, 1990s and in 2000 to analyse changes in body length, body weight and Rohrer index over time. The sample studied consisted of 7510 neonates, 3882 males and 3628 females, born in Wroclaw. Secular changes were tested using one-way variance analysis. The values of F statistics were compared to the critical values of the F Snedecor distribution. Changes in the features of neonates in subsequent study years were analysed using the modified z-score. Data were normalised for standard deviation in decade increments. Results demonstrated very slight, though statistically insignificant increase in body weight at birth. Over the 50-year period the mean body weight of neonates was in the range of 3.3-3.4 kg, regardless of sex. Results demonstrated very slight, though statistically insignificant increase in body weight at birth. Over the 50-year period the mean body weight of neonates was in the range of 3.3-3.4 kg, regardless of sex. The acceleration in the body length of neonates caused a gradual decrease in the mean values of the Rohrer index. No secular trend in body weight was found in Wrocław neonates over the 50-year period between 1950 and 2000 With regard to body length at birth, four waves of deceleration and acceleration were found: period 1 (1950s): deceleration in the increase of the analysed body parameters of neonates; period 2 (1960s): acceleration in neonates’ growth; period 3 (1970s and 1980s): economic crisis and political transformations in Poland; this is reflected by the stable mean values of body dimensions in neonates. The secular trend clearly decelerated, and period 4 (1990s and 2000) - very intense acceleration in both body weight and length and the Rohrer index.

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