Sustainability of arsenic-free water supply

2010 ◽  
pp. 472-478
Keyword(s):  
Water Supply ◽  
Free Water

scholarly journals Evaluation of Two Management Strategies for Harvested Emergent Vegetation on Immature Mosquito Abundance and Water Quality

2020 ◽  
Vol 36 (3) ◽  
pp. 139-151
Author(s):  
William E. Walton ◽  
Kevin Mai ◽  
Andrew Nguyen ◽  
Rex Tse
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Plant Biomass ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Free Water ◽  
Vegetation Management ◽  
Water Volume ◽  
Turnover Rates ◽  
Mosquito Abundance

ABSTRACT Emergent macrophytes play critical roles in water treatment processes of free-water surface constructed treatment wetlands. Management strategies for plant biomass affect wetland function and mosquito populations. Sinking of harvested macrophyte biomass is thought to provide organic carbon that enhances denitrifying bacteria important for nutrient removal while concomitantly reducing harborage for mosquitoes. The effects of sinking versus floating dried plant biomass (California bulrush [Schoenoplectus californicus]) on immature mosquito abundance and water quality (nutrient levels, oxygen demand, and physicochemical variables) were examined in mesocosms (28-m2 ponds or 1.4-m2 wading pools) under different flow regimes in 4 studies. The numbers of mosquito larvae in earthen ponds with floating vegetation were greater than in ponds with sunken vegetation on most dates but did not differ significantly between the 2 vegetation treatments in experiments using wading pools. Differences of the abundance of Anopheles larvae between the 2 vegetation management treatments were larger than for Culex larvae when naturally occurring larval mosquito predators were present. At high turnover rates (>2 pond volumes/day), water quality did not differ significantly between the vegetation management treatments and the water supply. At low turnover rates (approximately 2–6% of water volume/day), water quality differed significantly between the 2 vegetation management treatments and the water supply. Sinking vegetation can enhance the effectiveness of mosquito control but, depending on water management practices, may raise the concentrations of water quality constituents in discharges that are regulated under the Clean Water Act.

scholarly journals Local solutions by slum communities to deal with summer water scarcity: Learning from Indore, India

2020 ◽  
Vol 30 (Supplement_5) ◽  
Author(s):  
S Agarwal ◽  
S Verma ◽  
K Kothiwal ◽  
N Verma ◽  
K Vishvakarma
Keyword(s):  
Water Supply ◽  
Water Scarcity ◽  
Free Water ◽  
Urban Slums ◽  
Women's Groups ◽  
Civil Society Organisations ◽  
Slum Dwellers ◽  
Women’S Groups ◽  
Drying Up ◽  
Community Cooperation

Abstract Issue Government of India's, NITI Aayog reports that 600 million people in India face extreme water stress. Slums and similarly vulnerable urban populations face huge challenges in accessing water for basic needs, increasing in summers. Indore is an extreme water stressed city in India. Methods During Urban Health Resource Centre's (UHRC) program work in slums, including women's groups UHRC forms and trains in 2018 we learnt of acute water scarcity in summers. Women in 16 slums were motivated to evolve and implement possible solutions. Most slum dwellers provide services on low wages to the city. With public bore-wells drying-up, in Feb.- May 2019 UHRC helped women's groups' submit community requests, reminders to elected ward representatives and Municipal offices for free water tankers. UHRC motivated slum families to collectively negotiate with private providers to reduce cost, systematise water supply for more families. In 4 peri-urban slums we strengthened water access relationship between farmers and slum dwellers. Results During Feb.-May 2019 10 of the 16 slums received free water tankers from Municipal Corporation. More population of 4 peri-urban slums accessed water from farmer's tube-well. Slum families evolved coping mechanisms of storing more general use water in underground tanks or many cans. Families with larger storage shared water with needy families demonstrating social cooperation. Lessons Trained and mentored slum women's groups gently negotiating with elected ward-level politicians and municipal officials helps in provision of free water tankers in summers. This strategy to get govt. water supply in slums is adaptable in fast growing Indian cities. Owing to geographical proximity, rural-urban cooperation can help slums in city's fringes obtain water from farmer tube-wells used for irrigation. Fostering community cooperation helps more needy families get water. Key messages Slum communities develop local mechanisms to access and store water which need to be understood by civil society organisations and Government to improve solutions for water supply in summer months. Slum women emerge as dynamic actors to improve the lives of both women and men (Sen, 2000). In this case women help negotiate for and foster community cooperation for water, store more water.

scholarly journals Function of check dam aggradation in local water supply of mountainous areas

2019 ◽  
pp. 117-130
Author(s):  
Zoran Nikic ◽  
Ratko Ristic ◽  
Nenad Maric ◽  
Vukasin Milcanovic ◽  
Sinisa Polovina ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Supply ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Free Water ◽  
Check Dam ◽  
Mountainous Areas ◽  
Traditional Role ◽  
Erosion Processes ◽  
Check Dams ◽  
Local Water

Check dams are built to control erosion processes and torrential floods. In Serbia, legally binding documents, VOS (2002) and PPRS (2010), provide the concept for the water supply of the population and industry by regional systems for which water is provided by building high dams and formation of reservoirs. With this concept, it is often not possible to meet the needs of local communities in mountainous areas. In order to contribute to solving the water supply problems of these mostly poor villages, research was conducted on the possibility of using check dam aggradation groundwater for this purpose. Field investigations and analysis of project documentation for numerous check dams and aggradations in Serbia were carried out. Potential quantities and quality of groundwater in the aggradations were analyzed as a resource for the water supply of the population. The results of the research indicate very favorable possibilities of the aggradations for the accumulation of groundwater in the form of unconfined or phreatic aquifer with a free water table, in quantities that can be used for water supply. It was stated that: 1) under favorable conditions, with check dams on watercourses with constant flow and large-scale aggradations, there is a possibility of accumulating sufficient quantities of groundwater as a resource for water supply, 2) improving the quality of infiltrated waters by the process of filtration through intergranular porous media of the aggradation, and reaching the level of water supply quality, and 3) favorable economic parameters for opening the source at the aggradation, compared to other types of water sources. The possibility that check dams, in addition to their traditional role, could be used for local water supply facilities was also highlighted.

Increases in grain yield of wheat by breeding for an osmoregulation gene: relationship to water supply and evaporative demand

2000 ◽  
Vol 51 (8) ◽  
pp. 971 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. M. Morgan
Keyword(s):  
Water Supply ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
Free Water ◽  
Water Evaporation ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
Evaporative Demand ◽  
Potential Yield ◽  
Pollen Selection ◽  
Wide Range

The effect of water stress on yield increases produced by breeding for an osmoregulation gene (or) was examined using both backcross-bred lines (produced using allele identification in pollen grains) and inbred lines (produced using leaf tests). Yields were measured in 39 field experiments spanning 8 seasons. These included experiments where water was supplied through drip irrigators and rain excluded with a mobile shelter. Several approaches to the measurement of stress environment were examined. The commonly used site mean yield, although most accessible and so utilising the most data, was least effective in explaining variation in yield response. Comparatively high efficiency (84%) could be achieved using measurements of rainfall or evaporative demand for specific periods of crop ontogeny, but this suffered the limitation of being season or treatment specific. The results did, however, demonstrate the value of the pollen selection method in increasing yield under conditions of reduced water supply. In keeping with past climatic analyses, and with the theory underlying variations in leaf water potential to which osmoregulation responds, an index incorporating water supply and evaporative demand accounted well for the yield increase (85%) over the wide range of seasons and treatments examined. It requires inputs of available soil water at sowing, rainfall, and free-water evaporation during the growing period, together with sowing and anthesis dates. The index was used to assess potential yield responses in the various climates covered by the Australian wheatbelt. Greatest potential lay at the drier, inland, margins especially where soils are lighter and water-holding capacities lower.

The Сalculation of a Drain Seasonal Regulation Reservoir Volume Probability

2018 ◽  
Vol 931 ◽  
pp. 991-995
Author(s):  
Olga G. Degtyareva ◽  
Tatyana I. Safronova ◽  
Irina V. Sokolova
Keyword(s):  
Water Supply ◽  
Black Sea ◽  
Free Water ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
Mountain Rivers ◽  
Reservoir Volume ◽  
Black Sea Coast ◽  
Mode Of Operation ◽  
Seasonal Regulation ◽  
Sea Coast

Trouble-free water supply of the Black Sea coast rivers basin requires water supply creation. This problem becomes urgent especially during the summer low water. In the work the mountain rivers elevated and underground volume use technology is considered. The calculation of the water intake for a particular term at the particular mode of operation is proved. The model can be used when developing administrative decisions.

Enumeration and Identification of Asbestos Fibres in Water

1974 ◽  
Vol 32 ◽  
pp. 526-527 ◽  
Author(s):  
O. Mudroch ◽  
J. R. Kramer
Keyword(s):  
Water Supply ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Drainage Basin ◽  
Lake Superior ◽  
Research Work ◽  
List Type ◽  
The West ◽  
Asbestos Fibre ◽  
Amphibole Asbestos

Approximately 60,000 tons per day of waste from taconite mining, tailing, are added to the west arm of Lake Superior at Silver Bay. Tailings contain nearly the same amount of quartz and amphibole asbestos, cummingtonite and actinolite in fibrous form. Cummingtonite fibres from 0.01μm in length have been found in the water supply for Minnesota municipalities.The purpose of the research work was to develop a method for asbestos fibre counts and identification in water and apply it for the enumeration of fibres in water samples collected(a) at various stations in Lake Superior at two depth: lm and at the bottom.(b) from various rivers in Lake Superior Drainage Basin.

Bacterial biofilm behavior in water-supply lines of dental units

1992 ◽  
Vol 50 (1) ◽  
pp. 882-883
Author(s):  
B.D. Tall ◽  
K.S. George ◽  
R. T. Gray ◽  
H.N. Williams
Keyword(s):  
Water Supply ◽  
Medical Devices ◽  
Biofilm Formation ◽  
Bacterial Biofilm

Studies of bacterial behavior in many environments have shown that most organisms attach to surfaces, forming communities of microcolonies called biofilms. In contaminated medical devices, biofilms may serve both as reservoirs and as inocula for the initiation of infections. Recently, there has been much concern about the potential of dental units to transmit infections. Because the mechanisms of biofilm formation are ill-defined, we investigated the behavior and formation of a biofilm associated with tubing leading to the water syringe of a dental unit over a period of 1 month.

The Water Supply of Lake Nicaragua

1901 ◽  
Vol 51 (1306supp) ◽  
pp. 20932-20932
Author(s):  
Angelo Heilprin
Keyword(s):  
Water Supply
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