scholarly journals The effects of three-dimensional gap orientation on bridging performance and behavior of brown tree snakes (Boiga irregularis)

2012 ◽  
Vol 215 (15) ◽  
pp. 2611-2620 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Byrnes ◽  
B. C. Jayne
Keyword(s):  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Boiga Irregularis ◽  
Brown Tree Snakes ◽  
And Behavior

scholarly journals A three-dimensional bioprinted model to evaluate the effect of stiffness on neuroblastoma cell cluster dynamics and behavior

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ezequiel Monferrer ◽  
Susana Martín-Vañó ◽  
Aitor Carretero ◽  
Andrea García-Lizarribar ◽  
Rebeca Burgos-Panadero ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Neuroblastoma Cell ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Cell Cluster ◽  
And Behavior

scholarly journals Multiple Functional Solutions During Flightless to Flight-Capable Transitions

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ashley M. Heers ◽  
Stephanie L. Varghese ◽  
Leila K. Hatier ◽  
Jeremiah J. Cabrera
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Muscle Size ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Ontogenetic Changes ◽  
Skeletal Morphology ◽  
Avian Flight ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Locomotor Behaviors ◽  
And Behavior

The evolution of avian flight is one of the great transformations in vertebrate history, marked by striking anatomical changes that presumably help meet the demands of aerial locomotion. These changes did not occur simultaneously, and are challenging to decipher. Although extinct theropods are most often compared to adult birds, studies show that developing birds can uniquely address certain challenges and provide powerful insights into the evolution of avian flight: unlike adults, immature birds have rudimentary, somewhat “dinosaur-like” flight apparatuses and can reveal relationships between form, function, performance, and behavior during flightless to flight-capable transitions. Here, we focus on the musculoskeletal apparatus and use CT scans coupled with a three-dimensional musculoskeletal modeling approach to analyze how ontogenetic changes in skeletal anatomy influence muscle size, leverage, orientation, and corresponding function during the development of flight in a precocial ground bird (Alectoris chukar). Our results demonstrate that immature and adult birds use different functional solutions to execute similar locomotor behaviors: in spite of dramatic changes in skeletal morphology, muscle paths and subsequent functions are largely maintained through ontogeny, because shifts in one bone are offset by changes in others. These findings help provide a viable mechanism for how extinct winged theropods with rudimentary pectoral skeletons might have achieved bird-like behaviors before acquiring fully bird-like anatomies. These findings also emphasize the importance of a holistic, whole-body perspective, and the need for extant validation of extinct behaviors and performance. As empirical studies on locomotor ontogeny accumulate, it is becoming apparent that traditional, isolated interpretations of skeletal anatomy mask the reality that integrated whole systems function in frequently unexpected yet effective ways. Collaborative and integrative efforts that address this challenge will surely strengthen our exploration of life and its evolutionary history.

scholarly journals Potential Economic Damage from Introduction of Brown Tree Snakes, Boiga irregularis (Reptilia: Colubridae), to the Islands of Hawai'i

2010 ◽  
Vol 64 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephanie A. Shwiff ◽  
Karen Gebhardt ◽  
Katy N. Kirkpatrick ◽  
Steven S. Shwiff
Keyword(s):  
Economic Damage ◽  
Boiga Irregularis ◽  
Brown Tree Snakes

scholarly journals Mining the Information for Structure Based Drug Designing by Relational Database Management Notion

2009 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 1047-1054
Author(s):  
R. Balajee ◽  
M. S. Dhanarajan
Keyword(s):  
Drug Discovery ◽  
Drug Targets ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Structure Based Drug Design ◽  
Molecular Systems ◽  
Drug Discovery Program ◽  
And Behavior

Structure based drug design is a technique that is used in the initial stages of a drug discovery program. The role of various computational methods in the characterization of the chemical properties and behavior of molecular systems is discussed. The field of bioinformatics has become a major part of the drug discovery pipeline playing a key role for validating drug targets. By integrating data from many inter-related yet heterogeneous resources, informatics can help in our understanding of complex biological processes and help improve drug discovery. The determination of the three dimensional properties of small molecules and macromolecular receptor structures is a core activity in the efforts towards a better understanding of structure-activity relationships.

scholarly journals Three-Dimensional Printed PLA and PLA/PHA Dumbbell-Shaped Specimens: Material Defects and Their Impact on Degradation Behavior

Materials ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (8) ◽  
pp. 2005 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joanna Rydz ◽  
Jakub Włodarczyk ◽  
Jennifer Gonzalez Ausejo ◽  
Marta Musioł ◽  
Wanda Sikorska ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Hydrolytic Degradation ◽  
Processing Parameters ◽  
Polymer Materials ◽  
Original Research ◽  
Polymer Properties ◽  
Subsequent Behavior ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Printing Direction

The use of (bio)degradable polymers, especially in medical applications, requires a proper understanding of their properties and behavior in various environments. Structural elements made of such polymers may be exposed to changing environmental conditions, which may cause defects. That is why it is so important to determine the effect of processing conditions on polymer properties and also their subsequent behavior during degradation. This paper presents original research on a specimen’s damage during 70 days of hydrolytic degradation. During a standard hydrolytic degradation study of polylactide and polylactide/polyhydroxyalkanoate dumbbell-shaped specimens obtained by 3D printing with two different processing build directions, exhibited unexpected shrinkage phenomena in the last degradation series, representing approximately 50% of the length of the specimens irrespective of the printing direction. Therefore, the continuation of previous ex-ante research of advanced polymer materials is presented to identify any possible defects before they arise and to minimize the potential failures of novel polymer products during their use and also during degradation. Studies on the impact of a specific processing method, i.e., processing parameters and conditions, on the properties expressed in molar mass and thermal properties changes of specimens obtained by three-dimensional printing from polyester-based filaments, and in particular on the occurrence of unexpected shrinkage phenomena after post-processing heat treatment, are presented.

ON THE CONVERGENCE AND BEHAVIOR OF THREE DIMENSIONAL NORMAL FORMS

2006 ◽  
Vol 39 (8) ◽  
pp. 239-244
Author(s):  
Wei Kang ◽  
Boumediene Hamzi ◽  
Arthur J. Krener
Keyword(s):  
Normal Forms ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
And Behavior

Cardiopulmonary Effects and Efficacy of Propofol as an Anesthetic Agent in Brown Tree Snakes, Boiga irregularis

1999 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 9-17 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nancy L. Anderson ◽  
Raymund F. Wack ◽  
Liz Calloway ◽  
Thomas E. Hetherington ◽  
Joseph B. Williams
Keyword(s):  
Anesthetic Agent ◽  
Boiga Irregularis ◽  
Brown Tree Snakes

scholarly journals Anthropocene rockfalls travel farther than prehistoric predecessors

2016 ◽  
Vol 2 (9) ◽  
pp. e1600969 ◽  
Author(s):  
Josh Walter Borella ◽  
Mark Quigley ◽  
Louise Vick
Keyword(s):  
Numerical Models ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Anthropogenic Activity ◽  
Native Forest ◽  
Rockfall Hazard ◽  
Geologic Hazards ◽  
Human Modification ◽  
Before And After ◽  
European Colonization ◽  
And Behavior

Human modification of natural landscapes has influenced surface processes in many settings on Earth. Quantitative data comparing the distribution and behavior of geologic phenomena before and after human arrival are sparse but urgently required to evaluate possible anthropogenic influences on geologic hazards. We conduct field and imagery-based mapping, statistical analysis, and numerical modeling of rockfall boulders triggered by the fatal 2011 Christchurch earthquakes (n= 285) and newly identified prehistoric (Holocene and Pleistocene) boulders (n= 1049). Prehistoric and modern boulders are lithologically equivalent, derived from the same source cliff, and yield consistent power-law frequency-volume distributions. However, a significant population of modern boulders (n= 26) traveled farther downslope (>150 m) than their most-traveled prehistoric counterparts, causing extensive damage to residential dwellings at the foot of the hillslope. Replication of prehistoric boulder distributions using three-dimensional rigid-body numerical models that incorporate lidar-derived digital topography and realistic boulder trajectories and volumes requires the application of a drag coefficient, attributed to moderate to dense slope vegetation, to account for their spatial distribution. Incorporating a spatially variable native forest into the models successfully predicts prehistoric rockfall distributions. Radiocarbon dating provides evidence for 17th to early 20th century deforestation at the study site during Polynesian and European colonization and after emplacement of prehistoric rockfall. Anthropocene deforestation enabled modern rockfalls to exceed the limits of their prehistoric predecessors, highlighting a shift in the geologic expression of rockfalls due to anthropogenic activity. Reforestation of hillslopes by mature native vegetation could help reduce future rockfall hazard.

The oral and dermal toxicity of selected chemicals to brown tree snakes (Boiga irregularis)

1998 ◽  
Vol 25 (4) ◽  
pp. 427 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joe E. Brooks ◽  
Peter J. Savarie ◽  
John J. Johnston
Keyword(s):  
Propylene Glycol ◽  
Piperonyl Butoxide ◽  
Boiga Irregularis ◽  
Dermal Toxicity ◽  
Oral Toxicity ◽  
Brown Tree Snakes ◽  
Oral Doses

We evaluated the oral and dermal toxicity of 18 chemicals to brown tree snakes (Boiga irregularis). Chemicals that produced mortality when dosed orally were rotenone, propoxur, natural pyrethrins, allethrin, resmethrin, diphacinone, warfarin, and aspirin. The lowest oral doses that gave 100% mortality were: rotenone, 2.5 mg kg-1; pyrethrins, 40 mg kg-1; propoxur, 40 mg kg-1; diphacinone, 80 mg kg-1; and aspirin, 1280 mg kg-1. Allethrin, resmethrin, and warfarin produced 80% mortality at 40 mg kg-1, the highest dose tested. Materials given orally that produced little mortality were permethrin, fenvalerate, and carbaryl; those giving no mortality were phenothrin, tetramethrin, piperonyl butoxide, propylene glycol, and cholecalciferol. Chemicals that produced mortality when applied dermally at doses of 40 mg kg-1 were rotenone, nicotine, propoxur, natural pyrethrins, allethrin, and resmethrin; those that gave no mortality were permethrin, fenvalerate, phenothrin, tetramethrin, piperonyl butoxide, and diphacinone. Rotenone, at 10 mg kg-1, and nicotine, at 40 mg kg-1, were the most toxic dermally, killing all tested snakes. Piperonyl butoxide enhanced the oral toxicity of allethrin and resmethrin and the dermal activity of resmethrin; it did not enhance the activity of natural pyrethrins either orally or dermally.

scholarly journals Trapping strategies for deterring the spread of Brown Tree Snakes from Guam

1998 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 348 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard M. Engeman ◽  
Michael A. Linnell
Keyword(s):  
Pacific Islands ◽  
Health Hazard ◽  
Economic Problem ◽  
Planning Tool ◽  
Boiga Irregularis ◽  
Terrestrial Vertebrates ◽  
Brown Tree Snake ◽  
Brown Tree Snakes ◽  
Trap Placement ◽  
Accidental Introduction

The accidental introduction of the Brown Tree Snake Boiga irregularis to Guam has resulted in the extirpation of most of the island's native terrestrial vertebrates, has presented a health hazard to infants and children, and also has produced an economic problem. Prevention of its dispersal through Guam's cargo traffic to other Pacific islands has become a high environmental priority. Trapping around ports and other cargo staging areas is central to an integrated pest management programme designed to deter dispersal of the species. In this study, perimeter trapping of forested plots characteristic of those found in port areas was found to be the most effective trap placement strategy, although trap lines cut through the plot interior or placed along a single plot boundary were also effective. Snake removal potentially can be modelled using an exponential decay over time, providing the manager with a planning tool. Population recovery of Brown Tree Snakes in trapped plots was found to be slow in the fragmented forested habitats found around ports.

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