scholarly journals It takes two to tango – molecular links between plant immunity and brassinosteroid signalling

2020 ◽  
Vol 133 (22) ◽  
pp. jcs246728
Author(s):  
Fausto Andres Ortiz-Morea ◽  
Ping He ◽  
Libo Shan ◽  
Eugenia Russinova
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Membrane ◽  
Plant Immunity ◽  
Crop Improvement ◽  
Plant Defence ◽  
Intimate Relationship ◽  
Regulatory Mechanisms ◽  
Signalling Pathways ◽  
Trade Off ◽  
The Past ◽  
Plant Defence Response

ABSTRACTIn response to the invasion of microorganisms, plants actively balance their resources for growth and defence, thus ensuring their survival. The regulatory mechanisms underlying plant immunity and growth operate through complex networks, in which the brassinosteroid phytohormone is one of the central players. In the past decades, a growing number of studies have revealed a multi-layered crosstalk between brassinosteroid-mediated growth and plant immunity. In this Review, by means of the tango metaphor, we immerse ourselves into the intimate relationship between brassinosteroid and plant immune signalling pathways that is tailored by the lifestyle of the pathogen and modulated by other phytohormones. The plasma membrane is the unique stage where brassinosteroid and immune signals are dynamically integrated and where compartmentalization into nanodomains that host distinct protein consortia is crucial for the dance. Shared downstream signalling components and transcription factors relay the tango play to the nucleus to activate the plant defence response and other phytohormonal signalling pathways for the finale. Understanding how brassinosteroid and immune signalling pathways are integrated in plants will help develop strategies to minimize the growth–defence trade-off, a key challenge for crop improvement.

scholarly journals Trafficking of neuronal calcium channels

2017 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Norbert Weiss ◽  
Gerald W. Zamponi
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Membrane ◽  
Calcium Channels ◽  
Intracellular Calcium ◽  
Dynamic Control ◽  
Surface Expression ◽  
Regulatory Mechanisms ◽  
Signalling Pathways ◽  
Physiological Functions ◽  
Voltage Gated ◽  
Voltage Gated Calcium Channels

Neuronal voltage-gated calcium channels (VGCCs) serve complex yet essential physiological functions via their pivotal role in translating electrical signals into intracellular calcium elevations and associated downstream signalling pathways. There are a number of regulatory mechanisms to ensure a dynamic control of the number of channels embedded in the plasma membrane, whereas alteration of the surface expression of VGCCs has been linked to various disease conditions. Here, we provide an overview of the mechanisms that control the trafficking of VGCCs to and from the plasma membrane, and discuss their implication in pathophysiological conditions and their potential as therapeutic targets.

scholarly journals Effectors of Root-Knot Nematodes: An Arsenal for Successful Parasitism

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shounak Jagdale ◽  
Uma Rao ◽  
Ashok P. Giri
Keyword(s):  
Plant Immunity ◽  
Plant Defence ◽  
Giant Cells ◽  
Parasitic Nematodes ◽  
Plant Parasitic Nematodes ◽  
Root Knot Nematodes ◽  
Feeding Sites ◽  
The Past ◽  
Complex Functions ◽  
Insight Into

Root-knot nematodes (RKNs) are notorious plant-parasitic nematodes first recorded in 1855 in cucumber plants. They are microscopic, obligate endoparasites that cause severe losses in agriculture and horticulture. They evade plant immunity, hijack the plant cell cycle, and metabolism to modify healthy cells into giant cells (GCs) – RKN feeding sites. RKNs secrete various effector molecules which suppress the plant defence and tamper with plant cellular and molecular biology. These effectors originate mainly from sub-ventral and dorsal oesophageal glands. Recently, a few non-oesophageal gland secreted effectors have been discovered. Effectors are essential for the entry of RKNs in plants, subsequently formation and maintenance of the GCs during the parasitism. In the past two decades, advanced genomic and post-genomic techniques identified many effectors, out of which only a few are well characterized. In this review, we provide molecular and functional details of RKN effectors secreted during parasitism. We list the known effectors and pinpoint their molecular functions. Moreover, we attempt to provide a comprehensive insight into RKN effectors concerning their implications on overall plant and nematode biology. Since effectors are the primary and prime molecular weapons of RKNs to invade the plant, it is imperative to understand their intriguing and complex functions to design counter-strategies against RKN infection.

The non-receptor tyrosine kinase ACK: regulatory mechanisms, signalling pathways and opportunities for attACKing cancer

2019 ◽  
Vol 47 (6) ◽  
pp. 1715-1731 ◽  
Author(s):  
Millie Fox ◽  
Claire Crafter ◽  
Darerca Owen
Keyword(s):  
Tyrosine Kinase ◽  
Receptor Tyrosine Kinase ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Regulatory Mechanisms ◽  
Signalling Pathways ◽  
Effector Protein ◽  
Future Prospects ◽  
The Past ◽  
Small G Protein ◽  
Current Knowledge Base

Activated Cdc42-associated kinase or ACK, is a non-receptor tyrosine kinase and an effector protein for the small G protein Cdc42. A substantial body of evidence has accumulated in the past few years heavily implicating ACK as a driver of oncogenic processes. Concomitantly, more is also being revealed regarding the signalling pathways involving ACK and molecular details of its modes of action. Some details are also available regarding the regulatory mechanisms of this kinase, including activation and regulation of its catalytic activity, however, a full understanding of these aspects remains elusive. This review considers the current knowledge base concerning ACK and summarizes efforts and future prospects to target ACK therapeutically in cancer.

scholarly journals Low Light/Darkness as Stressors of Multifactor-Induced Senescence in Rice Plants

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (8) ◽  
pp. 3936
Author(s):  
Ahmed G. Gad ◽  
Habiba ◽  
Xiangzi Zheng ◽  
Ying Miao
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Senescence ◽  
Crop Yields ◽  
Crop Improvement ◽  
Light Response ◽  
Development Stage ◽  
Regulatory Mechanisms ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Low Light ◽  
Chlorophyll Breakdown ◽  
Premature Leaf Senescence

Leaf senescence, as an integral part of the final development stage for plants, primarily remobilizes nutrients from the sources to the sinks in response to different stressors. The premature senescence of leaves is a critical challenge that causes significant economic losses in terms of crop yields. Although low light causes losses of up to 50% and affects rice yield and quality, its regulatory mechanisms remain poorly elucidated. Darkness-mediated premature leaf senescence is a well-studied stressor. It initiates the expression of senescence-associated genes (SAGs), which have been implicated in chlorophyll breakdown and degradation. The molecular and biochemical regulatory mechanisms of premature leaf senescence show significant levels of redundant biomass in complex pathways. Thus, clarifying the regulatory mechanisms of low-light/dark-induced senescence may be conducive to developing strategies for rice crop improvement. This review describes the recent molecular regulatory mechanisms associated with low-light response and dark-induced senescence (DIS), and their effects on plastid signaling and photosynthesis-mediated processes, chloroplast and protein degradation, as well as hormonal and transcriptional regulation in rice.

scholarly journals Information Disorder and Self-Regulation in Europe: A Broader Non-Economistic Conception of Self-Regulation

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (10) ◽  
pp. 280 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aznar
Keyword(s):  
Social Communication ◽  
Social Networking Sites ◽  
Self Regulation ◽  
Regulatory Mechanisms ◽  
The Public ◽  
Media Companies ◽  
The Past ◽  
European Institutions ◽  
The Social ◽  
Information Manipulation

Over the past decade, the problems arising from social communication have yet again become burning issues on social and political agendas. Information disorder, hate speeches, information manipulation, social networking sites, etc., have obliged the most important European institutions to reflect on how to meet the collective challenges that social communication currently poses in the new millennium. These European Institutions have made a clear commitment to self-regulation. The article reviews some recent European initiatives to deal with information disorder that has given a fundamental role to self-regulation. To then carry out a theoretical review of the normative notion of self-regulation that distinguishes it from the neo-liberal economicist conception. To this end, (1) a distinction is drawn between the (purportedly) self-regulating market and (2) a broader conception of self-regulation inherent not to media companies or corporations, but to the social subsystem of social communication, is proposed. This involves increasing the number of self-regulatory mechanisms that may contribute to improve social communication, and reinforcing the commitment of those who should exercise such self-regulation, including not only media companies but also the professionals working at them and the public at large.

Glocal riddim: cultural production and territorial identity in Caribbean music videos

2017 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 91-111
Author(s):  
Murali Balaji ◽  
Thomas Sigler
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Production ◽  
Contemporary Music ◽  
Regional Identity ◽  
Intimate Relationship ◽  
Music Videos ◽  
Pop Music ◽  
Web Based ◽  
Territorial Identity ◽  
The Past ◽  
Musical Genres

Over the past two decades, several musical genres have transcended their Caribbean origins to achieve global recognition and success. Among these are soca, dancehall and reggaeton, all forms that had been inextricably tied to native cultural expressions, but have become increasingly popular as global commodities, particularly as web-based streaming platforms (e.g. YouTube) enhance their global audiovisual mobility. Numerous artists within these genres have become internationally recognized superstars, and many of the most recent tracks reflect an increasing co-mingling with American ‘pop’ music, as record companies seek to invigorate mainstream sounds with these ‘exotic’, yet widely popular artists. This article explores representations of scalar territorial identity as articulated in music videos from within these genres so as to evaluate how identity intersects with profit-driven models applicable to the contemporary music industry. By evaluating imagery from a regionally representative sample of music videos, they identify the intimate relationship between identity, scale and cultural production. Ultimately, we interrogate how place-based identity is commodified in these representations and whether certain images are constructed more for transnational consumption than an articulation of a coherent local national, or regional identity.

Fast Text Processing for Interlaced Sports or News Videos

2015 ◽  
Vol 740 ◽  
pp. 652-655
Author(s):  
Qian Huang ◽  
Feng Xu
Keyword(s):  
Unsolved Problem ◽  
Text Processing ◽  
Picture Quality ◽  
Trade Off ◽  
Coding Efficiency ◽  
The Past ◽  
Processing Strategies ◽  
Visual Artifacts ◽  
Text Content ◽  
Almost All

Interlaced scanning has been widely used as a trade-off solution between picture quality and transmission bandwidth since the invention of television. During the past decades, various interlaced-to-progressive conversion algorithms have been proposed to improve subjective quality or coding efficiency. However, almost all the researchers concentrate on general cases, without making full use of specific application scenarios. Based on extensive investigations, eliminating visual artifacts in areas of subtitles and station captions for interlaced sports and news videos is still an unsolved problem, which will be addressed in this paper. Firstly, motion estimation is performed between field pictures. Secondly, text edge detection is proposed for sports and news videos. Finally, different processing strategies are applied to text regions and non-text regions. Experimental results show that the proposed method can generate much better text content than existing algorithms. In addition, it is quite stable for non-text parts.

scholarly journals Genetic and signalling pathways of dry fruit size: targets for genome editing‐based crop improvement

2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (5) ◽  
pp. 1124-1140
Author(s):  
Quaid Hussain ◽  
Jiaqin Shi ◽  
Armin Scheben ◽  
Jiepeng Zhan ◽  
Xinfa Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genome Editing ◽  
Crop Improvement ◽  
Fruit Size ◽  
Signalling Pathways ◽  
Dry Fruit

scholarly journals RAS Function in cancer cells: translating membrane biology and biochemistry into new therapeutics

2020 ◽  
Vol 477 (15) ◽  
pp. 2893-2919
Author(s):  
Walaa E. Kattan ◽  
John F. Hancock
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Membrane ◽  
Cell Growth ◽  
Cancer Cells ◽  
Special Focus ◽  
Ras Proteins ◽  
Membrane Interactions ◽  
Multiple Methods ◽  
Membrane Biology ◽  
The Past ◽  
Cell Growth And Proliferation

The three human RAS proteins are mutated and constitutively activated in ∼20% of cancers leading to cell growth and proliferation. For the past three decades, many attempts have been made to inhibit these proteins with little success. Recently; however, multiple methods have emerged to inhibit KRAS, the most prevalently mutated isoform. These methods and the underlying biology will be discussed in this review with a special focus on KRAS-plasma membrane interactions.

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