scholarly journals Pushing the limit: masticatory stress and adaptive plasticity in mammalian craniomandibular joints

2007 ◽  
Vol 210 (4) ◽  
pp. 628-641 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. J. Ravosa ◽  
R. Kunwar ◽  
S. R. Stock ◽  
M. S. Stack
Keyword(s):  
Adaptive Plasticity ◽  
Masticatory Stress

Local and Global Costs of Adaptive Plasticity to Density in Arabidopsis thaliana

2006 ◽  
Vol 167 (6) ◽  
pp. 826
Author(s):  
Weinig ◽  
Johnston ◽  
German ◽  
Demink
Keyword(s):  
Arabidopsis Thaliana ◽  
Adaptive Plasticity

scholarly journals Adaptive response to a future life challenge: consequences of early-life environmental complexity in dual-purpose chicks

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (11) ◽  
Author(s):  
Chao Yan ◽  
Kate Hartcher ◽  
Wen Liu ◽  
Jinlong Xiao ◽  
Hai Xiang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Early Life ◽  
Plasma Corticosterone ◽  
Adaptive Plasticity ◽  
Environmental Complexity ◽  
Dual Purpose ◽  
Stress Related Genes ◽  
Life Challenge ◽  
Environmental Challenge

Abstract Conditions in early life play profound and long-lasting effects on the welfare and adaptability to stress of chickens. This study aimed to explore the hypothesis that the provision of environmental complexity in early life improves birds’ adaptive plasticity and ability to cope with a challenge later in life. It also tried to investigate the effect of the gut-brain axis by measuring behavior, stress hormone, gene expression, and gut microbiota. One-day-old chicks were split into 3 groups: (1) a barren environment (without enrichment items) group (BG, n = 40), (2) a litter materials group (LG, n = 40), and (3) a perches with litter materials group (PLG, n = 40). Then, enrichment items were removed and simulated as an environmental challenge at 31 to 53 d of age. Birds were subjected to a predator test at 42 d of age. In the environmental challenge, when compared with LG, PLG birds were characterized by decreased fearfulness, lower plasma corticosterone, improved gut microbial functions, lower relative mRNA expression of GR, and elevated mRNA expressions of stress-related genes CRH, BDNF, and NR2A in the hypothalamus (all P < 0.05). Unexpectedly, the opposite was true for the LG birds when compared with the BG (P < 0.05). Decreased plasma corticosterone and fearfulness were accompanied by altered hypothalamic gene mRNA expressions of BDNF, NR2A, GR, and CRH through the HPA axis in response to altered gut microbial compositions and functions. The findings suggest that gut microbiota may integrate fearfulness, plasma corticosterone, and gene expression in the hypothalamus to provide an insight into the gut-brain axis in chicks. In conclusion, having access to both perches and litter materials in early life allowed birds to cope better with a future challenge. Birds in perches and litter materials environment may have optimal development and adaptive plasticity through the gut-brain axis.

scholarly journals Heterokairy: a significant form of developmental plasticity?

2016 ◽  
Vol 12 (9) ◽  
pp. 20160509 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. D. Rundle ◽  
J. I. Spicer
Keyword(s):  
Research Agenda ◽  
Developmental Plasticity ◽  
Potential Role ◽  
Research Effort ◽  
Adaptive Significance ◽  
Research Interest ◽  
Adaptive Plasticity ◽  
Comparative Embryology ◽  
A Current

There is a current surge of research interest in the potential role of developmental plasticity in adaptation and evolution. Here we make a case that some of this research effort should explore the adaptive significance of heterokairy, a specific type of plasticity that describes environmentally driven, altered timing of development within a species. This emphasis seems warranted given the pervasive occurrence of heterochrony, altered developmental timing between species, in evolution. We briefly review studies investigating heterochrony within an adaptive context across animal taxa, including examples that explore links between heterokairy and heterochrony. We then outline how sequence heterokairy could be included within the research agenda for developmental plasticity. We suggest that the study of heterokairy may be particularly pertinent in (i) determining the importance of non-adaptive plasticity, and (ii) embedding concepts from comparative embryology such as developmental modularity and disassociation within a developmental plasticity framework.

scholarly journals EVOLUTION OF ADAPTIVE PLASTICITY: RISK-SENSITIVE HATCHING IN NEOTROPICAL LEAF-BREEDING TREEFROGS

2008 ◽  
Vol 78 (2) ◽  
pp. 205-224 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ivan Gomez-Mestre ◽  
John J. Wiens ◽  
Karen M. Warkentin
Keyword(s):  
Adaptive Plasticity ◽  
Risk Sensitive

Evidence for adaptive plasticity in elderly monaural hearing aid users

Neuroreport ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 18 (12) ◽  
pp. 1237-1240 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kevin J. Munro ◽  
Adam J. Walker ◽  
Suzanne C. Purdy
Keyword(s):  
Hearing Aid ◽  
Adaptive Plasticity

Adaptive Plasticity in Primate Motor Cortex as a Consequence of Behavioral Experience and Neuronal Injury

1997 ◽  
Vol 9 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 13-23 ◽  
Author(s):  
Randolph J. Nudo ◽  
Erik J. Plautz ◽  
Garrett W. Milliken
Keyword(s):  
Motor Cortex ◽  
Neuronal Injury ◽  
Adaptive Plasticity

Survival of Xanthoria parietina in simulated space conditions: spectroscopic analysis and vitality assessment

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christian Lorenz ◽  
Renato Benesperi ◽  
Elisabetta Bianchi ◽  
Stefano Loppi ◽  
Alessio Papini ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Uv Radiation ◽  
Spectral Band ◽  
High Vacuum ◽  
Photosynthetic Apparatus ◽  
Space Radiation ◽  
Adaptive Plasticity ◽  
Cotton Cloth ◽  
Extreme Conditions ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Xanthoria Parietina

<p>One of the main topics of astrobiology is the study of life limits in stressful environments. This field of research has the aim to understand the physiological and biochemical effects on unprotected biological samples in extreme conditions, such as space. Moreover, these studies provide indications about organisms’ adaptive plasticity under a climate change perspective, the terrestrial geological past and future scenarios, as well as extra-terrestrial habitats as Mars surface.</p> <p>The biological specimen chosen for this study was <em>Xanthoria parietina </em>(L.) Th. Fr. It is a widespread foliose lichen growing on bark and rocks which has a broad spectrum of tolerance to air pollutants such as NO<sub>X</sub> and heavy metals, and resistance to UV-radiation because of the screening properties provided by the secondary metabolism product parietin. In this study we evaluated the ability of this lichen specie to survive under simulated UV space radiation in two different extreme environments i.e., in N<sub>2</sub> atmosphere (N<sub>2</sub>) and in vacuum (10<sup>0</sup>~10<sup>-2</sup> Pa) (VAC).</p> <p>Thalli of <em>X. parietina </em>were randomly collected in a remote area of Tuscany, Italy in June and July 2020. Thalli were dehydrated for 24 h at room temperature (25°C) and stored at -18°C until treatment. Three days before the treatment, thalli were allowed to recover their normal metabolic conditions in a growth chamber at 25 °C and 70 μmol m<sup>-2</sup> s<sup>-1</sup> PAR photons. Overnight, thalli were covered with a black cotton cloth and kept moistened by spraying with distilled water.</p> <p>The simulated UV space radiation was produced using a Xe-enhanced UV lamp with a sun-like emission spectrum (wavelength range 185-2000 nm). The aforementioned atmospheric conditions (N<sub>2</sub> and VAC) were chosen to set up an extreme and dehydrating environment for the lichen. The total absorbed UV radiation dose was 1.34 MJ m<sup>-2</sup> for each exposed sample. During the irradiation, the IR reflectance spectrum of the lichen was monitored <em>in situ</em> with infrared spectroscopy to assess changes in spectral bands.</p> <p>The efficiency of the photosynthetic apparatus was assessed as indicator of vitality, and was expressed in terms of chlorophyll <em>a</em> fluorescence (F<sub>V</sub>/F<sub>M</sub>) and Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI). The examination of <em>X. parietina</em> recovery through eco-physiological analysis revealed the capacity of this lichen species to survive in extreme conditions such as those simulated in this investigation. It has been highlighted the significant difference between treatments about the photosynthetic efficiency parameters recovery trends, finding that UV-radiation in vacuum produces more intense effects on F<sub>V</sub>/F<sub>M</sub> values. After 72h, UV N<sub>2</sub> fluorescence mean values recovered up to 93% of the starting ones, while UV VAC fluorescence recovered up to 45% of the pre-exposure values. The IR analysis revealed several spectral band changes in the fingerprint region. The most visible variation was the 5200 cm<sup>-1</sup> water band, disappearing in the overtone region. This analysis suggests that the disappearance of H<sub>2</sub>O band after treatment is strictly linked to the thalli dehydration due to the atmospheric simulated conditions represented by N<sub>2</sub> insufflation and high vacuum application. Nevertheless, <em>X. parietina</em> was able to survive to UV-radiation in N<sub>2</sub> atmosphere and in vacuum, and for this reason it may be considered a candidate for further evaluations on its survival capacity in extreme conditions.</p>

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