scholarly journals THE MUSCULAR ACTIVITY AND OXYGEN CONSUMPTION OF URECHIS CAUPO

1931 ◽  
Vol 61 (3) ◽  
pp. 400-416 ◽  
Author(s):  
VICTOR E. HALL
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Muscular Activity ◽  
Urechis Caupo

The Oxygen Consumption of an Echiuroid, Bonellia Viridis Rolando

1968 ◽  
Vol 48 (2) ◽  
pp. 427-434
Author(s):  
A. E. BRAFIELD
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Body Size ◽  
Continuous Flow ◽  
Muscular Activity ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
The Body ◽  
Body Region ◽  
Rate Of Oxygen Consumption

1. The oxygen consumption of the echiuroid Bonellia viridis has been investigated by means of a continuous-flow polarographic respirometer. 2. The general rate of oxygen consumption per unit dry weight is similar to that characteristic of polychaetes, and declines exponentially with increasing body size. 3. The rate of oxygen consumption rises in the light and falls again if darkness is restored. 4. The oxygen consumption of the isolated proboscis plus that of the isolated body region corresponds closely to that of the entire animal. 5. The oxygen consumption per unit dry weight of the proboscis is considerably higher than that of the body region. 6. The oxygen consumption of an isolated body region increases in the presence of light, but that of an isolated proboscis does not. 7. These findings are discussed in relation to the biology of the animal, observed muscular activity, and the occurrence of the pigment bonellin.

scholarly journals The Effect of Ionic Copper on the Oxygen Consumption of Gammarus Pulex and Polycelis Nigra

1941 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 153-161
Author(s):  
J. R. ERICHSEN JONES
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Respiration Rate ◽  
Copper Sulphate ◽  
Muscular Activity ◽  
Gammarus Pulex ◽  
Cellular Respiration ◽  
Appreciable Effect ◽  
Normal Value ◽  
Ionic Copper ◽  
Effect Of Copper

The suggestion has been put forward that the oligodynamic action of certain heavy metals is the result of the destruction or inactivation of substances essential for cellular respiration. In a study of the effect of copper sulphate solutions on the oxygen consumption of Polycelis nigra it is found that solutions of concentration 0.001-0.01 N, fatal in 2 hr. or less, induce a marked preliminary rise in the respiration rate; this appears to be due to the inhibition of ciliary locomation and increased muscular activity. A similar increase is produced by increasing the activity of the animals by mechanical means, or by a muscle stimulant (barium chloride). Over the latter part of the survival time the respiration rate drops rapidly and disintegration of the animals begins when it falls to about 60% of the normal value. A 0.0004 N copper sulphate solutions does not inhibit ciliary locomotion, does not stimulate muscular activity, and the oxygen consumption undergoes a stedy decline. A 0.0002 N NaCN solution rapidly depresses the respiration rate to less than 20% of the normal value, but is not fatal, the animals surviving over 4 days. Hydrogen ions, at the concentrations resulting from the hydrolysis of the salt, have no appreciable effect on the oxygen consumption, but at lethal concentrations (pH 2.6, 2.8) effect a speedy depression. The results suggest that the depression of respiration rate observed is insufficient to account for the death of the animals, and is no more than a symptom of the toxic process. A similar general result was obtained in experiments with silver nitrate and mercuric chloride, and also in experiments on the comparative effect of copper sulphate and sodium cyanide solutions on the oxygen consumption of Gammarus pulex.

Inhibition of shivering in hypothermic seals during diving

2005 ◽  
Vol 289 (2) ◽  
pp. R326-R331 ◽  
Author(s):  
Petter H. Kvadsheim ◽  
Lars P. Folkow ◽  
Arnoldus Schytte Blix
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Body Temperature ◽  
Cold Water ◽  
Brain Temperature ◽  
Muscular Activity ◽  
Emg Activity ◽  
Ambient Temperatures ◽  
Metabolic Heat ◽  
Cystophora Cristata ◽  
Increase Oxygen Consumption

The mammalian response to hypothermia is increased metabolic heat production, usually by way of muscular activity, such as shivering. Seals, however, have been reported to respond to diving with hypothermia, which in other mammals under other circumstances would have elicited vigorous shivering. In the diving situation, shivering could be counterproductive, because it obviously would increase oxygen consumption and therefore reduce diving capacity. We have measured the electromyographic (EMG) activity of three different muscles and the rectal and brain temperature of hooded seals ( Cystophora cristata) while they were exposed to low ambient temperatures in a climatic chamber and while they performed a series of experimental dives in cold water. In air, the seals had a normal mammalian shivering response to cold. Muscles were recruited in a sequential manner until body temperature stopped dropping. Shivering was initiated when rectal temperature fell below 35.3 ± 0.6°C ( n = 6). In the hypothermic diving seal, however, the EMG activity in all of the muscles that had been shivering vigorously before submergence was much reduced, or stopped altogether, whereas it increased again upon emergence but was again reduced if diving was repeated. We conclude that shivering is inhibited during diving to allow a decrease in body temperature whereby oxygen consumption is decreased and diving capacity is extended.

Effects of restraint on oxygen consumption of the cold exposed guinea pig

1959 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 46-48 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. G. Bartlett
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Data Collection ◽  
Guinea Pig ◽  
Heat Loss ◽  
Heat Production ◽  
Guinea Pigs ◽  
Muscular Activity ◽  
Physiological Changes

The oxygen consumption of cold exposed, restrained guinea pigs is significantly greater than that of cold exposed, nonrestrained controls. Similar observations have been made for the rat ( Canad. J. Biochem. & Physiol. 33:654, 1955). These data strongly suggest that heat production is greater in the restrained animal than in the nonrestrained control. The hypothermia, then, accompanying restraint in the cold cannot be laid to a decreased muscular activity (muscular activity is actually increased) and a consequently lessened heat production, as suggested by some ( J. Appl. Physiol. 12:214, 1958). It must be due, as demonstrated for the rat ( Am. J. Physiol. 193:557, 1958), to an increased rate of heat loss. The marked physiological changes accompanying restraint should serve as a warning to the investigator who uses restraint for convenience in data collection. Submitted on July 11, 1958

Temperature regulation and cold acclimation in the golden hamster

1965 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 405-410 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hermann Pohl
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Body Temperature ◽  
Ambient Temperature ◽  
Cold Acclimation ◽  
Heat Production ◽  
Golden Hamster ◽  
Thermal Conductance ◽  
Muscular Activity ◽  
The Body ◽  
Ambient Temperatures

Characteristics of cold acclimation in the golden hamster, Mesocricetus auratus, were 1) higher metabolic rate at -30 C, 2) less shivering when related to ambient temperature or oxygen consumption, and 3) higher differences in body temperature between cardiac area and thoracic subcutaneous tissues at all ambient temperatures tested, indicating changes in tissue insulation. Cold-acclimated hamsters also showed a rise in temperature of the cardiac area when ambient temperature was below 15 C. Changes in heat distribution in cold-acclimated hamsters suggest higher blood flow and heat production in the thoracic part of the body in the cold. The thermal conductance through the thoracic and lumbar muscle areas, however, did not change notably with lowering ambient temperature. Marked differences in thermoregulatory response to cold after cold acclimation were found between two species, the golden hamster and the thirteen-lined ground squirrel, showing greater ability to regulate body temperature in the cold in hamsters. hibernator; oxygen consumption— heat production; body temperature — heat conductance; muscular activity — shivering; thermoregulation Submitted on July 6, 1964

Effect of hypothyroidism on tolerance of rats to heat

1963 ◽  
Vol 204 (6) ◽  
pp. 1039-1044 ◽  
Author(s):  
Melvin J. Fregly ◽  
Kenneth M. Cook ◽  
Arthur B. Otis
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
Heat Production ◽  
Heat Exposure ◽  
Muscular Activity ◽  
Heat Conductance ◽  
Lower Heat ◽  
Do Control ◽  
Colonic Temperature ◽  
Skin Temperatures

Hypothyroid (propylthiouracil-treated) rats show slower rates of rise of both colonic and skin temperatures than do control rats when both groups are restrained and exposed to air at 40 C. The increased tolerance to heat does not appear to be associated with increased heat conductance through skin but rather with lower heat production (oxygen consumption). Metabolic rate of hypothyroid rats decreases slightly during heat exposure while that of controls increases. When both groups are compared at the same colonic temperatures during heating, the metabolic rate of hypothyroid rats is significantly less than that of controls. The lower metabolic rate may be a reflection of the lower level of spontaneous muscular activity observed in these animals during heating. The greater tolerance of hypothyroid rats to heat thus appears to be associated with an ability to resist an increase in heat production as colonic temperature rises.

Thermoregulation and cold acclimation in a hibernator, Citellus tridecemlincatus

1965 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 398-404 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hermann Pohl ◽  
J. Sanford Hart
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Body Temperature ◽  
Cold Acclimation ◽  
Heat Production ◽  
Natural Habitat ◽  
Thermal Conductance ◽  
Muscular Activity ◽  
Local Heat ◽  
Ground Squirrels ◽  
Production Body

In the thirteen-lined ground squirrel, Citellus tridecemlineatus, the maintenance of body temperature and oxygen consumption in the cold is improved by acclimation to 18 and 6 C in the laboratory. Heat production at -30 C was greater in animals acclimated to 6 C, whether or not they had been previously hibernating, than in squirrels kept at 28 C. Oxygen consumption was correlated to body weight0.41. This relationship was not significantly affected by changes in ambient temperature. Local heat flow from the dorsal thorax was similar at a given temperature in all acclimation groups but the thermal conductance was greater and the cardiac-subcutaneous temperature difference was smaller in squirrels acclimated to 6 and 18 C. Although shivering was equally high in warm- and cold-acclimated ground squirrels in the cold, nonshivering thermogenesis occurred in curarized cold-acclimated animals exposed to cold or injected with noradrenaline. The results of the study suggest that ground squirrels are regularly exposed to temperatures in their natural habitat which induce considerable cold acclimation. oxygen consumption—heat production; body temperature—heat conductance; muscular activity Submitted on July 6, 1964

Quantitation of oxygen consumption and spontaneous muscular activity of the rat

1961 ◽  
Vol 16 (6) ◽  
pp. 982-990 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pietro O. Bramante
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
Basal Metabolic Rate ◽  
Muscular Activity ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Albino Rats ◽  
Metabolic Rates ◽  
Albino Rat ◽  
Activity Data ◽  
A New Technique

Oxygen consumption (Vo2) and spontaneous muscular activity of albino rats, recorded with apparatus previously described and quantitated with a new technique, exhibited highly significant correlations when paired in successive 10-min periods with a 5-min lag of Vo2 ( y) in respect to spontaneous muscular activity ( x). Since fasting and nonfasting male rats of different weights (range: 156—462 g) showed at perfect rest a quite narrow scatter of metabolic rates ( y = yaKgb ± 6% se) and since y was linearly correlated with x (se = 7.1% fasting; 5.5% nonfasting), theoretical Vo2 values could be predicted from y = Kgyb( m + nx) when the appropriate value of b, experimentally found (in this case 0.48), was used. In two-thirds of the observations the lowest 5-min values of Vo2 did not represent the true basal metabolic rate of the animal since they coincided with variable amounts of spontaneous activity. Data show that the basal metabolic rate of the albino rat is more predictable than generally admitted. Submitted on May 26, 1961

Ventilatory Responses During Muscular Activity in Normal, Thyroidectomized and Thyroxinized Rats

1958 ◽  
Vol 195 (1) ◽  
pp. 229-232 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frederick F. Kao ◽  
Barbara B. Schlig
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Muscular Activity ◽  
Rate Of Change ◽  
Albino Rats ◽  
Pentobarbital Sodium ◽  
Ventilatory Responses ◽  
Ventilatory Equivalent ◽  
Wistar Albino Rats ◽  
Pentobarbital Sodium Anesthesia ◽  
The Relationship

Ventilation and oxygen consumption of Wistar albino rats under pentobarbital sodium anesthesia were determined by means of a microspirometer at rest and during induced muscular exercise employing a 60-cycle alternating current modulated sinusoidally. The study was carried out in untreated, thyroidectomized and thyroxinized rats. The resting ventilatory equivalent for oxygen (VEo2) were 21.53 ± 1.25 (mean ± S.E.), 15.42 ± 1.22 and 27.61 ± 1.62, respectively, and were significantly different from one another. The relationship between ventilation (V, ml/min. BTPS) and oxygen consumption (O2, ml/min. STPD) in these three groups both at rest and during the steady state of exercise was as follows: in normal rats, V = 18.37 O2 + 24.64; in thyroidectomized rats, V = 19.52 O2 – 4.49, and in thyroxinized rats, V = 29.96 O2 – 2.1. The slopes of these fitted lines were revealed to be different in position, with that of normal rats placed between that of thyroxinized rats (highest) and that of thyroidectomized rats (lowest). In addition, the line for the thyroxinized rats has a higher slope than the others, which signifies that the rate of change in ventilation as a function of oxygen consumption is greater.

THE EFFECT OF MUSCLE STRENGTH AND AEROBIC FUNCTION IN THE ELDERLY ACCORDING TO EXERCISE LOAD PATTERN USING INDOOR SMALL CYCLING SYSTEM

2018 ◽  
Vol 18 (08) ◽  
pp. 1840040
Author(s):  
SEUNG-ROK KANG ◽  
YOUNG-CHOON LEE ◽  
CHUL-UN HONG ◽  
CHANG HO YU ◽  
TAE-KYU KWON
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Muscle Strength ◽  
Muscular Activity ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Gas Analysis ◽  
Lower Limbs ◽  
Trunk Muscles ◽  
Exercise Load ◽  
Cycle System ◽  
Aerobic Function

We were investigating the muscle strength and aerobic function effect on the aged according to active and passive load using compact cycle system. We recruited twenty old participants and they performed shoulder rotating, upper cycling and lower cycling exercise. We measured the muscular activity, respiratory gas analysis and body heat. The result of muscular activity showed that the passive load could cause muscular activity at 15.4–65.9% compared to active load. We thought that the passive exercise could provide the prevention of spasticity and maintain effect of remaining muscle function in the elderly by caused muscular activity over 50%. The result of oxygen consumption showed that it is the active exercise that used the bigger oxygen consumption at 42.4% during lower cycling. We thought that the active exercise used the big muscles of lower limbs including trunk muscles during lower cycling. The result of body temperature showed that it rises with increase in oxygen consumption and heart rate, and it increased the bigger for lower cycling. The foundation of this study could apply to fundamental research for developing exercise load of indoor rehabilitation exercise system with convenience and easy use to the elderly.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document