Assessment of Nocturnal Enuresis Management in Children in the Advanced Diagnostic Center in Khartoum State

Nocturnal enuresis is defined as nighttime bedwetting in children five years of age or older in the absence of neurological or structural problems affecting the bladder. A wide variety of interventions are used to treat nocturnal enuresis include simple behavioral intervention, enuresis alarm, and pharmacological treatment—the aim of the study to assess the management of nocturnal enuresis in children. A prospective cross-sectional study included 150 children attend the advanced diagnostic center. Data collected by direct interview questionnaire was tested –coded and analyzed by SPSS version 20 in tables and graph &excel. The result of this study showed that the highest treatment adopted was simple-cognitive behavioral therapy (87%), with the highest (94.7%) of patient surveyed adopted lifting and awaking technique,(38%) of patient surveyed have taken imipramine, (26%) of patient surveyed have taken 75mg dose of imipramine, (37%)of patients surveyed had a full response from imipramine therapy. The study showed that the first-line treatment that is needed is simple-cognitive behavioral therapy with instruction regarding diet and fluids, and it is very useful. The main drug was used in the treatment of nocturnal enuresis is imipramine with a dose of 75mg.

A Novel Enuresis Alarm for Toilet Training Students With Intellectual Disability

In this study, a novel enuresis alarm device using a miniaturized radio frequency module and disposable sensors made with inexpensive conductive ink was used to teach toilet use for urination with three participants with severe intellectual disability (two males and one female; aged 7–15 years) in a private special education school setting. At study entry, the participants did not use the toilet for urination independently, despite prior training attempts using standard behavioral interventions. For each participant, the enuresis alarm was used as part of a manualized behavior modification program. Two of the participants progressed markedly in the acquisition of toileting skills during participation in the program, but results for the third participant were less clear. Data suggest high staff satisfaction with the device and procedure and several possible advantages over standard behavioral intervention. Thus, an enuresis alarm that comprises state-of-the-art technology may be useful for teaching toileting skills in classroom settings for some individuals with developmental disabilities.

A randomised controlled trial of a code-word enuresis alarm

ObjectiveTo compare a novel code-word alarm with a commercially available wireless alarm for treating enuresis.SettingA tertiary paediatric centre.PatientsChildren aged 6–18 with at least 3 wet nights per week in the previous 6 months referred by doctors.OutcomesPrimary outcome: the proportion who achieved a full response (14 consecutive dry nights) by 16 weeks. Secondary outcomes: change in frequency of wetting, duration of alarm training, percentage of wet nights that the child woke to the alarm, adherence to treatment, adverse events and satisfaction with treatment.ResultsOf the 353 participants, 176 were assigned to the code-word alarm and 177 to control. At 16 weeks, 54% (95% CI 47% to 61%) in the experimental group and 47% (95% CI 40% to 55%) in the control group had achieved a full response (p=0.22), with 74% and 66%, respectively, attaining a 50% or more reduction in wetting frequency (p=0.14). The experimental group woke more often than the control group (median percentage of waking 88% vs 77%, p=0.003) and had a greater reduction in wet nights (median reduction of 10 vs 9 nights per fortnight). Fewer in the experimental group discontinued therapy before achieving a full response (27% vs 37% discontinued, p=0.04). There were no significant differences in relapse rates at 6 months, adverse events or satisfaction between the two alarms.ConclusionsAlthough the code-word alarm increased waking, no difference in full response rates was demonstrated between the two alarms.Trial registration numberACTRN12609000070235.

Woven Textile Moisture Sensor for Enuresis Alarm Treatment

To improve comfort conditions of the enuresis alarm system, modular humidity sensor should be replaced by textile sensor. During research woven textile moisture sensor was developed and first experiments of signal detection speed were performed. Washed and unwashed samples were tested from both sides of sensor. Measurements of electrical signals were performed with oscilloscope. It is important to know what the actual resistance of a wet sensor is in order to design a proper electrical circuit that controls the state of the sensor. Acquired values of electrical resistance will be used in further sensor circuit design for developing enuresis alarm system prototype. During the design of moisture sensor it is necessary to take into consideration position of electrodes depending on sensor’s configuration and characteristics of textile wettability and moisture management.