scholarly journals Adipose Tissue-Derived Factors: Impact on Health and Disease

2006 ◽  
Vol 27 (7) ◽  
pp. 762-778 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria E. Trujillo ◽  
Philipp E. Scherer
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Posttranslational Modifications ◽  
Energy Homeostasis ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Laboratory Setting ◽  
Systemic Impact ◽  
Metabolic Conditions ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
Adipose Organ ◽  
Almost All

The endocrine functions of the adipose organ are widely studied at this stage. The adipose organ, and in particular adipocytes, communicate with almost all other organs. Although some adipose tissue pads assume the functions as distinct “miniorgans,” adipocytes can also be present in smaller numbers interspersed with other cell types. Although fat pads have the potential to have a significant systemic impact, adipocytes may also affect neighboring tissues through paracrine interactions. These local or systemic effects are mediated through lipid and protein factors. The protein factors are commonly referred to as adipokines. Their expression and posttranslational modifications can undergo dramatic changes under different metabolic conditions. Due to the fact that none of the mutations that affect adipose tissue trigger embryonic lethality, the study of adipose tissue physiology lends itself to genetic analysis in mice. In fact, life in the complete absence of adipose tissue is possible in a laboratory setting, making even the most extreme adipose tissue phenotypes genetically amenable to be analyzed by disruption of specific genes or overexpression of others. Here, we briefly discuss some basic aspects of adipocyte physiology and the systemic impact of adipocyte-derived factors on energy homeostasis.

Adipokines and the cardiovascular system: mechanisms mediating health and disease

2012 ◽  
Vol 90 (8) ◽  
pp. 1029-1059 ◽  
Author(s):  
Josette M. Northcott ◽  
Azadeh Yeganeh ◽  
Carla G. Taylor ◽  
Peter Zahradka ◽  
Jeffrey T. Wigle
Keyword(s):  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Cardiovascular System ◽  
Cardiac Fibroblasts ◽  
Tissue Expansion ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Vessel Growth ◽  
Major Cell Type ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
Cardiovascular Cells

This review focuses on the role of adipokines in the maintenance of a healthy cardiovascular system, and the mechanisms by which these factors mediate the development of cardiovascular disease in obesity. Adipocytes are the major cell type comprising the adipose tissue. These cells secrete numerous factors, termed adipokines, into the blood, including adiponectin, leptin, resistin, chemerin, omentin, vaspin, and visfatin. Adipose tissue is a highly vascularised endocrine organ, and different adipose depots have distinct adipokine secretion profiles, which are altered with obesity. The ability of many adipokines to stimulate angiogenesis is crucial for adipose tissue expansion; however, excessive blood vessel growth is deleterious. As well, some adipokines induce inflammation, which promotes cardiovascular disease progression. We discuss how these 7 aforementioned adipokines act upon the various cardiovascular cell types (endothelial progenitor cells, endothelial cells, vascular smooth muscle cells, pericytes, cardiomyocytes, and cardiac fibroblasts), the direct effects of these actions, and their overall impact on the cardiovascular system. These were chosen, as these adipokines are secreted predominantly from adipocytes and have known effects on cardiovascular cells.

scholarly journals The interplay between nutrients and the adipose tissue

2007 ◽  
Vol 66 (2) ◽  
pp. 171-182 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fred Haugen ◽  
Christian A. Drevon
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Transcription Factors ◽  
Energy Homeostasis ◽  
Metabolic Response ◽  
Regulatory Element ◽  
Diabetes Type 2 ◽  
Convincing Evidence ◽  
The Metabolic Syndrome ◽  
Adipose Organ

The importance of adipose tissue in health as well as disease has been demonstrated in several studies recently, and it has become appropriate to use the term ‘adipose organ’ when referring to adipose tissue as a whole. The obesity epidemic, with a marked increase in the incidence of the metabolic syndrome leading to diabetes type 2 as well as cardiovascular complications, has stimulated considerable interest in adipose tissue biology. Moreover, several studies in different species have shown that limited energy intake is associated with less inflammation, improved biomarkers of health and a marked increase in longevity. In addition, there is convincing evidence that an optimal amount of adipose tissue is essential for many body functions such as immune response, reproduction and bone quality. Some nutrients and their metabolites are important as energy sources as well as ligands for many transcription factors expressed in adipose tissue, including all energy-providing nutrients both directly and indirectly as well as cholesterol, vitamin E and vitamin D. In particular, fatty acids can be effectively taken up by adipocytes and they can interact with several transcription factors crucial for growth, development and metabolic response, e.g. PPARα, −δ and −γ, sterol regulatory element-binding proteins1 and 2 and liver X receptors α and β). Moreover, glucose is also readily taken up and stored as fatty acids via lipogenesis in adipocytes. It is known that some metabolic signals released as proteins from adipose tissue (adipokines) are important for normal as well as pathological responses to the amount of energy stored in the adipose organ. The future challenge will be to understand the function of adipose tissue in energy homeostasis and the interplay with nutrients in order to be able to give optimal advice for the prevention and treatment of obesity.

scholarly journals Mesenchymal Stem/Stromal Cells and Fibroblasts: Their Roles in Tissue Injury and Regeneration, and Age-Related Degeneration

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Janja Zupan
Keyword(s):  
Stromal Cells ◽  
Tissue Injury ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Common Features ◽  
Normal Tissues ◽  
Structural Framework ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Degenerative Disorders ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
Almost All

Mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs) and fibroblasts are present in normal tissues to support tissue homeostasis. Both share common pathways and have a number of common features, such as a spindle-shaped morphology, connective tissue localization, and multipotency. In inflammation, a nonspecific response to injury, fibroblasts and MSC are the main players.Two mechanisms of their mode of action have been defined: immunomodulation and regeneration. Following tissue injury, MSCs are activated, and they multiply and differentiate, to mitigate the damage. With aging and, in particular, in degenerative disorders of the musculoskeletal system (i.e., joint and bone disorders), the regenerative capacity of MSCs appears to be lost or diverted into the production of other nonfunctional cell types, such as adipocytes and fibroblasts. Fibroblasts are stromal cells that provide the majority of the structural framework of almost all types of tissues; i.e., the stroma. As such, fibroblasts also have significant roles in tissue development, maintenance, and repair. In their immunosuppressive role, MSCs and fibroblasts contribute to the normal resolution of inflammation that is a prerequisite for successful tissue repair. In this chapter, we review the common and opposing properties of different tissue-derived MSCs and fibroblasts under physiological and pathophysiological conditions. We consider injury and age-related degeneration of various tissues, and also some immunological disorders. Specifically, we address the distinct and common features of both cell types in health and disease, with a focus on human synovial joints. Finally, we also discuss the possible approaches to boost the complementary roles of MSCs and fibroblasts, to promote successful tissue regeneration.

scholarly journals Vibrodissociation method for isolation of defined nephron segments from human and rodent kidneys

2019 ◽  
Vol 317 (5) ◽  
pp. F1398-F1403 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elena Isaeva ◽  
Mykhailo Fedoriuk ◽  
Ruslan Bohovyk ◽  
Christine A. Klemens ◽  
Sherif Khedr ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Homeostasis ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Specific Cell ◽  
Renal Tubules ◽  
Gene Markers ◽  
Nephron Segments ◽  
Nephron Segment ◽  
Cell Energy ◽  
Health And Disease

Our current knowledge of the properties of renal ion channels responsible for electrolytes and cell energy homeostasis mainly relies on rodent studies. However, it has not been established yet to what extent their characteristics can be generalized to those of humans. The present study was designed to develop a standardized protocol for the isolation of well-preserved glomeruli and renal tubules from rodent and human kidneys and to assess the functional suitability of the obtained materials for physiological studies. Separation of nephron segments from human and rodent kidneys was achieved using a novel vibrodissociation technique. The integrity of isolated renal tubules and glomeruli was probed via electrophysiological analysis and fluorescence microscopy, and the purity of the collected fractions was confirmed using quantitative RT-PCR with gene markers for specific cell types. The developed approach allows rapid isolation of well-preserved renal tubules and glomeruli from human and rodent kidneys amenable for electrophysiological, Ca2+ imaging, and omics studies. Analysis of the basic electrophysiological parameters of major K+ and Na+ channels expressed in human cortical collecting ducts revealed that they exhibited similar biophysical properties as previously reported in rodent studies. Using vibrodissociation for nephron segment isolation has several advantages over existing techniques: it is less labor intensive, requires little to no enzymatic treatment, and produces large quantities of well-preserved experimental material in pure fractions. Applying this method for the separation of nephron segments from human and rodent kidneys may be a powerful tool for the indepth assessment of kidney function in health and disease.

scholarly journals A single cell atlas of human and mouse white adipose tissue

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Margo P Emont ◽  
Christopher Jacobs ◽  
Adam L Essene ◽  
Deepti Pant ◽  
Danielle Tenen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Single Cell ◽  
White Adipose Tissue ◽  
Energy Homeostasis ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Pressure Control ◽  
Specific Cell ◽  
Nutritional Conditions ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Stem And Progenitor Cells

White adipose tissue (WAT), once regarded as morphologically and functionally bland, is now recognized to be dynamic, plastic, heterogenous, and involved in a wide array of biological processes including energy homeostasis, glucose and lipid handling, blood pressure control, and host defense. High fat feeding and other metabolic stressors cause dramatic changes in adipose morphology, physiology, and cellular composition1, and alterations in adiposity are associated with insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, and type 2 diabetes (T2D). Here, we provide detailed cellular atlases of human and murine subcutaneous and visceral white fat at single cell resolution across a range of body weight. We identify subpopulations of adipocytes, adipose stem and progenitor cells (ASPCs), vascular, and immune cells and demonstrate commonalities and differences across species and dietary conditions. We link specific cell types to increased risk of metabolic disease, and we provide an initial blueprint for a comprehensive set of interactions between individual cell types in the adipose niche in leanness and obesity. These data comprise an extensive resource for the exploration of genes, traits, and cell types in the function of WAT across species, depots, and nutritional conditions.

scholarly journals Dictyostelium: A Model for Studying the Extracellular Vesicle Messengers Involved in Human Health and Disease

Cells ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 225 ◽  
Author(s):  
Irène Tatischeff
Keyword(s):  
Intercellular Communication ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Cell Model ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Extracellular Vesicle ◽  
Eukaryotic Cell ◽  
Research Field ◽  
Cell Physiology ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
Almost All

Cell-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) are newly uncovered messengers for intercellular communication. They are released by almost all cell types in the three kingdoms, Archeabacteria, Bacteria and Eukaryotes. They are known to mediate important biological functions and to be increasingly involved in cell physiology and in many human diseases, especially in oncology. The aim of this review is to recapitulate the current knowledge about EVs and to summarize our pioneering work about Dictyostelium discoideum EVs. However, many challenges remain unsolved in the EV research field, before any EV application for theranostics (diagnosis, prognosis, and therapy) of human cancers, can be efficiently implemented in the clinics. Dictyostelium might be an outstanding eukaryotic cell model for deciphering the utmost challenging problem of EV heterogeneity, and for unraveling the still mostly unknown mechanisms of their specific functions as mediators of intercellular communication.

scholarly journals ATX expression from GFAP+ cells is essential for embryonic development

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ioanna Sevastou ◽  
Ioanna Ninou ◽  
Vassilis Aidinis
Keyword(s):  
Embryonic Development ◽  
Inflammatory Diseases ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Cellular Functions ◽  
Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
Genetic Deletion ◽  
Almost All ◽  
G Protein Coupled ◽  
Experimental Autoimmune

AbstractAutotaxin (ATX) is secreted by various type of cells in health and disease and catalyzes the extracellular production of lysophosphatidic acid (LPA). In turn, LPA is a bioactive lysophospholipid promoting a wide array of cellular functions through its multiple G-protein coupled receptors, differentially expressed in almost all cell types. ATX expression has been shown necessary for embryonic development and has been suggested to participate in the pathogenesis of different chronic inflammatory diseases and cancer. Deregulated ATX and LPA levels have been reported in multiple sclerosis (MS) and its experimental model, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). ATX genetic deletion from macrophages and microglia (CD11b+ cells) attenuated the severity of EAE, thus proposing a pathogenic role for the ATX/LPA axis in MS/EAE. In this report, increased ATX staining was localized to glial fibrillary acidic protein positive (GFAP+) cells, mostly astrocytes, in spinal cord sections from EAE mice at the peak of the disease. However, genetic deletion of ATX from GFAP+ cells resulted in embryonic lethality, suggesting a major role for ΑΤΧ expression from GFAP+ cells in embryonic development, that urges further dissection. Moreover, the re-expression of ATX from GFAP+ cells during the pathogenesis of EAE, reinforces the concept that ATX/LPA is a developmental program aberrantly reactivated upon chronic inflammation.

scholarly journals Potential Role of ANGPTL4 in the Cross Talk between Metabolism and Cancer through PPAR Signaling Pathway

PPAR Research ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 ◽  
pp. 1-15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura La Paglia ◽  
Angela Listì ◽  
Stefano Caruso ◽  
Valeria Amodeo ◽  
Francesco Passiglia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Lipid Metabolism ◽  
Cross Talk ◽  
Energy Homeostasis ◽  
Redox Regulation ◽  
Potential Role ◽  
Anoikis Resistance ◽  
Metabolic Conditions ◽  
The Cross

The angiopoietin-like 4 (ANGPTL4) protein belongs to a superfamily of secreted proteins structurally related to factors modulating angiogenesis known as angiopoietins. At first, ANGPTL4 has been identified as an adipokine exclusively involved in lipid metabolism, because of its prevalent expression in liver and adipose tissue. This protein regulates lipid metabolism by inhibiting lipoprotein lipase (LPL) activity and stimulating lipolysis of white adipose tissue (WAT), resulting in increased levels of plasma triglycerides (TG) and fatty acids. Subsequently, ANGPTL4 has been shown to be involved in several nonmetabolic and metabolic conditions, both physiological and pathological, including angiogenesis and vascular permeability, cell differentiation, tumorigenesis, glucose homoeostasis, lipid metabolism, energy homeostasis, wound healing, inflammation, and redox regulation. The transcriptional regulation of ANGPTL4 can be modulated by several transcription factors, including PPARα, PPARβ/δ, PPARγ, and HIF-1α, and nutritional and hormonal conditions. Several studies showed that high levels of ANGPTL4 are associated with poor prognosis in patients with various solid tumors, suggesting an important role in cancer onset and progression, metastasis, and anoikis resistance. Here, we have discussed the potential role of ANGPTL4 in mediating the cross talk between metabolic syndromes, such as diabetes and obesity, and cancer through regulation of its expression by PPARs.

scholarly journals The adipose organ: morphological perspectives of adipose tissues

2001 ◽  
Vol 60 (3) ◽  
pp. 319-328 ◽  
Author(s):  
Saverio Cinti
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Uncoupling Protein ◽  
Gross Anatomy ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Vascular Supply ◽  
Adipose Tissues ◽  
White Adipocyte ◽  
Metabolic Functions ◽  
Brown Adipose ◽  
Adipose Organ

Anatomically, an organ is defined as a series of tissues which jointly perform one or more interconnected functions. The adipose organ qualifies for this definition as it is made up of two tissue types, the white and brown adipose tissues, which collaborate in partitioning the energy contained in lipids between thermogenesis and the other metabolic functions. In rats and mice the adipose organ consists of several subcutaneous and visceral depots. Some areas of these depots are brown and correspond to brown adipose tissue, while many are white and correspond to white adipose tissue. The number of brown adipocytes found in white areas varies with age, strain of animal and environmental conditions. Brown and white adipocyte precursors are morphologically dissimilar. Together with a rich vascular supply, brown areas receive abundant noradrenergic parenchymal innervation. The gross anatomy and histology of the organ vary considerably in different physiological (cold acclimation, warm acclimation, fasting) and pathological conditions such as obesity; many important genes, such as leptin and uncoupling protein-1, are also expressed very differently in the two cell types. These basic mechanisms should be taken into account when addressing the physiopathology of obesity and its treatment.

scholarly journals Leptin as a key regulator of the adipose organ

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Catalina Picó ◽  
Mariona Palou ◽  
Catalina Amadora Pomar ◽  
Ana María Rodríguez ◽  
Andreu Palou
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Energy Homeostasis ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Main Role ◽  
Fat Stores ◽  
Physiological Homeostasis ◽  
Regulatory Effects ◽  
Adipose Organ ◽  
And Function

AbstractLeptin is a hormone primarily produced by the adipose tissue in proportion to the size of fat stores, with a primary function in the control of lipid reserves. Besides adipose tissue, leptin is also produced by other tissues, such as the stomach, placenta, and mammary gland. Altogether, leptin exerts a broad spectrum of short, medium, and long-term regulatory actions at the central and peripheral levels, including metabolic programming effects that condition the proper development and function of the adipose organ, which are relevant for its main role in energy homeostasis. Comprehending how leptin regulates adipose tissue may provide important clues to understand the pathophysiology of obesity and related diseases, such as type 2 diabetes, as well as its prevention and treatment. This review focuses on the physiological and long-lasting regulatory effects of leptin on adipose tissue, the mechanisms and pathways involved, its main outcomes on whole-body physiological homeostasis, and its consequences on chronic diseases.

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