scholarly journals Pax-3 expression in segmental mesoderm marks early stages in myogenic cell specification

Development ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 120 (4) ◽  
pp. 785-796 ◽  
Author(s):  
B.A. Williams ◽  
C.P. Ordahl
Keyword(s):  
Muscle Development ◽  
Paraxial Mesoderm ◽  
Limb Muscle ◽  
Differential Modulation ◽  
Back Muscle ◽  
Cell Specification ◽  
Myogenic Lineage ◽  
Late Step ◽  
Myogenic Precursor ◽  
Migratory Cell

Specification of the myogenic lineage begins prior to gastrulation and culminates in the emergence of determined myogenic precursor cells from the somites. The myoD family (MDF) of transcriptional activators controls late step(s) in myogenic specification that are closely followed by terminal muscle differentiation. Genes expressed in myogenic specification at stages earlier than MDFs are unknown. The Pax-3 gene is expressed in all the cells of the caudal segmental plate, the early mesoderm compartment that contains the precursors of skeletal muscle. As somites form from the segmental plate and mature, Pax-3 expression is progressively modulated. Beginning at the time of segmentation, Pax-3 becomes repressed in the ventral half of the somite, leaving Pax-3 expression only in the dermomyotome. Subsequently, differential modulation of Pax-3 expression levels delineates the medial and lateral halves of the dermomyotome, which contain precursors of axial (back) muscle and limb muscle, respectively. Pax-3 expression is then repressed as dermomyotome-derived cells activate MDFs. Quail-chick chimera and ablation experiments confirmed that the migratory precursors of limb muscle continue to express Pax-3 during migration. Since limb muscle precursors do not activate MDFs until 2 days after they leave the somite, Pax-3 represents the first molecular marker for this migratory cell population. A null mutation of the mouse Pax-3 gene, Splotch, produces major disruptions in early limb muscle development (Franz, T., Kothary, R., Surani, M. A. H., Halata, Z. and Grim, M. (1993) Anat. Embryol. 187, 153–160; Goulding, M., Lumsden, A. and Paquette, A. (1994) Development 120, 957–971). We conclude, therefore, that Pax-3 gene expression in the paraxial mesoderm marks earlier stages in myogenic specification than MDFs and plays a crucial role in the specification and/or migration of limb myogenic precursors.

Sonic hedgehog is a survival factor for hypaxial muscles during mouse development

Development ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 128 (5) ◽  
pp. 743-752 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Kruger ◽  
D. Mennerich ◽  
S. Fees ◽  
R. Schafer ◽  
S. Mundlos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sonic Hedgehog ◽  
Muscle Development ◽  
Mouse Strains ◽  
Limb Muscle ◽  
Mouse Development ◽  
Vertebrate Embryos ◽  
Epaxial Muscles ◽  
Inactivating Mutations ◽  
Myogenic Precursor ◽  
Hypaxial Muscle

Sonic hedgehog (Shh) has been proposed to function as an inductive and trophic signal that controls development of epaxial musculature in vertebrate embryos. In contrast, development of hypaxial muscles was assumed to occur independently of Shh. We here show that formation of limb muscles was severely affected in two different mouse strains with inactivating mutations of the Shh gene. The limb muscle defect became apparent relatively late and initial stages of hypaxial muscle development were unaffected or only slightly delayed. Micromass cultures and cultures of tissue fragments derived from limbs under different conditions with or without the overlaying ectoderm indicated that Shh is required for the maintenance of the expression of myogenic regulatory factors (MRFs) and, consecutively, for the formation of differentiated limb muscle myotubes. We propose that Shh acts as a survival and proliferation factor for myogenic precursor cells during hypaxial muscle development. Detection of a reduced but significant level of Myf5 expression in the epaxial compartment of somites of Shh homozygous mutant embryos at E9.5 indicated that Shh might be dispensable for the initiation of myogenesis both in hypaxial and epaxial muscles. Our data suggest that Shh acts similarly in both somitic compartments as a survival and proliferation factor and not as a primary inducer of myogenesis.

Lbx1 is required for muscle precursor migration along a lateral pathway into the limb

Development ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 127 (2) ◽  
pp. 413-424 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.K. Gross ◽  
L. Moran-Rivard ◽  
T. Velasquez ◽  
M.N. Nakatsu ◽  
K. Jagla ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Muscle Development ◽  
Muscle Loss ◽  
Limb Muscle ◽  
Lateral Migration ◽  
Muscle Precursor ◽  
Hindlimb Muscles ◽  
Limb Muscles ◽  
Mammalian Embryos ◽  
Myogenic Precursor ◽  
Hypaxial Muscle

In mammalian embryos, myogenic precursor cells emigrate from the ventral lip of the dermomyotome and colonize the limbs, tongue and diaphragm where they differentiate and form skeletal muscle. Previous studies have shown that Pax3, together with the c-Met receptor tyrosine kinase and its ligand Scatter Factor (SF) are necessary for the migration of hypaxial muscle precursors in mice. Lbx1 and Pax3 are co-expressed in all migrating hypaxial muscle precursors, raising the possibility that Lbx1 regulates their migration. To examine the function of Lbx1 in muscle development, we inactivated the Lbx1 gene by homologous recombination. Mice lacking Lbx1 exhibit an extensive loss of limb muscles, although some forelimb and hindlimb muscles are still present. The pattern of muscle loss suggests that Lbx1 is not required for the specification of particular limb muscles, and the muscle defects that occur in Lbx1(−/−) mice can be solely attributed to changes in muscle precursor migration. c-Met is expressed in Lbx1 mutant mice and limb muscle precursors delaminate from the ventral dermomyotome but fail to migrate laterally into the limb. Muscle precursors still migrate ventrally and give rise to tongue, diaphragm and some limb muscles, demonstrating Lbx1 is necessary for the lateral, but not ventral, migration of hypaxial muscle precursors. These results suggest that Lbx1 regulates responsiveness to a lateral migration signal which emanates from the developing limb.

Distinct signaling molecules control Hoxa-11 and Hoxa-13 expression in the muscle precursor and mesenchyme of the chick limb bud

Development ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 126 (12) ◽  
pp. 2771-2783 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Hashimoto ◽  
Y. Yokouchi ◽  
M. Yamamoto ◽  
A. Kuroiwa
Keyword(s):  
Growth Factor ◽  
Muscle Development ◽  
Hox Genes ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Precursor Cells ◽  
Limb Bud ◽  
Posterior Region ◽  
Limb Muscle ◽  
Limb Mesenchyme ◽  
Myogenic Precursor

The limb muscles, originating from the ventrolateral portion of the somites, exhibit position-specific morphological development through successive splitting and growth/differentiation of the muscle masses in a region-specific manner by interacting with the limb mesenchyme and the cartilage elements. The molecular mechanisms that provide positional cues to the muscle precursors are still unknown. We have shown that the expression patterns of Hoxa-11 and Hoxa-13 are correlated with muscle patterning of the limb bud (Yamamoto et al., 1998) and demonstrated that muscular Hox genes are activated by signals from the limb mesenchyme. We dissected the regulatory mechanisms directing the unique expression patterns of Hoxa-11 and Hoxa-13 during limb muscle development. HOXA-11 protein was detected in both the myogenic cells and the zeugopodal mesenchymal cells of the limb bud. The earlier expression of HOXA-11 in both the myogenic precursor cells and the mesenchyme was dependent on the apical ectodermal ridge (AER), but later expression was independent of the AER. HOXA-11 expression in both myogenic precursor cells and mesenchyme was induced by fibroblast growth factor (FGF) signal, whereas hepatocyte growth factor/scatter factor (HGF/SF) maintained HOXA-11 expression in the myogenic precursor cells, but not in the mesenchyme. The distribution of HOXA-13 protein expression in the muscle masses was restricted to the posterior region. We found that HOXA-13 expression in the autopodal mesenchyme was dependent on the AER but not on the polarizing region, whereas expression of HOXA-13 in the posterior muscle masses was dependent on the polarizing region but not on the AER. Administration of BMP-2 at the anterior margin of the limb bud induced ectopic HOXA-13 expression in the anterior region of the muscle masses followed by ectopic muscle formation close to the source of exogenous BMP-2. In addition, NOGGIN/CHORDIN, antagonists of BMP-2 and BMP-4, downregulated the expression of HOXA-13 in the posterior region of the muscle masses and inhibited posterior muscle development. These results suggested that HOXA-13 expression in the posterior muscle masses is activated by the posteriorizing signal from the posterior mesenchyme via BMP-2. On the contrary, the expression of HOXA-13 in the autopodal mesenchyme was affected by neither BMP-2 nor NOGGIN/CHORDIN. Thus, mesenchymal HOXA-13 expression was independent of BMP-2 from polarizing region, but was under the control of as yet unidentified signals from the AER. These results showed that expression of Hox genes is regulated differently in the limb muscle precursor and mesenchymal cells.

Myogenesis in paraxial mesoderm: preferential induction by dorsal neural tube and by cells expressing Wnt-1

Development ◽  
1995 ◽  
Vol 121 (11) ◽  
pp. 3675-3686 ◽  
Author(s):  
H.M. Stern ◽  
A.M. Brown ◽  
S.D. Hauschka
Keyword(s):  
Neural Tube ◽  
Muscle Development ◽  
Paraxial Mesoderm ◽  
Myogenic Response ◽  
Dorsal Neural Tube ◽  
Ventral Neural Tube ◽  
Myogenic Induction ◽  
Inductive Activity

Previous studies have demonstrated that the neural tube/notochord complex is required for skeletal muscle development within somites. In order to explore the localization of myogenic inducing signals within the neural tube, dorsal or ventral neural tube halves were cultured in contact with single somites or pieces of segmental plate mesoderm. Somites and segmental plates cultured with the dorsal half of the neural tube exhibited 70% and 85% myogenic response rates, as determined by immunostaining for myosin heavy chain. This response was slightly lower than the 100% response to whole neural tube/notochord, but was much greater than the 30% and 10% myogenic response to ventral neural tube with and without notochord. These results demonstrate that the dorsal neural tube emits a potent myogenic inducing signal which accounts for most of the inductive activity of whole neural tube/notochord. However, a role for ventral neural tube/notochord in somite myogenic induction was clearly evident from the larger number of myogenic cells induced when both dorsal neural tube and ventral neural tube/notochord were present. To address the role of a specific dorsal neural tube factor in somite myogenic induction, we tested the ability of Wnt-1-expressing fibroblasts to promote paraxial mesoderm myogenesis in vitro. We found that cells expressing Wnt-1 induced a small number of somite and segmental plate cells to undergo myogenesis. This finding is consistent with the localized dorsal neural tube inductive activity described above, but since the ventral neural tube/notochord also possesses myogenic inductive capacity yet does not express Wnt-1, additional inductive factors are likely involved.

scholarly journals Skeletal muscle development in vertebrate animals

2015 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 139-148
Author(s):  
Md Shahjahan
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Muscle Development ◽  
Muscle Fibers ◽  
Muscle Growth ◽  
Paraxial Mesoderm ◽  
Meat Production ◽  
Lineage Specification ◽  
Proliferation And Differentiation ◽  
Axial Musculature ◽  
Postnatal Stage

This review covers the pre- and post-natal development of skeletal muscle of vertebrate animals with cellular and molecular levels. The formation of skeletal muscle initiates from paraxial mesoderm during embryogenesis of individuals which develops somites and subsequently forms dermomyotome derived myotome to give rise axial musculature. This process (myogenesis) includes stem and progenitor cell maintenance, lineage specification, and terminal differentiation to form myofibrils consequent muscle fibers which control muscle mass and its multiplication. The main factors of muscle growth are proliferation and differentiation of myogenic cells in prenatal stage and also the growth of satellite cells at postnatal stage. There is no net increase in the number of muscle fibers in vertebrate animals after hatch or birth except fish. The development of muscle is characterized by hyperplasia and hypertrophy in prenatal and postnatal stages of individuals, respectively, through Wnt signalling pathway including environment, nutrition, sex, feed, growth and myogenic regulatory factors. Therefore further studies could elucidate new growth related genes, markers and factors to enhance meat production and enrich knowledge on muscle growth.Asian J. Med. Biol. Res. June 2015, 1(2): 139-148

scholarly journals Five transcriptional factors reprogram fibroblast into myogenic lineage cells via paraxial mesoderm stage

Cell Cycle ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 19 (14) ◽  
pp. 1804-1816
Author(s):  
Meeyul Hwang ◽  
Eun-Joo Lee ◽  
Myung-Jin Chung ◽  
SunYoung Park ◽  
Kyu-Shik Jeong
Keyword(s):  
Transcriptional Factors ◽  
Paraxial Mesoderm ◽  
Myogenic Lineage

Dynamic expression of molecules that control limb muscle development includingFhl1in hind limbs of different gestational age

Apmis ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 122 (9) ◽  
pp. 766-771 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wang Li-Li ◽  
Peng Zhao-Hong ◽  
Fan Yang ◽  
Li Lian-Yong ◽  
Wu Di ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gestational Age ◽  
Muscle Development ◽  
Limb Muscle ◽  
Hind Limbs ◽  
Dynamic Expression ◽  
Control Limb

Mox2 is a component of the genetic hierarchy controlling limb muscle development

Nature ◽  
10.1038/21892 ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 400 (6739) ◽  
pp. 69-73 ◽  
Author(s):  
Baljinder S. Mankoo ◽  
Nina S. Collins ◽  
Peter Ashby ◽  
Elena Grigorieva ◽  
Larysa H. Pevny ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Muscle Development ◽  
Limb Muscle ◽  
Genetic Hierarchy
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