The oral and dermal toxicity of selected chemicals to brown tree snakes (Boiga irregularis)

1998 ◽  
Vol 25 (4) ◽  
pp. 427 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joe E. Brooks ◽  
Peter J. Savarie ◽  
John J. Johnston
Keyword(s):  
Propylene Glycol ◽  
Piperonyl Butoxide ◽  
Boiga Irregularis ◽  
Dermal Toxicity ◽  
Oral Toxicity ◽  
Brown Tree Snakes ◽  
Oral Doses

We evaluated the oral and dermal toxicity of 18 chemicals to brown tree snakes (Boiga irregularis). Chemicals that produced mortality when dosed orally were rotenone, propoxur, natural pyrethrins, allethrin, resmethrin, diphacinone, warfarin, and aspirin. The lowest oral doses that gave 100% mortality were: rotenone, 2.5 mg kg-1; pyrethrins, 40 mg kg-1; propoxur, 40 mg kg-1; diphacinone, 80 mg kg-1; and aspirin, 1280 mg kg-1. Allethrin, resmethrin, and warfarin produced 80% mortality at 40 mg kg-1, the highest dose tested. Materials given orally that produced little mortality were permethrin, fenvalerate, and carbaryl; those giving no mortality were phenothrin, tetramethrin, piperonyl butoxide, propylene glycol, and cholecalciferol. Chemicals that produced mortality when applied dermally at doses of 40 mg kg-1 were rotenone, nicotine, propoxur, natural pyrethrins, allethrin, and resmethrin; those that gave no mortality were permethrin, fenvalerate, phenothrin, tetramethrin, piperonyl butoxide, and diphacinone. Rotenone, at 10 mg kg-1, and nicotine, at 40 mg kg-1, were the most toxic dermally, killing all tested snakes. Piperonyl butoxide enhanced the oral toxicity of allethrin and resmethrin and the dermal activity of resmethrin; it did not enhance the activity of natural pyrethrins either orally or dermally.

Acute and subacute oral toxicity of propylene glycol enantiomers in mice and the underlying nephrotoxic mechanism

2021 ◽  
pp. 118050
Author(s):  
Yixi Zhou ◽  
Xijing Zhao ◽  
Weiping Hu ◽  
Fengkai Ruan ◽  
Chengyong He ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Propylene Glycol ◽  
Oral Toxicity

scholarly journals Assessment of Acute Oral and Dermal Toxicity of 2 Ethyl-Carbamates with Activity againstRhipicephalus microplusin Rats

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
María Guadalupe Prado-Ochoa ◽  
Ricardo Alfonso Gutiérrez-Amezquita ◽  
Víctor Hugo Abrego-Reyes ◽  
Ana María Velázquez-Sánchez ◽  
Marco Antonio Muñoz-Guzmán ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Maximum Dose ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Dermal Toxicity ◽  
Severe Damage ◽  
Coagulative Necrosis ◽  
Gamma Glutamyltransferase ◽  
Oral Doses ◽  
Dermal Application

The acute oral and dermal toxicity of two new ethyl-carbamates (ethyl-4-bromophenyl-carbamate and ethyl-4-chlorophenyl-carbamate) with ixodicide activity was determined in rats. The oral LD50of each carbamate was 300 to 2000 mg/kg, and the dermal LD50of each carbamate was >5000 mg/kg. Clinically, the surviving rats that had received oral doses of each carbamate showed decreased weight gain (P<0.05) and had slight nervous system manifestations. These clinical signs were evident from the 300 mg/kg dose and were reversible, whereas the 2000 mg/kg dose caused severe damage and either caused their death or was motive for euthanasia. At necropsy, these rats had dilated stomachs and cecums with diffuse congestion, as well as moderate congestion of the liver. Histologically, the liver showed slight degenerative lesions, binucleated hepatocytes, focal coagulative necrosis, and congestion areas; the severity of the lesions increased with dosage. Furthermore, an slight increase in gamma-glutamyltransferase, lactate dehydrogenase, and creatinine was observed in the plasma. The dermal application of the maximum dose (5000 mg/kg) of each carbamate did not cause clinical manifestations or liver and skin alterations. This finding demonstrates that the carbamates under study have a low oral hazard and low acute dermal toxicity.

scholarly journals 2: Final Report on the Safety Assessment of Glyceryl Ricinoleate

1988 ◽  
Vol 7 (6) ◽  
pp. 721-739 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Ricinoleic Acid ◽  
Castor Oil ◽  
Safety Assessment ◽  
Skin Irritation ◽  
Ultraviolet Spectrum ◽  
Toxicity Tests ◽  
Final Report ◽  
Dermal Toxicity ◽  
Oral Toxicity ◽  
Patch Tests

Glyceryl Ricinoleate is the monoester of glycerol and ricinoleic acid. Castor oil contains 87–90% Glycerol Ricinoleate. Ricinoleic acid is metabolized by both β-oxidation and α-oxidation. Acute oral toxicity tests in mice indicated that Glyceryl Ricinoleate has an LD50 greater than 25.0 ml/kg and is, at most, mildly irritating to unrinsed rabbit eyes. This ingredient was not a primary skin irritant. Castor oil was nonmutagenic by the Ames test. Ricinoleic acid was not a carcinogen when tested in mice. In human single-insult occlusive patch tests, no indication of skin irritation potential was observed in the two products containing 5.6% Glyceryl Ricinoleate. The available data on Glyceryl Ricinoleate were insufficient to determine whether this ingredient, under each relevant condition of use, was either safe or not safe. The types of data required before a decision can be made include: (1) 28 day chronic dermal toxicity in guinea pigs, and (2) clinical sensitization and photosensitization studies (or an appropriate ultraviolet spectrum instead of the photosensitization data).

scholarly journals Potential Economic Damage from Introduction of Brown Tree Snakes, Boiga irregularis (Reptilia: Colubridae), to the Islands of Hawai'i

2010 ◽  
Vol 64 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephanie A. Shwiff ◽  
Karen Gebhardt ◽  
Katy N. Kirkpatrick ◽  
Steven S. Shwiff
Keyword(s):  
Economic Damage ◽  
Boiga Irregularis ◽  
Brown Tree Snakes

scholarly journals In Vivo Wound Healing Activity of Abrus cantoniensis Extract

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qi Zeng ◽  
Hui Xie ◽  
Hongjin Song ◽  
Fayu Nie ◽  
Jiahua Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Wound Healing ◽  
Chemical Constituents ◽  
Blood Stasis ◽  
Acute Oral Toxicity ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Dermal Toxicity ◽  
Oral Toxicity ◽  
Incision Wound ◽  
Wound Healing Activity

Abrus cantoniensis (Leguminosae sp.) is a traditionally used remedy for treating rheumatism, blood stasis, and internal injuries. In order to reveal a new insight of the utilization of the plant, solvent extraction by ethyl acetate (EA) was performed in order to evaluate the plant extracts’ in vivo excision and incision-wound potentials with models. The contents of the EA fraction, wound healing activity, acute oral toxicity, and acute dermal toxicity were studied. As a result, the main chemical constituents of the EA fraction were alkaloids, flavonoids, and steroids. The acute oral toxicity test results and assessment of skin hypoallergenicity showed that the plant extract was safe at LD50 as high as 5000 mg/kg. Both excision and incision model tests results indicated that the EA fraction of A. cantoniensis showed a significant wound healing capacity at a concentration of 5% (v/w) (p<0.01) as observed by the increased wound contraction, decreased epithelialization time, and increased hydroxyproline content compared to the ones of the controls. The present study showed that the EA fraction of A. cantoniensis possesses potential wound healing activities and provided recent results for the use of A. cantoniensis for wound curing.

Cardiopulmonary Effects and Efficacy of Propofol as an Anesthetic Agent in Brown Tree Snakes, Boiga irregularis

1999 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 9-17 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nancy L. Anderson ◽  
Raymund F. Wack ◽  
Liz Calloway ◽  
Thomas E. Hetherington ◽  
Joseph B. Williams
Keyword(s):  
Anesthetic Agent ◽  
Boiga Irregularis ◽  
Brown Tree Snakes

5 Final Report on the Safety Assessment of Propylene Glycol Stearate and Propylene Glycol Stearate Self-Emulsifying

1983 ◽  
Vol 2 (5) ◽  
pp. 101-124 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Propylene Glycol ◽  
Safety Assessment ◽  
Animal Studies ◽  
Skin Irritation ◽  
Final Report ◽  
Cosmetic Products ◽  
Dermal Toxicity ◽  
Cosmetic Ingredients ◽  
Available Information

Propylene Glycol Stearates (PGS) are a mixture of the mono- and diesters of triple-pressed stearic acid and propylene glycol and are used in a wide variety of cosmetic products. Studies with 14C-labeled PGS show that it is readily metabolized following ingestion. In rats, the acute oral LD50 has been shown to be approximately 25.8 g/kg. The raw ingredient produced no significant dermal toxicity, skin irritation, or eye irritation in acute tests with rabbits. Subchronic animal studies produced no evidence of oral or dermal toxicity. Propylene glycol monostea-rate was negative in in vitro microbial assays for mutagenicity. In clinical studies, PGS produced no significant skin irritation at concentrations up to 55% nor skin sensitization on formulations containing 2.5%. Photo-contact allergenicity tests on product formulations containing 1.5% PGS were negative. From the available information, it is concluded that Propylene Glycol Stearates are safe as cosmetic ingredients in the present practices of use.

Toxicological and Safety Evaluation of Bacillus subtilis Strain Tpb55

2013 ◽  
Vol 807-809 ◽  
pp. 1947-1953
Author(s):  
Cheng Wei Zhang ◽  
Yu Qin Zhang ◽  
Jia Ming Gao
Keyword(s):  
Animal Experiments ◽  
Safety Evaluation ◽  
Micronucleus Assay ◽  
Mutagenic Effect ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Dermal Toxicity ◽  
Testing Methods ◽  
Oral Toxicity ◽  
Rabbit Skin ◽  
Low Toxicity

The toxicological safety of Bacillus subtilis strain Tpb55 was evaluated according to the Toxicological Testing Methods for Pesticide Registration (GB 15670~1995) by animal experiments. The results showed that the LD50 of acute oral toxicity of Tpb55 was greater than 5,000 mg/kg; the acute dermal toxicity LD50 was over 5,000 mg/kg. No irritation to rabbit skin and eye was found, and the average index of eye irritation after 48 h was 0. Thus, it can be concluded that the acute toxicity of Tpb55 administered orally or dermally was proved to be at a lower level, with no irritations to rabbit skin and eye. Its dermal hypersusceptibility rate was zero for the guinea pigs, so that Tpb55 belongs to a weak sensitizer of grade I. There were no significant differences between the experimental groups and the control group in micronucleus assay and sperm shape abnormality. Therefore, Tpb55 strain is a safe biological bacterium with low toxicity, no irritation, no sensitization and no mutagenic effect.

scholarly journals Trapping strategies for deterring the spread of Brown Tree Snakes from Guam

1998 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 348 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard M. Engeman ◽  
Michael A. Linnell
Keyword(s):  
Pacific Islands ◽  
Health Hazard ◽  
Economic Problem ◽  
Planning Tool ◽  
Boiga Irregularis ◽  
Terrestrial Vertebrates ◽  
Brown Tree Snake ◽  
Brown Tree Snakes ◽  
Trap Placement ◽  
Accidental Introduction

The accidental introduction of the Brown Tree Snake Boiga irregularis to Guam has resulted in the extirpation of most of the island's native terrestrial vertebrates, has presented a health hazard to infants and children, and also has produced an economic problem. Prevention of its dispersal through Guam's cargo traffic to other Pacific islands has become a high environmental priority. Trapping around ports and other cargo staging areas is central to an integrated pest management programme designed to deter dispersal of the species. In this study, perimeter trapping of forested plots characteristic of those found in port areas was found to be the most effective trap placement strategy, although trap lines cut through the plot interior or placed along a single plot boundary were also effective. Snake removal potentially can be modelled using an exponential decay over time, providing the manager with a planning tool. Population recovery of Brown Tree Snakes in trapped plots was found to be slow in the fragmented forested habitats found around ports.

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