ASSESSMENT OF MAXIMUM SUSTAINABLE SWIMMING PERFORMANCE IN RAINBOW TROUT (ONCORHYNCHUS MYKISS)

1994 ◽  
Vol 192 (1) ◽  
pp. 299-305 ◽  
Author(s):  
R Wilson ◽  
S Egginton
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Aerobic Exercise ◽  
White Muscle ◽  
Swimming Performance ◽  
Blood Chemistry ◽  
Laboratory Method ◽  
Muscle Fibres ◽  
Seasonal Temperature ◽  
Rainbow Trout Oncorhynchus Mykiss ◽  
Cardiovascular Performance

Levels of swimming activity in fishes have been divided into three categories on the basis of the time a given speed can be maintained before the onset of fatigue (Beamish, 1978): sustained (more than 200 min), prolonged (20 s to 200 min) and burst swimming (less than 20 s). The locomotory capacity of a given species reflects both its lifestyle and its body form, although definitions of performance may vary. It is generally accepted that only the aerobic ('red') muscle fibres should be active at truly sustainable swimming speeds, i.e. at speeds that can be maintained indefinitely without fatigue. However, the standard laboratory method of evaluating the maximum sustainable swimming speed (Ucrit; Brett, 1964) almost certainly entails the recruitment of at least some of the rapidly fatigable fast glycolytic ('white') fibres at sub-critical speeds and undoubtedly complicates the evaluation of maximal cardiovascular performance. It would therefore be useful to have an objective and reproducible measure of truly sustainable performance that, by definition, relies solely on aerobic muscle activity. Electromyography (EMG) has been used to examine the pattern of white muscle recruitment following thermal acclimation in striped bass, Morine saxatilis (Sisson and Sidell, 1987). We wished to incorporate this method into a study of the acclimatory responses to chronic changes in environmental temperature of the cardiovascular and locomotory systems in rainbow trout (Wilson and Egginton, 1992). The present communication presents results on the cardiovascular performance and blood chemistry, at rest and during maximal aerobic exercise, of rainbow trout acclimated to 11 °C, as a validation of the methodology currently in use with fish acclimated to seasonal temperature extremes (Taylor et al. 1992). Different acclimation temperatures are known to produce compensatory changes in the relative proportions of red and white muscle mass (Sidell and Moerland, 1989). The aim of these continuing investigations is to compare the anatomical, cardiovascular and locomotory limitations to aerobic exercise over the full temperature range of a eurythermal fish species.

Seasonal temperature acclimatisation of rainbow trout: cardiovascular and morphometric influences on maximal sustainable exercise level

1996 ◽  
Vol 199 (4) ◽  
pp. 835-845 ◽  
Author(s):  
S Taylor ◽  
S Egginton ◽  
E Taylor
Keyword(s):  
Blood Flow ◽  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Aerobic Exercise ◽  
Stride Length ◽  
Regional Blood Flow ◽  
Swimming Performance ◽  
Beat Frequency ◽  
Slow Muscle ◽  
Seasonal Temperature ◽  
Arterial Blood

Adult rainbow trout (mass 600-1500 g; length 40-44 cm) were held in the laboratory for up to 28 days at seasonally appropriate temperatures. The maximal sustainable aerobic exercise level (involving slow-twitch muscle activity alone) was determined by following muscle recruitment patterns using electromyography. The mean (± s.e.m.) speeds recorded for maximal sustainable aerobic exercise were 0.52±0.02, 0.81±0.06 and 0.39±0.02 BL s-1 (body lengths per second) for animals swimming at their acclimatisation temperatures of 4, 11 and 18 °C, respectively. Thus, fish acclimatised to 11 °C reached the highest maximal sustainable (purely aerobic) levels of exercise. They had similar stride lengths to the 4 °C animals, but generated less thrust per stride, as indicated by increased tail-beat frequency. Acclimatisation to 4 °C led to an increased mass of slow muscle and more effective tail beats (greater stride length at lower frequencies), relative to animals at higher temperatures. Fish acclimatised to 18 °C had the lowest stride length and a reduced aerobic swimming capacity. Sustainable levels of aerobic exercise were reflected in unchanged values for mean heart rate and arterial blood pressure between rest and imposed, graded exercise. Radiolabelled microspheres were used to determine cardiac output (V.b) and regional blood flow distribution simultaneously in fish, both at rest and while swimming, for each acclimatisation temperature. Fish acclimatised to 11 °C had the greatest scope for increasing V.b. This resulted in a significant hyperaemia in slow muscle upon exercise (10-fold increase), without an active redistribution of flow from other tissues. Maximum V.b at 18 °C did not differ significantly from that at 11 °C but, because resting V.b was higher, the scope was reduced and was similar to that found at 4 °C. Specific blood flow to the active muscle was also reduced and this, together with decreased blood oxygen content and reduced slow muscle mass, may limit aerobic swimming performance at 18 °C.

Palmitate movement across red and white muscle membranes of rainbow trout

2004 ◽  
Vol 286 (1) ◽  
pp. R46-R53 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeff G. Richards ◽  
Arend Bonen ◽  
George J. F. Heigenhauser ◽  
Chris M. Wood
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
White Muscle ◽  
Specific Inhibitor ◽  
Fatty Acid Binding ◽  
Rainbow Trout Oncorhynchus Mykiss ◽  
Fatty Acid Transporter ◽  
Palmitate Uptake ◽  
High Concentrations

We examined the movement of [3H]palmitate across giant sarcolemmal vesicles prepared from red and white muscle of rainbow trout ( Oncorhynchus mykiss). Red and white muscle fatty acid carriers have similar affinities for palmitate (apparent Km = 26 ± 6 and 33 ± 8 nM, respectively); however, red muscle has a higher maximal uptake compared with white muscle ( Vmax = 476 ± 41 vs. 229 ± 23 pmol·mg protein-1·s-1, respectively). Phloretin (250 μM) inhibited palmitate influx in red and white muscle vesicles by ∼40%, HgCl2 (2.5 mM) inhibited palmitate uptake by 20-30%, and the anion-exchange inhibitor DIDS (250 μM) inhibited palmitate influx in red and white muscle vesicles by ∼15 and 30%, respectively. Western blot analysis of red and white muscle vesicles did not detect a mammalian-type fatty acid transporter (FAT); however, preincubation of vesicles with sulfo- N-succinimidyloleate, a specific inhibitor of FAT in rats, reduced palmitate uptake in red and white muscle vesicles by ∼15 and 25%, respectively. A mammalian-type plasma membrane fatty acid-binding protein was identified in trout muscle using Western blotting, but the protein differed in size between red and white muscle. At low concentrations of free palmitate (2.5 nM), addition of high concentrations (111 μM total) of oleate (18:0) caused ∼50% reduction in palmitate uptake by red and white muscle vesicles, but high concentrations (100 μM) of octanoate (8:0) caused no inhibition of uptake. Five days of aerobic swimming at ∼2 body lengths/s and 9 days of chronic cortisol elevation in vivo, both of which stimulate lipid metabolism, had no effect on the rate of palmitate movement in red or white muscle vesicles.

Digestive characteristics and blood chemistry profile of triploid rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss: influence of body size and seasonal variation

2019 ◽  
Vol 85 (6) ◽  
pp. 1001-1010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuqiong Meng ◽  
Buying Han ◽  
Changzhong Li ◽  
Kangkang Qian ◽  
Xiaohong Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Seasonal Variation ◽  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Body Size ◽  
Oncorhynchus Mykiss ◽  
Blood Chemistry ◽  
Rainbow Trout Oncorhynchus Mykiss

Individual variation and interrelationships between swimming performance, growth rate, and feeding in juvenile rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)

1998 ◽  
Vol 55 (7) ◽  
pp. 1583-1590 ◽  
Author(s):  
T Ryan Gregory ◽  
Chris M Wood
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Oncorhynchus Mykiss ◽  
Plasma Cortisol ◽  
Positive Relationship ◽  
Swimming Performance ◽  
Individual Performance ◽  
Significant Positive Relationship ◽  
Juvenile Rainbow Trout ◽  
Rainbow Trout Oncorhynchus Mykiss

Variation among individuals in specific growth rate (SGR), feeding, and two measures of swimming performance and their possible interrelationships were investigated in juvenile rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) kept in groups on either satiation or half-satiation rations. Maximum sustainable velocity (Ucrit) was measured as an index of aerobic swimming performance and stamina (fatigue time in a fixed-velocity test at 6 body lengths ·s-1) as an index of anaerobic performance. Individual performance in both of these tests was found to be significantly repeatable. Trout fed on half-satiation ration exhibited significantly lower mean values of SGR and body size and higher levels of aggression-related fin damage, but no significant differences in stamina, relative or absolute Ucrit, glycogen content, or plasma cortisol. However, in these fish, there was a significant negative relationship between SGR and relative Ucrit, a significant positive relationship between SGR and stamina, and a significant positive relationship between SGR and total daily meal. None of these relationships were seen in fish fed to satiation. Plasma cortisol and tissue glycogen stores were not related to SGR. These results indicate that under the intensified competition of restricted ration, there are trade-offs between growth, feeding, and different types of swimming performance.

Metabolic Costs and Physiological Consequences of Acclimation to Aluminum in Juvenile Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). 2: Gill Morphology, Swimming Performance, and Aerobic Scope

1994 ◽  
Vol 51 (3) ◽  
pp. 536-544 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rod W. Wilson ◽  
Harold L. Bergman ◽  
Chris M. Wood
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Oncorhynchus Mykiss ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Swimming Performance ◽  
Mucous Cell ◽  
Aerobic Scope ◽  
Fourfold Increase ◽  
Juvenile Rainbow Trout ◽  
Rainbow Trout Oncorhynchus Mykiss ◽  
Oxygen Requirements

Juvenile rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss, 5–13 g) were chronically exposed to sublethal Al (38 μg∙L−1) in acidified soft water (Na+ = 85, Ca2+ = 28 μEq∙L−1, pH 5.2–5.4) for 36 d. Acclimation (increased resistance to challenge with 162 μg Al∙L−1 Al at pH 5.2) occurred after 5 d and was associated with a fourfold increase in gill mucous cell density and reduction in apparent lamellar surface area; initially elevated blood–water diffusion distances returned to normal after 34 d, but the reduction in apparent surface area persisted. Chronic exposure to acid alone (pH 5.2, same water chemistry) caused no morphometric changes but resulted in persistent impairment of Ucrit (critical aerobic swimming speed) by about 10%. This was due to increased oxygen requirements at subcritical swimming speeds (loading stress) and was alleviated when trout were swum at pH 6.5 (zero Al) on day 36. In trout preexposed to sublethal Al, Ucrit was chronically impaired by approximately 16% due to loading stresses and reduction in the maximum rate of oxygen uptake, Mo2max (limiting stress); Ucrit and Mo2max remained depressed even when fish were swum at pH 6.5 (zero Al). Reduced gill area compromises the aerobic scope for activity but may be an unavoidable cost of acclimation to Al.

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