scholarly journals The Effect of Ionic Copper on the Oxygen Consumption of Gammarus Pulex and Polycelis Nigra

1941 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 153-161
Author(s):  
J. R. ERICHSEN JONES
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Respiration Rate ◽  
Copper Sulphate ◽  
Muscular Activity ◽  
Gammarus Pulex ◽  
Cellular Respiration ◽  
Appreciable Effect ◽  
Normal Value ◽  
Ionic Copper ◽  
Effect Of Copper

The suggestion has been put forward that the oligodynamic action of certain heavy metals is the result of the destruction or inactivation of substances essential for cellular respiration. In a study of the effect of copper sulphate solutions on the oxygen consumption of Polycelis nigra it is found that solutions of concentration 0.001-0.01 N, fatal in 2 hr. or less, induce a marked preliminary rise in the respiration rate; this appears to be due to the inhibition of ciliary locomation and increased muscular activity. A similar increase is produced by increasing the activity of the animals by mechanical means, or by a muscle stimulant (barium chloride). Over the latter part of the survival time the respiration rate drops rapidly and disintegration of the animals begins when it falls to about 60% of the normal value. A 0.0004 N copper sulphate solutions does not inhibit ciliary locomotion, does not stimulate muscular activity, and the oxygen consumption undergoes a stedy decline. A 0.0002 N NaCN solution rapidly depresses the respiration rate to less than 20% of the normal value, but is not fatal, the animals surviving over 4 days. Hydrogen ions, at the concentrations resulting from the hydrolysis of the salt, have no appreciable effect on the oxygen consumption, but at lethal concentrations (pH 2.6, 2.8) effect a speedy depression. The results suggest that the depression of respiration rate observed is insufficient to account for the death of the animals, and is no more than a symptom of the toxic process. A similar general result was obtained in experiments with silver nitrate and mercuric chloride, and also in experiments on the comparative effect of copper sulphate and sodium cyanide solutions on the oxygen consumption of Gammarus pulex.

scholarly journals A Study of the Relative Toxicity of Anions, with Polycelis Nigra as Test Animal

1941 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 170-181
Author(s):  
J. R. ERICHSEN JONES
Keyword(s):  
Survival Time ◽  
Respiration Rate ◽  
Similar Degree ◽  
Physiological Effects ◽  
Relative Toxicity ◽  
Test Animal ◽  
Normal Value ◽  
Ionic Copper ◽  
Toxic Anion ◽  
Normal Respiration

A brief review is given of existing knowledge regarding the physiological effects of anions, and literature dealing with their relative toxicity. The degree of toxicity of twenty-seven anions to Polycelis nigra (Müller) has been assessed, by determining in each case the molar concentration the animal survives for 48 hr. at 15-18° C. On this basis their order of increasing toxicity is as follows; commas separate ions of similar degree of toxicity: Cl<ClO3, acetate, Br <CO3 <tartrate <S2O3 <SO4, SO3 <I, NO3 <PO4, BO3 <BrO3 <citrate <CNS, C2O4 <AsO4 <CrO3 <IO3 <F <Fe(CN)6, Fe(CN)5NO <NO2, CN <S<OH. Generally speaking anions are very much less toxic than cations. Even the most toxic anion (OH) is far less toxic than ionic copper, silver or gold. The respiration rate of Polycelis is heavily depressed by cyanide, but the survival time is three days or longer, as long as the respiration rate is not less than about 16% of the normal value. With further depression the survival time shortens rapidly, and at 9% normal is under 4 hr. The normal respiration rate of Polycelis nigra is 0.165 c.c. O2/g./hr. This is not very much less than that of the trout. Polycelis is considerably the more resistant to cyanide. This is probably connected with its capability of surviving very many hours in water containing a very reduced supply of oxygen.

The effect of the acanthocephalan Pomphorhynchus laevis upon the respiration of its intermediate host, Gammarus pulex

Parasitology ◽  
1974 ◽  
Vol 68 (2) ◽  
pp. 271-284 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. E. Rumpus ◽  
C. R. Kennedy
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Oxygen Uptake ◽  
Host Population ◽  
Gammarus Pulex ◽  
Multiple Infections ◽  
Pomphorhynchus Laevis ◽  
Respiration Rates ◽  
Physiological Processes ◽  
Stage Of Development ◽  
Host Parasite

The respiration rates of individual Gammarus pulex infected by larval Pomphorhynchus laevis were investigated with particular reference to the stage of development of the host and parasite and to the water temperature. At 20°C the oxygen consumption of Gammarus of all sizes was reduced by an average of 19·3 % by the presence of cystacanths of the parasite, but was unaffected by the presence of acanthellae. It is considered that the small size of this larval stage, in relation to that of its host, is responsible for the failure to detect an effect. Multiple infections did not exert any greater effect upon host respiration than single cystacanths, nor did it appear that the parasite had different effects upon hosts of different sexes. At 10°C no significant differences were observed between the respiration rates of infected and uninfected gammarids. The parasite was probably still depressing the host respiration rate at this temperature, but the oxygen uptake of G. pulex is so low that the differences between infected and uninfected individuals were too small to be detected. The parasite has a direct effect upon the physiological processes of the host, but neither the mechanism of this nor the reasons for the different effects found in different host-parasite systems are yet understood. Despite the pronounced effect of P. laevis on respiration of individual hosts, its effect upon the oxygen consumption of a natural host population is small since only a small proportion of the population carries infections and water temperatures remain below 10°C for over half the year.

Effect of growth rate on the physiological rates of a chemostat-grown rotifer Encentrum linnhei

1988 ◽  
Vol 68 (1) ◽  
pp. 165-177 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. M. Scott
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Steady State ◽  
Respiration Rate ◽  
Clearance Rate ◽  
Ingestion Rate ◽  
Physiological State ◽  
Growth Efficiency ◽  
Theoretical Figure ◽  
Marine Rotifer

The physiological rates of a normally omnivorous marine rotifer, Encentrum linnhei, were measured under the steady-state chemostat conditions in which the physiological state of the food-algae was kept constant whilst the rotifer growth rate was changed to preset levels. The specific clearance rate ranged between 50 and 100 μl/μg rotifer C/day (1.5–3.0 μ/rot/day) and varied hyperbolically with growth rate, a similar curve was obtained with the specific ingestion rate which varied between 1–2 μg C/μg rot C/day. A mean respiration rate of 0.45 μg C/μg rot C/day was obtained from oxygen consumption measurements. About 60‰ of ingested energy was found to be egested as paniculate matter and 9–4 °0 dissipated as heat, the latter comparing with a theoretical figure of 4–5‰.From rates, transfer efficiencies were obtained giving a mean net growth efficiency (K2) of 38‰ and a mean overall growth efficiency (K1 of 15‰. A curvilinear increase of Kl with growth rate contrasts with linear and hyperbolic responses found with brachionid rotifers.

The Oxygen Consumption of an Echiuroid, Bonellia Viridis Rolando

1968 ◽  
Vol 48 (2) ◽  
pp. 427-434
Author(s):  
A. E. BRAFIELD
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Body Size ◽  
Continuous Flow ◽  
Muscular Activity ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
The Body ◽  
Body Region ◽  
Rate Of Oxygen Consumption

1. The oxygen consumption of the echiuroid Bonellia viridis has been investigated by means of a continuous-flow polarographic respirometer. 2. The general rate of oxygen consumption per unit dry weight is similar to that characteristic of polychaetes, and declines exponentially with increasing body size. 3. The rate of oxygen consumption rises in the light and falls again if darkness is restored. 4. The oxygen consumption of the isolated proboscis plus that of the isolated body region corresponds closely to that of the entire animal. 5. The oxygen consumption per unit dry weight of the proboscis is considerably higher than that of the body region. 6. The oxygen consumption of an isolated body region increases in the presence of light, but that of an isolated proboscis does not. 7. These findings are discussed in relation to the biology of the animal, observed muscular activity, and the occurrence of the pigment bonellin.

Effect of Copper Sulphate Pollution and its Antidote Penicillamine on Liver and Serum Markers of Albino Rats

2021 ◽  
Vol 49 (4) ◽  
pp. 431-443
Author(s):  
Medhat Fawzy ◽  
Sara Ahmed ◽  
Tarek Khamis ◽  
Ahmed Arisha ◽  
doaa Abdel-Fattah
Keyword(s):  
Copper Sulphate ◽  
Serum Markers ◽  
Albino Rats ◽  
Effect Of Copper

Effects of bathing, passive range-of-motion exercises, and turning on oxygen consumption in healthy men and women

1994 ◽  
Vol 3 (5) ◽  
pp. 374-381 ◽  
Author(s):  
A Verderber ◽  
KJ Gallagher
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Range Of Motion ◽  
Appreciable Effect ◽  
Convenience Sample ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Healthy Men ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Oxygen Requirements ◽  
Back Care

BACKGROUND: Baseline data are needed to provide a foundation for future studies investigating the effects of various nursing interventions on the oxygen requirements of critically ill patients. OBJECTIVES: To establish reference values for the oxygen requirements of adults in response to three common patient events: a nurse-administered bed bath, passive range-of-motion exercises, and turning from side to side; and to determine whether the order in which the interventions were administered had an effect on oxygen consumption. METHODS: A convenience sample of 30 healthy men and women were randomly assigned to one of three treatment groups, for which the order in which interventions were to be administered had previously been designated. Data were analyzed using analysis of variance with repeated measures. RESULTS: There was a significant difference in the mean oxygen consumption among activities, as well as between men and women, with men having a significantly higher mean oxygen consumption than that of the women. For both men and women, the mean oxygen consumption during unassisted turning and back care was significantly higher than at baseline. The oxygen consumption for men averaged 4.25 mL/kg per minute, SD = .71 at baseline, 5.08 mL/kg per minute, SD = .98 for turning, and 4.72 mL/kg per minute, SD = .90 during back care. Women averaged 3.74 mL/kg per minute, SD = .49 at baseline, 4.48 mL/kg per minute, SD = .85 for turning, and 3.89 mL/kg per minute, SD = 1.15 during back care. Changes in oxygen consumption for other interventions were nonsignificant and negligible. Oxygen consumption returned to near baseline within 15 minutes of cessation of activity. The order in which interventions were administered did not have a significant effect on oxygen consumption. CONCLUSIONS: The anterior bath and passive range of motion exercises have minimal effect on oxygen consumption. Turning and back care significantly increase oxygen consumption from the baseline value. The order in which interventions are administered does not have any appreciable effect on oxygen consumption.

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