The Body Temperature of Woodlice

1951 ◽  
Vol 28 (3) ◽  
pp. 271-280
Author(s):  
E. B. EDNEY
Keyword(s):  
Body Temperature ◽  
Water Vapour ◽  
High Temperatures ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Water Loss ◽  
Evaporation Rate ◽  
The Body ◽  
Steady Temperature ◽  
Dry Air ◽  
Temperature Depression

1. Measurements by means of thermocouples, accurate to 0.1°C., were made of the body temperature of the woodlice Armadillidium, Porcellio, Oniscus and Ligia, and of the cockroach Blatta, both alive and dead, in a stream of saturated or dry air at both 20 and 37°C. 2. No difference in temperature depression was found between living and dead woodlice, and in all the animals used there was, after equilibration, no difference greater than 0.1°C. between the air temperature and body temperature if the air were saturated with water vapour. 3. In dry air, the body temperature of all the animals except Ligia settled down after at most 25 min. to a steady temperature which was lower than that of the surrounding air. The body temperature of Ligia continued to rise slowly for at least 2 hr., though remaining well below that of the environment. 4. After 30 min. in dry air at 20 and 37°C. respectively, mean temperature depressions (of at least three readings at each temperature for each species) were, in degrees centigrade: Ligia, 2.6 and 6.8; Oniscus, 1.5 and 2.7; Parcellio, 0.4 and 1.3; Armadillidium, 0.5 and 1.8; and the cockroach Blatta, 0.7 and 2.4. The order of the species in this respect is substantially the same as their order in respect of evaporation rate, which was established previously. 5. Certain anomalies which appear when these figures are compared with previously established figures for insects are probably the result of differences in permeability of the integument and in the site of water loss. The ability to evaporate water rapidly, and thus to cool the body, may be of survival value when woodlice are exposed to high temperatures for short periods, particularly in littoral forms which may well have been intermediate in the evolution of terricolous from maricolous isopods.

scholarly journals The Regulation of Body Temperature in Extremes of Dry Heat

1912 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 479-488 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. H. Hunt
Keyword(s):  
Body Temperature ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
The Body ◽  
Strong Argument ◽  
Dry Heat ◽  
Healthy Man ◽  
Large Reserve

(1) Comfort and health can readily be maintained in dry heat where for long periods the air temperature is above that of the body.(2) The amount of water absolutely required, and actually consumed, is very large; and this is accounted for by the necessity for neutralising, in some circumstances, the whole heat of metabolism (requiring up to 6,000 c.c.) and in addition a variable but sometimes very large amount of heat added to the body by radiation and conduction.(3) A healthy man carries in his body a large reserve of water, this reserve being mainly stored in muscle and being so readily available that the percentage of water in the blood is not appreciably diminished even when several litres of water have been lost by sweating. If, however, it be extensively drawn on, replacement seems to occupy many hours, and this delay is an important factor, forming a strong argument against any undue or needless use of the stored water owing to restriction of drinking.

Temperature regulation and water balance of day-active Zophosis congesta beetles in East Africa

1986 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 139-146 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eivin Røskaft ◽  
Karl Erik Zachariassen ◽  
Geoffrey M. O. Maloiy ◽  
John M. Z. Kamau
Keyword(s):  
Body Temperature ◽  
Water Loss ◽  
The Body ◽  
Evaporative Heat Loss ◽  
The Sun ◽  
East African ◽  
Ambient Temperatures ◽  
Cooling Period ◽  
Lethal Level ◽  
Heat Influx

ABSTRACTEast African tenebrionid beetles of the species Zophosis congesta are active on sun-exposed surfaces in dry habitats during the hottest part of the day, when most other animals have retreated to protected areas. They remain on the surface at ambient temperatures up to 65°C which is 15°C above their highest tolerated body temperature. The beetles appear to regulate their body temperature behaviourally. They frequently rest and cool in the shade, and after each cooling period they remain on the sun-exposed surface until the heat influx from the environment has caused the body temperature to rise close to the lethal level. They have relatively low rates of transpiratory water loss, and appear unable to depress their body temperature by means of evaporative heat loss. The rate of metabolic production of water amounts to only about 20% of the rate of transpiratory water loss. Thus, the beetles depend strongly on water intake from dietary sources. The advantage of this type of activity pattern is probably avoidance of predators.

Hibernation in the Eastern Pygmy Possum, Cercartetus-Nanus (Marsupialia, Burramyidae)

1993 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. 67 ◽  
Author(s):  
F Geiser
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Body Temperature ◽  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
The Body ◽  
Daily Torpor ◽  
Rate Of Oxygen Consumption ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Cercartetus Nanus ◽  
Torpor Bouts

The pattern of torpor was examined in the eastern pygmy possum, Cercartetus nanus (21 g). Animals displayed torpor regularly in the laboratory, and the occurrence of torpor increased with decreasing air temperature (T(a)). At high T(a) (18-degrees-C) animals usually exhibited daily torpor, but torpor bouts of up to 2 days were observed occasionally. The duration of torpor bouts lengthened with a lowering of T(a) and the mean bout duration at T(a) = 5-degrees-C was 17.0 +/- 2.5 days. The minimum metabolic rate (measured as rate of oxygen consumption) of torpid individuals was 0.018 +/- 0.003 mL O2 g-1 h-1, which is less than 2% of the basal metabolic rate. The body temperature (T(b)) Of torpid animals fell to a minimum of 1.3 +/- 0.4-degrees-C. These results clearly demonstrate that Cercartetus nanus is a deep hibernator.

Acclimatization in a hot, humid environment: energy exchange, body temperature, and sweating

1976 ◽  
Vol 40 (5) ◽  
pp. 768-778 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Mitchell ◽  
L. C. Senay ◽  
C. H. Wyndham ◽  
A. J. van Rensburg ◽  
G. G. Rogers ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Temperature ◽  
Energy Exchange ◽  
Evaporation Rate ◽  
Sweat Rate ◽  
The Body ◽  
Calorimetric Analysis ◽  
Direct Calorimetry ◽  
Humid Environment ◽  
Thermal Status ◽  
Maximum Aerobic Capacity

Four trained young men, worked for 4 h/day at 43–50% of their maximum aerobic capacity for 3 days at 25 degrees C db, 18 degrees C wb and then for 10 consecutive days at 45 degrees C db, 32 degrees C wb. Their thermal status was assessed using direct calorimetry. As a group, the men showed classical acclimization responses, but there were marked individual differences. The calorimetric analysis revealed that reductions in strain were associated with minor changes in heat balance confined to the first and last hours of exposure. Events occurring within the first 4 days appeared to have little effect on body temperatures. Significant decreases in body temperature took place only when sweat and evaporation rate increased. A 10% increase in evaporation rate was accompanied by a 30% increase in sweat rate and a 200% increase in unevaporated sweat; thus, there is a wasteful overproduction of sweat. By the 10th day skin temperature was confined to the level necessary to evaporate sufficient sweat to achieve thermal balance with a fully wet body surface. The efficiency of heat transport within the body did not change with acclimatization.

Significance of sweating in heat tolerance of cattle

1958 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 579 ◽  
Author(s):  
DF Dowling
Keyword(s):  
Body Temperature ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Heat Tolerance ◽  
Body Surface ◽  
Skin Surface ◽  
The Body ◽  
Low Humidity ◽  
Skin Moisture

Evidence is presented that sweating is of importance to cattle as a method of regulating body temperature in a hot, dry environment. Cattle were covered with polyethylene coats, which prevented the vaporization of skin moisture from the body surface. They were then exposed to high atmospheric temperatures. Significant differences (P < 0.001) between their rectal temperatures and those of the control animals were demonstrated. It is concluded that, in conditions of high air temperature and radiation and low humidity, differences in heat tolerance between one animal and another may be due to differences in the ability to dissipate heat in the vaporization of sweat on the skin surface.

The influence of ambient temperature and humidity on the body temperature and water loss from two Australian lizards, Tiliqua rugosa (Gray) (Scincidae) and Amphibolurus barbatus cuvier (Agamidae)

1965 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 331 ◽  
Author(s):  
. Warburg.M.R
Keyword(s):  
Body Temperature ◽  
Water Loss ◽  
Early Morning ◽  
The Body ◽  
Limiting Factor ◽  
Lethal Temperature ◽  
Natural Conditions ◽  
Tiliqua Rugosa ◽  
Physiological Adaptations ◽  
Varied Diet

Tiliqua rugosa and Amphibolurus barbatus are capable of living in arid habitats; they display modified behaviour and corresponding physiological adaptations. The activity pattern of T. rugosa changes during the year with activity restricted during midsummer to short periods in the early morning and late afternoon. The body temperature of T. rugosa under natural conditions indicates that 41�C is the highest temperature tolerated naturally. In the controlled temperature cabinet a lizard of this species survived for 2 hr at a body temperature of 41.7�C, whilst the lethal temperature was 45.5�C. For A. barbatus the lethal temperature was 46.0�C, and one specimen survived for 2 hr at 43.5�C. The thermoregulation temperature (T.T.) of T. rugosa as calculated from field data was 37.5�C; above this temperature the body temperature of this lizard was below that of the air. Temperature regulation in this species was also studied in the laboratory under controlled conditions. Water loss by evaporation was remarkably low in both lizards even when compared with better adapted, desert lizards. The rate of water loss is directly related to temperature and inversely related to humidity. T. rugosa loses most water during the first period of exposure (about 2 hr) to temperatures between 30-37.5�C, whilst A. barbatus loses water more slowly. At high temperatures (i.e. over 40�C) the rate of water loss decreases. Even in areas where no surface water is available T. rugosa appears to survive because its varied diet supplies adequate water. It is unlikely that food is a limiting factor in its distribution.

Studies on the environmental physiology of some Australian lizards from arid and semi-arid habitats.

1965 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 563 ◽  
Author(s):  
MR Warburg
Keyword(s):  
High Temperatures ◽  
Water Loss ◽  
Low Temperatures ◽  
The Body ◽  
The Other ◽  
Arid Conditions ◽  
Arid Habitat ◽  
Rate Of Evaporation ◽  
Semi Arid ◽  
Low Rate

The microclimate of an arid habitat was studied at midsummer. Several species of lizards found there, and in semi-arid habitats, were examined. The lizards were: Agamidae; Amphibolurus reticulatus inermis (De Vis), A pictus Peters, A. cristatus Gray, and A. decresii Dumeril & Bibron; Varanidae, Varanus gouldii Gray; Scincidae, Tiliqua melanops Stirling & Ziets. The rate of water loss by evaporation was determined under different combinations of temperature and humidity. Of the lizards studied, A. r. inermis was the only species fully adapted to life in arid conditions. No evidence for evaporative cooling of the body at high temperatures was obtained. It is suggested that this lizard survives in arid habitats mainly because it is able to tolerate long exposures to high temperatures and low humidities, not because it is capable of maintaining low temperatures. The rate at which water is lost by this lizard was remarkably low when compared with the other lizards. The curves of increasing water loss in dry air at 37.5�C (in agamids) may be indicative of their degree of adaptedness. Thus, A. r. inermis has the lowest rate of water loss, followed by A. pictus, A. cristatus, and A. decresii, respectively. The skink, T. melanops, and the goanna, V. gouldii, show a fairly low rate of evaporation at that temperature.

EFFET DU RAYONNEMENT LUMINEUX ET DE LA VITESSE DE L’AIR AMBIANT SUR LA TEMPÉRATURE CORPORELLE DES LARVES ET DES ADULTES DU DORYPHORE DE LA POMME DE TERRE

1997 ◽  
Vol 129 (5) ◽  
pp. 801-808
Author(s):  
Yvan Pelletier ◽  
Gilles Bélanger
Keyword(s):  
Wind Speed ◽  
Body Temperature ◽  
Light Intensity ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Leptinotarsa Decemlineata ◽  
The Body ◽  
Pomme De Terre ◽  
Potato Beetle ◽  
Rate Of Increase ◽  
Effect Of Light

AbstractThe effect of light intensity and wind speed on the body temperature of larvae and adults of the Colorado potato beetle (Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say)) was studied in the laboratory. At a light intensity of 0.95 kW m−2 and without wind, the body temperature of larvae and adults was respectively 9.3 and 18.2 °C higher than air temperature. The temperature difference between the body temperature of larvae and adults and the air temperature increased linearly with an increase in light intensity. Wind speed had an important effect on the rate of increase of the body temperature as a function of light intensity in both larvae and adults. Our results demonstrated that the energy balance of larvae and adults differs.

scholarly journals Comparative physiological and hygienic assessment of the personal protective equipment EP-4(0) in the various assembly according to human thermal state indices

2021 ◽  
Vol 100 (3) ◽  
pp. 229-233
Author(s):  
Olga V. Burmistrova ◽  
Sergey Yu. Perov ◽  
Tatyana A. Konshina
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Body Temperature ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Personal Protective Equipment ◽  
Thermal State ◽  
Heat Content ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
The Body ◽  
Protective Equipment ◽  
The Impact

Introduction. The article presents results of the study of the impact of the personal protective equipment EP-4 (0) in various assembly (overalls, jacket and trousers, jacket and semi-overall) from power frequency electric field and electrical shock on the thermal state of workers in a heating environment at air temperature 34.8 ○C and relative humidity 48%. Materials and methods. The study involved three men aged 35.3±4.6 years. They did the physical exercise for 40 minutes, had comfortable relaxation for 30 minutes after work. Recorded indices included skin temperature and moisture sensation score on 11 parts of the body, body temperature in the ear canal, heart rate, clothes temperature, heat sensation score, moisture loss, moisture evaporation efficiency. Results. Overalls using had the highest values of heat content, moisture score, heart rate changes, and body temperature increment. Heat content index in the body reached maximum permissible value using overalls earlier than other configurations. Conclusion. The research data showed overalls have the most significant impact on the human thermal state, jacket and trousers have the least impact, jacket and semi-overall take an intermediate place. The configuration including jacket and trousers, jacket and semi-overall under specific operating conditions is the most optimal. Such PPE assembly can be recommended for use in the open area in the summer season at an air temperature of 35 ○C and above, subject to protective requirements.

scholarly journals Studies on temperature regulation. I. The Pulmonata and Oligochaeta

1944 ◽  
Vol 132 (868) ◽  
pp. 239-252 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Body Temperature ◽  
Temperature Regulation ◽  
Helix Pomatia ◽  
Ground Level ◽  
The Body ◽  
Saturation Point ◽  
Dry Air ◽  
Thermal Death ◽  
Thermal Death Point ◽  
Binding Power

The slug, Arion ater , at all times, and the snail, Helix pomatia , when fully extended, maintain a body temperature well below that of the surrounding air unless it is fully saturated, and slightly, if at all, above that of the wet-bulb thermometer. By withdrawal into the microclimate of the shell the snail can appreciably reduce loss of water by evaporation; and in such circumstances its body temperature tallies more nearly with that of the surrounding atmosphere. After the formation of the epiphragm the body temperature of H. pomatia is identical with that of the atmosphere outside and varies accordingly. Since the slime of the slug loses water in air unless the R. H. is very near saturation point the water­-binding power of the mucus is not an effective check to loss of water by evaporation. The body temperature of an earthworm after relatively short periods of exposure to fairly dry air diverges increasingly from the wet-bulb reading. This appears to be due to rapid desicca­tion of the surface. Since the upper thermal death-point of the earthworm is relatively low, this means that earthworms are not adapted to long survival at ground level in sunlight. To this extent their equipment for maintaining body temperature below the danger point accords both with their habits, and with what views may plausibly be entertained about their ancestry.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document