scholarly journals Thermal robustness of biomechanical processes

2021 ◽  
Vol 224 (1) ◽  
pp. jeb228973
Author(s):  
Jeffrey P. Olberding ◽  
Stephen M. Deban
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Environment ◽  
Thermal Sensitivity ◽  
Analytical Framework ◽  
Chemical Processes ◽  
Tissue Temperature ◽  
Behavioral Thermoregulation ◽  
Robust Performance ◽  
Shortening Velocity ◽  
Physiological Processes ◽  
Repeated Evolution

ABSTRACTTemperature influences many physiological processes that govern life as a result of the thermal sensitivity of chemical reactions. The repeated evolution of endothermy and widespread behavioral thermoregulation in animals highlight the importance of elevating tissue temperature to increase the rate of chemical processes. Yet, movement performance that is robust to changes in body temperature has been observed in numerous species. This thermally robust performance appears exceptional in light of the well-documented effects of temperature on muscle contractile properties, including shortening velocity, force, power and work. Here, we propose that the thermal robustness of movements in which mechanical processes replace or augment chemical processes is a general feature of any organismal system, spanning kingdoms. The use of recoiling elastic structures to power movement in place of direct muscle shortening is one of the most thoroughly studied mechanical processes; using these studies as a basis, we outline an analytical framework for detecting thermal robustness, relying on the comparison of temperature coefficients (Q10 values) between chemical and mechanical processes. We then highlight other biomechanical systems in which thermally robust performance that arises from mechanical processes may be identified using this framework. Studying diverse movements in the context of temperature will both reveal mechanisms underlying performance and allow the prediction of changes in performance in response to a changing thermal environment, thus deepening our understanding of the thermal ecology of many organisms.

Salty Solutions: Their Effects on Thermal Set Points in Behavioral Repertoires of Albino Rats

1994 ◽  
Vol 79 (1) ◽  
pp. 211-215 ◽  
Author(s):  
William F. Vitulli ◽  
Rwanda Aker ◽  
Stanley W. Howard ◽  
Wendy M. Jones ◽  
Morgan W. Kimball ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Thermal Environment ◽  
Core Body Temperature ◽  
Behavioral Thermoregulation ◽  
Albino Rats ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Sprague Dawley Rats ◽  
Reversal Design ◽  
Post Hoc

Salt (sodium chloride) has been linked to increased blood pressure and a rise in core body temperature. The objective of this study was to investigate the role played by salt in altering behavioral thermoregulation in albino rats. Different doses of sodium chloride were administered (ip) prior to fixed-interval 2-min. schedules of microwave reinforcement in rats tested in a cold Skinner Box. Three Sprague-Dawley rats were conditioned to regulate their thermal environment with 5-sec. exposures of MW reinforcement in a repeated-measures reversal design. Friedman's non-parametric test showed significant differences among sodium chloride doses and physiologically normal saline. Post hoc sign tests showed that all doses of NaCI suppressed operant behavior for heat except 60 mg/kg. The hypothesis that sodium chloride lowers hypothalamic set point for heat was partially supported.

Aspirin (Acetylsalicylic Acid) Effects on Behavioral Thermoregulation with Microwave Radiation

1993 ◽  
Vol 77 (1) ◽  
pp. 187-191 ◽  
Author(s):  
William F. Vitulli ◽  
Kendra L. M. Laconsay ◽  
Andrea C. Agnew ◽  
Mary E. Henderson ◽  
Joseph M. Quinn ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Environment ◽  
Nonparametric Test ◽  
Pain Tolerance ◽  
Behavioral Thermoregulation ◽  
Saline Control ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Over The Counter ◽  
Sprague Dawley Rats ◽  
Therapeutic Value ◽  
Post Hoc

Aspirin is a widely used over-the-counter drug in our society which has wide therapeutic value, yet not all of the behavioralside effects have been studied. Different doses of aspirin solutions were administered (ip) prior to fixed-interval 2-min. schedules of microwave reinforcement in rats tested in a cold environment. Four Sprague-Dawley rats were conditioned to regulate their thermal environment with 5-sec. exposures of MW reinforcement. Friedman's nonparametric test showed significant differences among aspirin and saline-control doses. Post hoc sign tests showed that a moderate dose of aspirin increased operant behavior reinforced by MW radiation, yet lower and higher doses decreased and then increased the rate of responding which resulted in an inverted U-shaped trend. Possible multiple effects of aspirin in terms of its thermoregulatory as well as its pain-tolerance properties, and implications for hypothalamic “set point” are discussed.

Insulin, Exercise, and Dietary Effects upon Behavioral Thermoregulation in Albino Rats

1989 ◽  
Vol 68 (2) ◽  
pp. 579-590 ◽  
Author(s):  
William F. Vitulli ◽  
Kimberly E. Tyler ◽  
Nancy Hartzog ◽  
Joseph M. Quinn
Keyword(s):  
Food Deprivation ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Operant Behavior ◽  
Thermal Environment ◽  
Core Body Temperature ◽  
Behavioral Thermoregulation ◽  
Saline Control ◽  
Albino Rats ◽  
Exploratory Research ◽  
Functional Relationships

The objectives of this exploratory research were to assess the effects of insulin preparations (Humulin-regular and NPH) on operant behavior reinforced by schedules of microwave radiation in a cold environment and to measure changes in this thermoregulatory behavior as a function of exercise and food deprivation. Eight albino rats were conditioned to regulate their thermal environment with 6-sec. exposures of microwave (MW) radiation (SAR = 0.34 Watts/kg/(mW/cm2) under FR-1 and FR-10 schedules. Regular-insulin and NPH-insulin sessions were administered alternately with saline-control sessions for 8-hr. durations. Exercise in an activity wheel and 48 hr. of food deprivation (diet) were additional independent variables used to alter thermoregulation. Three randomized-block analysis of variance designs with repeated measures showed that insulin preparations resulted in a suppression of operant responding for heat, yet food deprivation increased rates of microwave responding. These data are interpreted in terms of functional relationships between ambient temperature changes, core body temperature, blood glucose fluctuations, and operant behavior.

scholarly journals Development of a Man–Plant Interface for Greenhouse Environmental Computers Using Generic Databases and Virtual Plants

HortScience ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 31 (4) ◽  
pp. 607e-607
Author(s):  
Niels Ehler ◽  
Mark A. Rose ◽  
Jesper Mazanti Hansen
Keyword(s):  
User Interface ◽  
Plant Growth ◽  
Tissue Temperature ◽  
Interactive Software ◽  
Dynamic Interactions ◽  
Physiological Processes ◽  
Growth System ◽  
Climate Controls ◽  
Dynamic Relationships ◽  
And Control

Currently, greenhouse environmental computers are programmed to monitor and control the macroclimate instead of directly controlling plant growth and development, which are features of more interest to growers. Our objective was to develop a generic system to represent and control the dynamic plant processes that regulate plant growth in the greenhouse. Before plant growth can be directly controlled, the dynamic interactions between the microclimate around plants and plant physiological processes must be further understood. Future computerized control systems must be able to display an intuitive, interactive software program that helps the user understand and make use of the dynamic relationships between climate controls, climate processes, and plant processes. A conceptual framework was designed for a user interface with a biological orientation. This software consists of five different elements: the information provider, the information monitor, the information browser, the growth system controller, and the system visualizer. A demonstrator application illustrating this concept was developed and connected in real time to a standard greenhouse environmental computer. Crop tissue temperature is calculated and used instead of conventional irradiance limits to control shading screens to optimize the amount of radiation absorbed by the crop. The application is based on a set of generic automatically created paradox databases. A graphical user interface on the screen displays virtual plants that are used for visualizing, understanding, and controlling the different processes governing the crop tissue temperature.

scholarly journals Differing thermal sensitivities of physiological processes alter ATP allocation

2020 ◽  
pp. jeb.233379
Author(s):  
Francis T. C. Pan ◽  
Scott L. Applebaum ◽  
Donal T. Manahan
Keyword(s):  
Protein Synthesis ◽  
Energy Demand ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Thermal Sensitivity ◽  
Biological Organization ◽  
Bioenergetic Model ◽  
Physiological Processes ◽  
Atp Pool ◽  
Temperature Impact

Changes in environmental temperature impact rate processes at all levels of biological organization. Yet, the thermal sensitivity of specific physiological processes that impact allocation of the ATP pool within a species is less well understood. In this study of developmental stages of the Pacific oyster, Crassostrea gigas, thermal sensitivities were measured for growth, survivorship, protein synthesis, respiration, and transport of amino acids and ions. At warmer temperatures, larvae grew faster but suffered increased mortality. An analysis of temperature sensitivity (Q10 values) revealed that protein synthesis, the major ATP-consuming process in larvae of C. gigas, is more sensitive to temperature change (Q10 value of 2.9±0.18) than is metabolic rate (Q10 of 2.0±0.15). Ion transport by Na+/K+-ATPase measured in vivo has a Q10 value of 2.1±0.09. The corresponding value for glycine transport is 2.4±0.23. Differing thermal responses for protein synthesis and respiration result in a disproportional increase in the allocation of available ATP to protein synthesis with rising temperature. A bioenergetic model is presented illustrating how changes in growth and temperature impact allocation of the ATP pool. Over an environmentally relevant temperature range for this species, the proportion of the ATP pool allocated to protein synthesis increases from 35% to 65%. The greater energy demand to support protein synthesis with increasing temperature will compromise energy availability to support other essential physiological processes. Defining the tradeoffs of ATP demand will provide insights into understanding the adaptive capacity of organisms to respond to various scenarios of environmental change.

scholarly journals Thermal sensitivity of the Spiroplasma-Drosophila hydei protective symbiosis: The best of climes, the worst of climes

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chris Corbin ◽  
Jordan E. Jones ◽  
Ewa Chrostek ◽  
Andy Fenton ◽  
Gregory D. D. Hurst
Keyword(s):  
Vertical Transmission ◽  
Evolutionary Ecology ◽  
Thermal Environment ◽  
Thermal Sensitivity ◽  
Natural Populations ◽  
Parasitoid Wasp ◽  
Natural Environments ◽  
Protective Capacity ◽  
Drosophila Hydei ◽  
The Impact

AbstractThe outcome of natural enemy attack in insects has commonly been found to be influenced by the presence of protective symbionts in the host. The degree to which protection functions in natural populations, however, will depend on the robustness of the phenotype to variation in the abiotic environment. We studied the impact of a key environmental parameter – temperature – on the efficacy of the protective effect of the symbiont Spiroplasma on its host Drosophila hydei, against attack by the parasitoid wasp Leptopilina heterotoma. In addition, we investigated the thermal sensitivity of the symbiont’s vertical transmission, which may be a key determinant of the ability of the symbiont to persist. We found that vertical transmission was more robust than previously considered, with Spiroplasma being maintained at 25 °C, 18 °C and with 18/15 °C diurnal cycles, with rates of segregational loss only increasing at 15 °C. Protection against wasp attack was ablated before symbiont transmission was lost, with the symbiont failing to rescue the fly host at 18 °C. We conclude that the presence of a protective symbiosis in natural populations cannot be simply inferred from presence of a symbiont whose protective capacity has been tested under narrow controlled conditions. More broadly, we argue that the thermal environment is likely to represent an important determinant of the evolutionary ecology of defensive symbioses in natural environments, potentially driving seasonal, latitudinal and altitudinal variation in symbiont frequency, and modulating the strength of selection for symbiotic protective systems compared to defensive systems encoded in the nuclear genomes.

scholarly journals Understanding Occupants’ Thermal Sensitivity According to Solar Radiation in an Office Building with Glass Curtain Wall Structure

Buildings ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 58
Author(s):  
Sung-Kyung Kim ◽  
Ji-Hye Ryu ◽  
Hyun-Cheol Seo ◽  
Won-Hwa Hong
Keyword(s):  
Solar Radiation ◽  
Thermal Environment ◽  
Thermal Sensitivity ◽  
Wall Structure ◽  
Curtain Wall ◽  
Indoor Thermal Environment ◽  
Occupant Comfort ◽  
Group A ◽  
Glass Curtain Wall ◽  
Group B

The thermal comfort of occupants in the increasing number of modern buildings with glass curtain wall structures is of significant research interest. As the thermal sensitivity of building occupants varies with building features, situational factors, and the human body’s thermal balance, it is necessary to derive the comfort temperature based on field research, which was conducted in this study in a South Korean office building with a glass curtain wall structure. The influence of solar radiation on the indoor thermal environment and thermal comfort obtained by measurements and occupant questionnaires was analyzed using cumulative graphs and a sensitivity analysis. The observed changes in operative temperature over time confirmed that occupant comfort was significantly affected by the radiant temperature. Based on this result, two groups (Group A near the windows and Group B near the interior corridor) were defined for analysis. Owing to the influx of solar radiation, Group A was more sensitive to changes in the thermal environment (0.67/°C) than Group B (0.49/°C), and the derived comfort temperature for each group differed from the set temperature by approximately ±2 °C. Thus, it was confirmed that the solar radiation introduced through a glass curtain wall building has a direct impact on the indoor thermal environment and occupant comfort according to location.

scholarly journals A heterogeneous thermal environment enables remarkable behavioral thermoregulation in Uta stansburiana

2014 ◽  
Vol 4 (17) ◽  
pp. 3319-3329 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Goller ◽  
Franz Goller ◽  
Susannah S. French
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Environment ◽  
Behavioral Thermoregulation ◽  
Uta Stansburiana

Insulin and Dextrose Effects on Fixed-Interval Behavioral Thermoregulation in Albino Rats

1990 ◽  
Vol 71 (1) ◽  
pp. 7-15 ◽  
Author(s):  
William F. Vitulli ◽  
Connie P. Anderson ◽  
Joseph M. Quinn ◽  
Julie D. Jarvis
Keyword(s):  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Thermal Environment ◽  
Fixed Ratio ◽  
Regular Insulin ◽  
Fixed Interval ◽  
Behavioral Thermoregulation ◽  
Saline Control ◽  
Albino Rats ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Operant Responding

This study is a systematic replication of the effects of insulin doses on operant behavior reinforced (in an earlier study) by fixed-ratio schedules of microwave (MW) reinforcement. In this study, insulin and dextrose doses were administered (ip) prior to fixed-interval 2-min. schedules of MW reinforcement in rats tested in a cold environment. Six Sprague-Dawley rats were conditioned to regulate their thermal environment with 5-sec. exposures of MW radiation (SAR = 0.34 Watts/kg/(mW/cm2) under the FI-2′ schedules. Humulin-regular insulin and 50% solutions of dextrose were administered (ip) alternately with saline control sessions for 8-hr. durations. A within-subjects, repeated-measures 4 × 8 × 3 factorial analysis of variance design showed that insulin doses suppressed operant responding for heat, which confirmed the results of the earlier study under a different schedule. In addition, high doses of dextrose had similar suppressing effects on operant responding for heat. The data are interpreted in terms of the discriminative properties of increased thermogenesis produced by the insulin and dextrose doses. The suppressing effects were more pronounced for the first two hours, yet they persisted for approximately six hours of the 8-hr. sessions.

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