Cardiovascular Neuroendocrinology: Emerging Role for Neurohypophyseal Hormones in Pathophysiology

Endocrinology ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ato O Aikins ◽  
Dianna H Nguyen ◽  
Obed Paundralingga ◽  
George E Farmer ◽  
Caroline Gusson Shimoura ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Arginine Vasopressin ◽  
Indirect Effects ◽  
Cardiovascular Function ◽  
Neurosecretory Cells ◽  
Traditional View ◽  
Posterior Pituitary ◽  
Affiliative Behavior ◽  
Neurohypophyseal Hormones

Abstract Arginine vasopressin (AVP) and oxytocin (OXY) are released by magnocellular neurosecretory cells that project to the posterior pituitary. While AVP and OXY currently receive more attention for their contributions to affiliative behavior, this mini-review discusses their roles in cardiovascular function broadly defined to include indirect effects that influence cardiovascular function. The traditional view is that neither AVP nor OXY contributes to basal cardiovascular function, although some recent studies suggest that this position might be re-evaluated. More evidence indicates that adaptations and neuroplasticity of AVP and OXY neurons contribute to cardiovascular pathophysiology.

Impairment of osmotically stimulated AVP release in patients with primary polydipsia

1993 ◽  
Vol 265 (6) ◽  
pp. R1247-R1252 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. M. Moses ◽  
B. Clayton
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Insipidus ◽  
Arginine Vasopressin ◽  
Plasma Osmolality ◽  
Normal Subjects ◽  
Urine Concentration ◽  
Published Data ◽  
Posterior Pituitary ◽  
Primary Polydipsia ◽  
Number Of Factors

The secretion of arginine vasopressin (AVP) from the posterior pituitary is primarily and finely regulated by the osmolality of plasma. Even though a number of factors alter osmolality-induced release of AVP, there are no published data in humans that have addressed the role of chronic overhydration on this phenomenon. To address this problem we have identified eight patients with primary polydipsia using criteria not involving measurement of AVP, and have subjected them to standardized infusions of hypertonic saline. These patients had less AVP in both plasma and urine in relation to plasma osmolality than was found in normal subjects. In addition, their rate of rise of plasma and urine AVP was less than in normal subjects. Their osmotic threshold for AVP release may have been higher than normal. These data demonstrate that chronic overhydration in humans downregulates the release of AVP in response to hypertonicity. This phenomenon may explain the impairment of urine concentration in patients with primary polydipsia and emphasizes the basis of the difficulty that may occur clinically in differentiating between patients with primary polydipsia and partial central diabetes insipidus.

Analogues of Neurohypophyseal Hormones, Oxytocin and Arginine Vasopressin, Conformationally Restricted in the N-Terminal Part of the Molecule

2006 ◽  
Vol 49 (6) ◽  
pp. 2016-2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wioleta Kowalczyk ◽  
Adam Prahl ◽  
Izabela Derdowska ◽  
Dariusz Sobolewski ◽  
Jadwiga Olejnik ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Arginine Vasopressin ◽  
Terminal Part ◽  
Conformationally Restricted ◽  
Neurohypophyseal Hormones

Efficacy, Safety, and Dosing of Desmopressin For Nocturnal Enuresis in Europe

1993 ◽  
Vol 32 (1_suppl) ◽  
pp. 19-24 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kelm HjälmÅs ◽  
Bengt Bengtsson
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Structure ◽  
Clinical Experience ◽  
Arginine Vasopressin ◽  
Nocturnal Enuresis ◽  
Adverse Reactions ◽  
Safety Margin ◽  
Posterior Pituitary ◽  
Experimental Animals ◽  
Sequential Combination ◽  
Enuresis Alarm

Desmopressin is a potent antidiuretic for nocturnal enuresis with few and mostly insignificant adverse reactions. Almost 80 years ago, the antidiuretic effects of extracts of the posterior pituitary were first reported. The molecular structure of the peptide vasopressin arginine vasopressin (AVP) became known in 1956, and by 1967, a synthesized modification of AVP, known as DDAVP, or desmopressin, was introduced. Toxicity studies performed on experimental animals support the conclusion that desmopressin is considerably more potent as an antidiuretic than AVP and has an exceptional safety margin. Further, clinical experience reveals that from 1974 to June 1992 only 21 patients using desmopressin had serious adverse reactions (water intoxication), and no fatalities occurred. Seven of 10 children with nocturnal enuresis who receive desmopressin stop their bedwetting completely or reduce it significantly, with best results noted in children over 10 years of age. Given these results, the preferred treatment in Europe for children with nocturnal enuresis is the sequential combination of desmopressin and the enuresis alarm.

Disorders of the posterior pituitary gland

2020 ◽  
pp. 2277-2283
Author(s):  
Niki Karavitaki ◽  
Shahzada K. Ahmed ◽  
John A.H. Wass
Keyword(s):  
Median Eminence ◽  
Arginine Vasopressin ◽  
Volume Overload ◽  
Urine Osmolality ◽  
Posterior Pituitary ◽  
Common Cause ◽  
Posterior Pituitary Gland ◽  
Long Acting ◽  
Cranial Diabetes Insipidus ◽  
Inappropriate Antidiuresis

The posterior pituitary produces arginine vasopressin, which has a key role in fluid homeostasis, and oxytocin, which stimulates uterine contraction during birth and ejection of milk during lactation. Cranial diabetes insipidus is the passage of large volumes of dilute urine due to vasopressin deficient synthesis and/or release. The most common cause is lesions of the neurohypophysis or the hypothalamic median eminence damaging the magnocellular neurons. MRI of the neurohypophysis is required to delineate the cause. Mild polyuria can be managed simply by ensuring adequate fluid intake; treatment with the long-acting vasopressin analogue, desmopressin is used for more severe cases. The syndrome of inappropriate antidiuresis is diagnosed when there is hyponatraemia with hypotonic plasma, inappropriate urine osmolality, and urinary sodium more than 20 mmol/litre, together with no evidence of volume overload or hypovolaemia, and normal renal, adrenal, and thyroid function.

Active site studies of neurohypophyseal hormones. Comparison of oxytocin and arginine vasopressin analogs containing 2-D-tyrosine

1979 ◽  
Vol 101 (10) ◽  
pp. 2717-2721 ◽  
Author(s):  
Victor J. Hruby ◽  
Donald A. Upson ◽  
Diane M. Yamamoto ◽  
Clark W. Smith ◽  
Roderich Walter
Keyword(s):  
Arginine Vasopressin ◽  
Active Site ◽  
Neurohypophyseal Hormones

Comparison of radioimmunoassay, chemical assay (HPLC) and bioassay for arginine vasopressin in synthetic standards and posterior pituitary tissue

1982 ◽  
Vol 99 (3) ◽  
pp. 371-378 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Möhring ◽  
P. Böhlen ◽  
J. Schoun ◽  
M. Mellet ◽  
U. Süss ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Performance Liquid Chromatography ◽  
Liquid Chromatography ◽  
Arginine Vasopressin ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Impurity Content ◽  
Posterior Lobe ◽  
Posterior Pituitary ◽  
Tissue Samples ◽  
Chemical Assay

Abstract. Radioimmunoassay and chemical assay (high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with fluorescence detection) for arginine vasopressin (AVP) in purified synthetic preparations and in posterior lobe tissue samples (ox and rat) yielded essentially identical values. In tissue samples from the neurohypophysis, the reproducibility of the former method was roughly twice as good. The routinely used blood pressure bioassay was very poorly reproducible and yielded values deviating from the two other methods. In all three assays, the coefficient of variation was roughly five times higher in tissue samples than in synthetic preparations. It is suggested that a chemical rather than a biological assay is used for standardization of AVP for radioimmunoassay. Large differences were found in the quality of AVP preparations potentially usable as standards and tracers (after iodination) for radioimmunoassay. All commercial preparations should therefore be checked for their AVP and impurity content by high performance liquid chromatography.

scholarly journals Centrally administered neuropeptide W-30 activates magnocellular neurosecretory cells in the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei with neurosecretion in rats

2006 ◽  
Vol 190 (2) ◽  
pp. 213-223 ◽  
Author(s):  
Makoto Kawasaki ◽  
Tatsushi Onaka ◽  
Masamitsu Nakazato ◽  
Jun Saito ◽  
Takashi Mera ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Paraventricular Nucleus ◽  
Arginine Vasopressin ◽  
Supraoptic Nucleus ◽  
Neurosecretory Cells ◽  
Hybridization Histochemistry ◽  
Paraventricular Nuclei ◽  
Fos Protein ◽  
Regulation Of Secretion ◽  
Plasma Arginine

We examined the effects of i.c.v. administration of neuro-peptide W-30 (NPW30) on plasma arginine vasopressin (AVP) and plasma oxytocin (OXT) using RIA. The induction of c-fos mRNA, AVP heteronuclear (hn)RNA, and c-Fos protein (Fos) in the supraoptic nucleus (SON) and paraventricular nucleus (PVN) of rats were also investigated using in situ hybridization histochemistry for c-fos mRNA and AVP hnRNA, and immunohistochemistry for Fos. Both plasma AVP and OXT were significantly increased at 5 and 15 min after i.c.v. administration of NPW30 (2.8 nmol/rat). In situ hybridization histochemistry revealed that the induction of c-fos mRNA and AVP hnRNA in the SON and PVN were significantly increased 15, 30, and 60 min after i.c.v. administration of NPW30 (1.4 nmol/rat). Dual immunostaining for Fos/AVP and Fos/OXT revealed that both AVP-like immunoreactive (LI) cells and OXT-LI cells exhibited nuclear Fos-LI in the SON and PVN, 90 min after i.c.v. administration of NPW30 (2.8 nmol/rat). These results suggest that central NPW30 may be involved in the regulation of secretion of AVP and OXT in the magnocellular neurosecretory cells in the SON and PVN.

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