scholarly journals Heterokairy: a significant form of developmental plasticity?

2016 ◽  
Vol 12 (9) ◽  
pp. 20160509 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. D. Rundle ◽  
J. I. Spicer
Keyword(s):  
Research Agenda ◽  
Developmental Plasticity ◽  
Potential Role ◽  
Research Effort ◽  
Adaptive Significance ◽  
Research Interest ◽  
Adaptive Plasticity ◽  
Comparative Embryology ◽  
A Current

There is a current surge of research interest in the potential role of developmental plasticity in adaptation and evolution. Here we make a case that some of this research effort should explore the adaptive significance of heterokairy, a specific type of plasticity that describes environmentally driven, altered timing of development within a species. This emphasis seems warranted given the pervasive occurrence of heterochrony, altered developmental timing between species, in evolution. We briefly review studies investigating heterochrony within an adaptive context across animal taxa, including examples that explore links between heterokairy and heterochrony. We then outline how sequence heterokairy could be included within the research agenda for developmental plasticity. We suggest that the study of heterokairy may be particularly pertinent in (i) determining the importance of non-adaptive plasticity, and (ii) embedding concepts from comparative embryology such as developmental modularity and disassociation within a developmental plasticity framework.

scholarly journals The Pre-Deal Phase of Mergers and Acquisitions: A Review and Research Agenda

2019 ◽  
Vol 46 (6) ◽  
pp. 843-878 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xena Welch ◽  
Stevo Pavićević ◽  
Thomas Keil ◽  
Tomi Laamanen
Keyword(s):  
Mergers And Acquisitions ◽  
Research Agenda ◽  
Temporal Dynamics ◽  
Target Selection ◽  
Comprehensive Analysis ◽  
Research Interest ◽  
Theoretical Base ◽  
Topic Area ◽  
High Level

Despite the long-standing research interest in the pre-deal phase of mergers and acquisitions, many important questions remain unanswered. We review and synthesize the extensive but rather fragmented research on this topic area in the fields of management, finance, accounting, and economics. We organize our review according to six themes, that is, deal initiation, target selection, bidding and negotiation, valuation and financing, announcement, and closure, which represent the main categories of activities performed during the pre-deal phase. Our review shows that most of the existing research relies on a rather high-level, simplified, and static conception of the pre-deal phase. On the basis of our review, we put forward a research agenda that calls for a more granular examination of individual activities and decisions, a more comprehensive analysis of the interplay among the different actors involved in the pre-deal phase, a better understanding of the role of the temporal dynamics, and the extension of the theoretical base from variance-based to process-based theorizing.

Laticifers of Ficus Carica and Their Potential Role in Plant Defense

IAWA Journal ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 35 (2) ◽  
pp. 109-115 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Kajii ◽  
T. Morita ◽  
K. Kuroda
Keyword(s):  
Potential Role ◽  
Secondary Xylem ◽  
Nile Blue ◽  
Ficus Carica ◽  
Secondary Phloem ◽  
Fast Green ◽  
Cambial Zone ◽  
A Current ◽  
Latex Production

The distribution and structure of laticifers in Ficus carica L. were investigated in a current-year branch and an 8-year-old trunk, using serial sections stained with safranin-fast green or nile blue. In the 8-year-old trunk, laticifers were found not only in the cortex, secondary phloem, and pith, but also in the secondary xylem. The laticifers in the phloem and xylem were of the branched, non-articulated type. In addition, horizontal laticifers extending from the phloem through the cambium to the xylem were found in some rays. Laticifers penetrating the cambial initial layer elongated in the cambial zone without cell division. Activation of latex production occurred after wounding of cortex and phloem, and the latex exuded from the cut site of laticifers into the surrounding wounded tissue and broken cells. The potential role of laticifers in defense of F. carica against certain pathogens is discussed.

scholarly journals Evolution of, and via, Developmental Plasticity: Insights through the Study of Scaling Relationships

2019 ◽  
Vol 59 (5) ◽  
pp. 1346-1355 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sofia Casasa ◽  
Armin P Moczek
Keyword(s):  
Developmental Plasticity ◽  
Potential Role ◽  
Body Parts ◽  
Differential Growth ◽  
Genetic Accommodation ◽  
Developmental Evolution ◽  
Evolutionary Diversification ◽  
Scaling Relationships ◽  
Genetic Mechanisms

AbstractScaling relationships emerge from differential growth of body parts relative to each other. As such, scaling relationships are at least in part the product of developmental plasticity. While some of the developmental genetic mechanisms underlying scaling relationships are starting to be elucidated, how these mechanisms evolve and give rise to the enormous diversity of allometric scaling observed in nature is less understood. Furthermore, developmental plasticity has itself been proposed as a mechanism that facilitates adaptation and diversification, yet its role in the developmental evolution of scaling relationships remains largely unknown. In this review, we first explore how the mechanisms of scaling relationships have evolved. We primarily focus on insect development and review how pathway components and pathway interactions have evolved across taxa to regulate scaling relationships across diverse traits. We then discuss the potential role of developmental plasticity in the evolution of scaling relationships. Specifically, we address the potential role of allometric plasticity and cryptic genetic variation in allometry in facilitating divergence via genetic accommodation. Collectively, in this article, we aim to bring together two aspects of developmental plasticity: the mechanistic underpinnings of scaling relationships and their evolution, and the potential role that plasticity plays in the evolutionary diversification of scaling relationships.

scholarly journals Oxidative Stress and Inflammation in COVID-19-Associated Sepsis: The Potential Role of Anti-Oxidant Therapy in Avoiding Disease Progression

Antioxidants ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (10) ◽  
pp. 936 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jesús Beltrán-García ◽  
Rebeca Osca-Verdegal ◽  
Federico V. Pallardó ◽  
José Ferreres ◽  
María Rodríguez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Disease Progression ◽  
Clinical Characteristics ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Potential Role ◽  
Direct Consequence ◽  
Anti Oxidant ◽  
Therapeutic Alternatives ◽  
A Current

Since the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) outbreak emerged, countless efforts are being made worldwide to understand the molecular mechanisms underlying the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in an attempt to identify the specific clinical characteristics of critically ill COVID-19 patients involved in its pathogenesis and provide therapeutic alternatives to minimize COVID-19 severity. Recently, COVID-19 has been closely related to sepsis, which suggests that most deceases in intensive care units (ICU) may be a direct consequence of SARS-CoV-2 infection-induced sepsis. Understanding oxidative stress and the molecular inflammation mechanisms contributing to COVID-19 progression to severe phenotypes such as sepsis is a current clinical need in the effort to improve therapies in SARS-CoV-2 infected patients. This article aims to review the molecular pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2 and its relationship with oxidative stress and inflammation, which can contribute to sepsis progression. We also provide an overview of potential antioxidant therapies and active clinical trials that might prevent disease progression or reduce its severity.

POPDC proteins and cardiac function

2019 ◽  
Vol 47 (5) ◽  
pp. 1393-1404 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Brand
Keyword(s):  
Potential Role ◽  
Striated Muscle ◽  
Short Review ◽  
Effector Proteins ◽  
Muscle Disease ◽  
Disease Genes ◽  
Protein Protein Interaction ◽  
Interaction Partners ◽  
And Function

Abstract The Popeye domain-containing gene family encodes a novel class of cAMP effector proteins in striated muscle tissue. In this short review, we first introduce the protein family and discuss their structure and function with an emphasis on their role in cyclic AMP signalling. Another focus of this review is the recently discovered role of POPDC genes as striated muscle disease genes, which have been associated with cardiac arrhythmia and muscular dystrophy. The pathological phenotypes observed in patients will be compared with phenotypes present in null and knockin mutations in zebrafish and mouse. A number of protein–protein interaction partners have been discovered and the potential role of POPDC proteins to control the subcellular localization and function of these interacting proteins will be discussed. Finally, we outline several areas, where research is urgently needed.

The Effect of Path Length and Display Size on Memory for Spatial Information

2012 ◽  
Vol 59 (3) ◽  
pp. 147-152 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katherine Guérard ◽  
Sébastien Tremblay
Keyword(s):  
Path Length ◽  
Potential Role ◽  
Spatial Information ◽  
Recall Performance ◽  
Minor Role ◽  
Length Effect ◽  
Serial Memory ◽  
Fixed Reference ◽  
A Minor

In serial memory for spatial information, some studies showed that recall performance suffers when the distance between successive locations increases relatively to the size of the display in which they are presented (the path length effect; e.g., Parmentier et al., 2005) but not when distance is increased by enlarging the size of the display (e.g., Smyth & Scholey, 1994). In the present study, we examined the effect of varying the absolute and relative distance between to-be-remembered items on memory for spatial information. We manipulated path length using small (15″) and large (64″) screens within the same design. In two experiments, we showed that distance was disruptive mainly when it is varied relatively to a fixed reference frame, though increasing the size of the display also had a small deleterious effect on recall. The insertion of a retention interval did not influence these effects, suggesting that rehearsal plays a minor role in mediating the effects of distance on serial spatial memory. We discuss the potential role of perceptual organization in light of the pattern of results.

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