Steady State during Multiple Drug Administration

2012 ◽  
pp. 246-267
Keyword(s):  
Steady State ◽  
Drug Administration ◽  
Multiple Drug

scholarly journals Intrapulmonary steady-state concentrations of clarithromycin and azithromycin in healthy adult volunteers.

1997 ◽  
Vol 41 (6) ◽  
pp. 1399-1402 ◽  
Author(s):  
K A Rodvold ◽  
M H Gotfried ◽  
L H Danziger ◽  
R J Servi
Keyword(s):  
Steady State ◽  
Standard Deviation ◽  
Bronchoalveolar Lavage ◽  
Drug Administration ◽  
Alveolar Macrophages ◽  
Healthy Adult ◽  
Epithelial Lining ◽  
Epithelial Lining Fluid ◽  
Adult Volunteers

The steady-state concentrations of clarithromycin and azithromycin in plasma were compared with concomitant concentrations in epithelial lining fluid (ELF) and alveolar macrophages (AM) obtained in intrapulmonary samples during bronchoscopy and bronchoalveolar lavage from 40 healthy, nonsmoking adult volunteers. Mean plasma clarithromycin, 14-(R)-hydroxyclarithromycin, and azithromycin concentrations were similar to those previously reported. Clarithromycin was extensively concentrated in ELF (range of mean +/- standard deviation concentrations, 34.4 +/- 29.3 microg/ml at 4 h to 4.6 +/- 3.7 microg/ml at 24 h) and AM (480 +/- 533 microg/ml at 4 h to 99 +/- 50 microg/ml at 24 h). The concentrations of azithromycin in ELF were 1.01 +/- 0.45 microg/ml at 4 h to 1.22 +/- 0.59 microg/ml at 24 h, and those in AM were 42.7 +/- 28.7 microg/ml at 4 h to 41.7 +/- 12.1 microg/ml at 24 h. The concentrations of 14-(R)-hydroxyclarithromycin in the AM ranged from 89.3 +/- 52.8 microg/ml at 4 h to 31.3 +/- 17.7 microg/ml at 24 h. During the period of 24 h after drug administration, azithromycin and clarithromycin achieved mean concentrations in ELF and AM higher than the concomitant concentrations in plasma.

Drug interactions and multiple drug administration

1977 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 322-328 ◽  
Author(s):  
Franklin E. May ◽  
Ronald B. Stewart ◽  
Leighton E. Cluff
Keyword(s):  
Drug Interactions ◽  
Drug Administration ◽  
Multiple Drug

scholarly journals Simultaneous Determination of Several Antiepileptic Drugs and Its Clinical Application to Some Cases of Multiple-Drug Administration

1982 ◽  
Vol 102 (11) ◽  
pp. 1067-1073 ◽  
Author(s):  
JUICHI SATO ◽  
AKIKO SAITO ◽  
EIJI OWADA ◽  
KEIJI ITO ◽  
TETSUSHI GOTO ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Simultaneous Determination ◽  
Antiepileptic Drugs ◽  
Clinical Application ◽  
Drug Administration ◽  
Multiple Drug

Aflatoxin Residues in Milk of Dairy Cows after Ingestion of Naturally Contaminated Grain

1986 ◽  
Vol 49 (10) ◽  
pp. 781-785 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. A. FROBISH ◽  
B. D. BRADLEY ◽  
D. D. WAGNER ◽  
P. E. LONG-BRADLEY ◽  
H. HAIRSTON
Keyword(s):  
Steady State ◽  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Milk Production ◽  
Cottonseed Meal ◽  
Drug Administration ◽  
Aflatoxin B1 ◽  
Food And Drug Administration ◽  
Aflatoxin M1 ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Positive Effect

Thirty-two lactating Holstein cows, blocked according to level of milk production, were fed cottonseed meal contaminated with aflatoxin B1, (AFB1) (0, 94, 241 and 500 μg/kg) as 20% of their ration (equivalent to 0, 20, 48 and 104 μg/kg in complete feed). Within 12 h, aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) appeared in the milk of all cows receiving contaminated feed. The mean AFM1 concentrations in the milk approached steady-state conditions (0.35, 0.63 and 1.61 μg/L for treatments of 20, 48 and 104 μg AFB1/kg, respectively) at 24 h and returned to the Food and Drug Administration action level of 0.5 μg/L or lower within 24 h after removal of the contaminated feed. The ratio of AFB1 in the feed to AFM1 in the milk averaged 66:1. The mean percent of daily AFB1 intake that was transferred to AFM1 was 1.74. This value was unaffected by the concentration of AFB1 in the feed (1.89, 1.55 and 1.81% transferred for treatments of 20, 48 and 104 μg AFB1/kg, respectively). Although increased milk production had no effect on the concentration of AFM1 in the milk, it had a positive effect (P ≤ 0.01) on the percent of AFB1 intake transferred to AFM1 (2.14 vs 1.35%). In a second trial, 16 additional cows were fed either naturally contaminated cottonseed meal or corn (44 and 49 μg/kg, respectively, on a complete feed basis). The percent of AFB1 intake secreted as AFM1 was affected (P ≤ 0.02) by the source of contamination (1.73 vs. 1.32% for the cottonseed meal and corn treatments, respectively). The AFM1 concentrations in the milk were not significantly different (P>0.05).

scholarly journals Optimizing Multiple Drug Administration from Depot by Applying Pharmacokinetic Concepts

2020 ◽  
Vol 24 (4) ◽  
pp. 337-348
Author(s):  
Krasimira Prodanova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Drug Administration ◽  
Dosage Regimen ◽  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
Impulsive Control ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
Aminoglycoside Antibiotic ◽  
Compartment Model ◽  
Multiple Drug ◽  
Optimization Approach ◽  
Drug Concentrations

For the multiple drug administration from therapeutic reasons it is important to maintain the concentration in the blood plasma in an appropriate range. In the present paper an optimization approach is developed to determine drug dosage regimen to achieve the desired plasma concentrations after application from depot, i.e. oral, muscular, subcutant. The developed methodology allows the optimization of both the dose and the dosage interval. Performance of the developed methodology is evaluated by computing bias and precision of the estimated trough and peak drug concentrations that are reached after dosage regimen determinations. This article focuses on an optimal impulsive control of compartment model to individualise dosage regimens of Amikacin in the context of extended dosage intervals. Amikacin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat various bacterial infections.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document