scholarly journals Evaluation of In-Ground Plastic-Hinge Length and Depth for Piles in Marine Oil Terminals

2015 ◽  
Vol 31 (4) ◽  
pp. 2397-2417 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rakesh K. Goel
Keyword(s):  
Seismic Design ◽  
Plastic Hinge ◽  
Soil Behavior ◽  
Marine Oil ◽  
Concrete Piles ◽  
Steel Piles ◽  
Level 1 ◽  
Plastic Hinge Length ◽  
Level 2

This investigation evaluated the current recommendations for plastic-hinge length and depth for piles in marine oil terminals considering nonlinear pile and soil behavior, as well as two seismic design levels: Level 1 and Level 2. It was found that the plastic-hinge length depends on seismic design level, whereas depth is independent of seismic design level. For pre-stressed concrete piles, the current plastic-hinge length recommendations were generally found to be adequate for seismic design Level 2, but provided much smaller plastic-hinge length for Level 1. For hollow-steel piles, the current plastic-hinge length recommendation was generally found to be adequate for sands, but provided much smaller plastic-hinge length for clays for both seismic design levels. Furthermore, the current recommendations lead to much shallower plastic-hinge depth than that found in this investigation.

New Seismic Design Criteria of Piping Systems in High-Pressure Gas Facilities

2004 ◽  
Vol 126 (1) ◽  
pp. 9-17 ◽  
Author(s):  
Makoto Inaba ◽  
Masatoshi Ikeda ◽  
Nobuyuki Shimizu
Keyword(s):  
High Pressure ◽  
Seismic Performance ◽  
Seismic Design ◽  
Evaluation Method ◽  
Design Criteria ◽  
Ground Displacement ◽  
Piping Systems ◽  
Level 1 ◽  
Deformation Tests ◽  
Level 2

After the Great Hyogoken-nanbu Earthquake (1995), the Seismic Design Code for High-Pressure Gas Facilities of Japan was amended. This amended code requires two-step seismic assessments, that is, the evaluation of the Level 1 Required Seismic Performance for Level 1 earthquakes and that of the Level 2 Required Seismic Performance for Level 2 earthquakes. Seismic design of piping systems is newly included within the scope of the code. For Level 2 earthquakes, possible ground displacement due to liquefaction is taken into account. The evaluation method of the Level 1 Required Seismic Performance is specified in the amended code and that of the Level 2 Required Seismic Performance is proposed in the guideline. The evaluation of the former is based on elastic design and that of the latter on elastoplastic design. The propriety of the design criteria of piping systems with respect to ground displacement was confirmed by large deformation tests. In this paper, seismic design criteria of piping systems in the amended code and the evaluation method of the Level 2 Required Seismic Performance proposed in the guideline are introduced, and the results of the large deformation tests are reported.

Development of Seismic Design Code for High Pressure Gas Facilities in Japan

2004 ◽  
Vol 126 (1) ◽  
pp. 2-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Heki Shibata ◽  
Kohei Suzuki ◽  
Masatoshi Ikeda
Keyword(s):  
High Pressure ◽  
Seismic Performance ◽  
Seismic Design ◽  
Design Code ◽  
Ground Failure ◽  
Gas Leakage ◽  
Design Practices ◽  
Seismic Design Code ◽  
Level 1 ◽  
Level 2

The Seismic Design Code for High Pressure Gas Facilities was established in 1982 in advance of those in other industrial fields, the only exception being that for nuclear power plants. In 1995, Hyogoken Nanbu earthquake caused approximately 6000 deaths and more than $1 billion (US) loss of property in the Kobe area, Japan. This unexpected disaster underlined the idea that industrial facilities should pay special consideration to damages including ground failure due to the liquefaction. Strong ground motions caused serious damage to urban structures in the area. Thus, the Seismic Design Code of the High Pressure Gas Facilities were improved to include two-step design assessments, that is, for Level 1 earthquakes (operating basis earthquake: a probable strong earthquake during the service life of the facilities), and Level 2 earthquakes (safety shutdown earthquake: a possible strongest earthquake with extremely low probability of occurrence). For Level 2 earthquakes, ground failure by possible liquefaction will be taken into account. For a Level 1 earthquake, the required seismic performance is that the system must remain safe without critical damage after the earthquake, including no gas leakage. For a Level 2 earthquake, the required seismic performance is that the system must remain safe without gas leakage. This means a certain non-elastic deformation without gas leakage may be allowed. The High Pressure Gas Safety Institute of Japan set up the Seismic Safety Promotion Committee to modify their code, in advance of other industries, and has continued to investigate more effective seismic design practices for more than 5 years. The final version of the guidelines has established design practices for the both Level 1 and Level 2 earthquakes. In this paper, the activities of the committee, their new design concepts and scope of applications are explained.

Developments of Seismic Design Code for High Pressure Gas Facilities in Japan

2002 ◽  
Author(s):  
Heki Shibata ◽  
Kohei Suzuki ◽  
Masatoshi Ikeda
Keyword(s):  
High Pressure ◽  
Seismic Design ◽  
Power Plants ◽  
Design Code ◽  
Seismic Safety ◽  
Ground Failure ◽  
Gas Leakage ◽  
Seismic Design Code ◽  
Level 1 ◽  
Level 2

The Seismic Design Code for High Pressure Gas Facilities was established in advance of other industrial fields in 1982. Only exception was that for nuclear power plants. In 1995, Hyogoken Nanbu earthquake brought approximately 6,000 deaths and more than 100,000 M$ loss or property in Kobe area, Japan. This unexpected serious event enforced us that industrial facilities should pay to special considerations of their damages including ground failure due to the liquefaction. Their strong ground motions brought serious damages to urban structures in the area. Thus, the Seismic Design Code of the High Pressure Gas Facilities were improved to include 2 step design assessments, that is, Level 1 earthquake (operating basisearthquake, the probable strong earthquake in the service life of the facilities), and Level 2 earthquake (safety shutdownearthquake, the possible strongest earthquake with extremely low probability of occurrence). For Level 2 earthquake, the ground failure by possible liquefaction shall be taken into account. In regard to Level 1 earthquake, the system must be remained safety without critical damage after the earthquake, in addition to no leakage of “gas”. In regard to Level 2 earthquake, the required seismic performance is that peventing systems must be remained without gas leakage, and stable. It means a certain non-elastic deformation without gas leakage may be allowed. The High Pressure Gas Safety Institute of Japan has set up the Seismic Safety Promotion Committee to modify their code in advance of other industries, and continue to investigate more reasonable seismic design practice for more than 5 years. Andthe final version of the guideline has been established for the design practices both in Level 1 and Level 2 earthquakes. This paper explains the activities of the committee, their new design concepts and scope of applications.

A New Seismic Design Criteria of Piping Systems in High Pressure Gas Facilities

2002 ◽  
Author(s):  
Makoto Inaba ◽  
Masatoshi Ikeda ◽  
Nobuyuki Shimizu ◽  
Tetsuya Watanabe
Keyword(s):  
High Pressure ◽  
Seismic Performance ◽  
Seismic Design ◽  
Evaluation Method ◽  
Design Criteria ◽  
Ground Displacement ◽  
Piping Systems ◽  
Level 1 ◽  
Deformation Tests ◽  
Level 2

After the Great Hyogoken-nanbu Earthquake, “Seismic Design Code for High Pressure Gas Facilities of Japan” was amended. This amended code requires two step seismic assessments, that is, evaluation of Level 1 Required Seismic Performance for Level 1 Earthquake and that of Level 2 Required Seismic Performance for Level 2 Earthquake. Seismic design of piping systems is newly involved in the scope of the code. For Level 2 Earthquake, possible ground displacement due to liquefaction is taken into account. When ground displacement occurs, foundations of structures settle, laterally move or incline as a conseqence, and a piping system supported by independent foundation structures suffers from relative displacements between supporting points, which may exceed several tens of centimeters. The evaluation method of Level 1 Required Seismic Performance is specified in the amended code and that of Level 2 Required Seismic Performance is proposed in the guideline. The former evaluation is based on elastic design and the latter on elasto-plastic design. The propriety of design criteria of piping systems against ground displacement was confirmed by large deformation tests. This paper introduces seismic design criteria of piping systems in the amended code and the evaluation method of Level 2 Required Seismic Performance proposed in the guideline, and also reports the results on the large deformation tests.

Rational seismic design of precast, prestressed concrete piles

PCI Journal ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 53 (5) ◽  
pp. 40-53 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew Budek-Schmeisser ◽  
Gianmario Benzoni
Keyword(s):  
Seismic Design ◽  
Prestressed Concrete ◽  
Concrete Piles ◽  
Precast Prestressed Concrete

ANALISIS KEMAMPUAN KOMUNIKASI MATEMATIS DALAM MENYELESAIKAN MASALAH STATISTIKA

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ahmad Aunur Rohman
Keyword(s):  
Level 1 ◽  
Level 2

Penelitian ini dimaksudkan untuk mengetahui bagaimana kemampuan komunikasi matematis mahasiswa terhadap pemahaman statistika. Data dalam penelitian ini berupa hasil pekerjaan tes tertulis tentang kemampuan komunikasi matematis dan wawancara terhadap subjek penelitian. Pengumpulan data diperoleh dengan tes dan wawancara. Uji keabsahan data yang digunakan adalah triangulasi. Data penelitan yang terkumpul dianalisis dengan analisis data non statistik yang terdiri dari tiga alur, yaitu reduksi data, penyajian data, dan penarikan kesimpulan/verifikasi data. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa 1) Terdapat 5 mahasiswa yang berada pada level 0 (sangat kurang baik); 2) 24 mahasiswa berada pada level 1 (kurang baik); 3) 6 mahasiswa berada pada level 2 (cukup baik); Penelitian ini diharapkan dapat memacu individu lain untuk melakukan penelitian yang lebih baik dan mendalam tentang kemampuan komunikasi matematis.

EVALUASI PELATIHAN DI PT. PUPUK KUJANG CIKAMPEK

2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lania Muharsih ◽  
Ratih Saraswati
Keyword(s):  
Training Evaluation ◽  
Work Productivity ◽  
Learning Behavior ◽  
Level 3 ◽  
Level 1 ◽  
Four Levels ◽  
A Company ◽  
Level 2 ◽  
Evaluation Sheet ◽  
Assessment Factor

This study aims to determine the training evaluation at PT. Kujang Fertilizer. PT. Pupuk Kujang is a company engaged in the field of petrochemicals. Evaluation sheet of PT. Fertilizer Kujang is made based on Kirkpatrick's theory which consists of four levels of evaluation, namely reaction, learning, behavior, and results. At level 1, namely reaction, in the evaluation sheet is in accordance with the theory of Kirkpatrick, at level 2 that is learning should be held pretest and posttest but only made scale. At level 3, behavior, according to theory, but on assessment factor number 3, quantity and work productivity should not need to be included because they are included in level 4. At level 4, that is the result, here is still lacking to get a picture of the results of the training that has been carried out because only based on answers from superiors without evidence of any documents.   Keywords: Training Evaluation, Kirkpatrick Theory.    Penelitian ini bertujuan mengetahui evaluasi training di PT. Pupuk Kujang. PT. Pupuk Kujang merupakan perusahaan yang bergerak di bidang petrokimia. Lembar evaluasi PT. Pupuk Kujang dibuat berdasarkan teori Kirkpatrick yang terdiri dari empat level evaluasi, yaitu reaksi, learning, behavior, dan hasil. Pada level 1 yaitu reaksi, di lembar evaluasi tersebut sudah sesuai dengan teori dari Kirkpatrick, pada level 2 yaitu learning seharusnya diadakan pretest dan posttest namun hanya dibuatkan skala. Pada level 3 yaitu behavior, sudah sesuai teori namun pada faktor penilaian nomor 3 kuantitas dan produktivitas kerja semestinya tidak perlu dimasukkan karena sudah termasuk ke dalam level 4. Pada level 4 yaitu hasil, disini masih sangat kurang untuk mendapatkan gambaran hasil dari pelatihan yang sudah dilaksanakan karena hanya berdasarkan dari jawaban atasan tanpa bukti dokumen apapun.   Kata kunci: Evaluasi Pelatihan, Teori Kirkpatrick.

scholarly journals Celebrate Diversity?

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christian Huber ◽  
Philipp Nicolay ◽  
Simone Weber
Keyword(s):  
Eine Hohe ◽  
Soziale Integration ◽  
Level 1 ◽  
Soziale Ausgrenzung ◽  
Level 2

ZusammenfassungSchulleistungen und soziale Integration sind im deutschen Schulsystem eng miteinander verbunden. Unklar ist, welche Rolle die Leistungs- und Verhaltensheterogenität für diesen Zusammenhang spielt. Vertreter*innen eines klassischen sozialpsychologischen Zugangs sagen für eine hohe Leistungs- und Verhaltensheterogenität eine Erhöhung des Risikos auf soziale Ausgrenzung (Risikohypothese) voraus, Vertreter*innen eines inklusionspädagogischen Zugangs eine Schutzfunktion (Schutzhypothese). Die vorliegende Studie untersucht, inwieweit die Leistungs- und Verhaltensheterogenität den Zusammenhang zwischen einem Förderbedarf in den Bereichen Lernen/Verhalten und sozialer Integration moderiert und ob die Richtung dieses Modertoreffekt im Sinne der Schutz- oder der Risikohypothese gedeutet werden kann. Hierzu wurden N = 1352 Grundschüler*innen in drei unterschiedlich heterogenen Schulsystemen (jahrgangsgetrennt, 1/2/3/4; teilweise jahrgangsübergreifend, 1–2/3–4; jahrgangsübergreifend, 1–4) in einer Querschnittstudie untersucht. Erhoben wurden, neben der sozialen Integration, Informationen über einen besonderen Förderbedarf in den Bereichen Lernen und Verhalten und Schulleistung. Das Schulsystem ging als unabhängige Variable auf Level 2, der Förderbedarf als unabhängige Variable auf Level 1 und die soziale Integration als abhängige Variable in die mehrebenenanalytische Auswertung ein. Analog zu bisher vorliegenden Befunden wurde ein signifikanter Haupteffekt beider Förderbedarfe auf die soziale Integration gefunden. Ferner zeigten vier von sechs Cross-Level-Effekten für den Förderbedarf Lernen Hinweise auf eine Gültigkeit der Schutzhypothese, kein Cross-Level-Effekt war im Sinne der Risikohypothese interpretierbar. Dieser Befund war nicht auf den Förderbedarf Verhalten übertragbar. Die Ergebnisse legen nahe, dass sich der Zusammenhang zwischen sozialer Integration und Förderbedarf Lernen mit zunehmender Leistungs- und Verhaltensheterogenität abschwächt. Gleichzeitig zeigte sich in den stark heterogenen Lerngruppen ein insgesamt erhöhtes Ausgrenzungsrisiko aller Schüler*innen unabhängig ihres Förderbedarfs. Die Ergebnisse lassen den Schluss zu, dass sich für Schüler*innen mit erhöhtem Förderbedarf Lernen im jahrgangsübergreifenden Lernen eine höhere Chance für eine gute soziale Integration einstellen könnte.

scholarly journals Numerical Modelling of Reinforced Concrete Slender Walls Subjected to Coupled Axial Tension–Flexure

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaowei Cheng ◽  
Haoyou Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Reinforced Concrete ◽  
Plastic Hinge ◽  
Element Model ◽  
Lateral Loading ◽  
Design Parameters ◽  
Seismic Behaviour ◽  
High Rise ◽  
Ultimate Deformation ◽  
Axial Tension ◽  
Plastic Hinge Length

AbstractUnder strong earthquakes, reinforced concrete (RC) walls in high-rise buildings, particularly in wall piers that form part of a coupled or core wall system, may experience coupled axial tension–flexure loading. In this study, a detailed finite element model was developed in VecTor2 to provide an effective tool for the further investigation of the seismic behaviour of RC walls subjected to axial tension and cyclic lateral loading. The model was verified using experimental data from recent RC wall tests under axial tension and cyclic lateral loading, and results showed that the model can accurately capture the overall response of RC walls. Additional analyses were conducted using the developed model to investigate the effect of key design parameters on the peak strength, ultimate deformation capacity and plastic hinge length of RC walls under axial tension and cyclic lateral loading. On the basis of the analysis results, useful information were provided when designing or assessing the seismic behaviour of RC slender walls under coupled axial tension–flexure loading.

scholarly journals An Atmospheric Visibility Grading Method Based on Ensemble Learning and Stochastic Weight Average

Atmosphere ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (7) ◽  
pp. 869
Author(s):  
Xiuguo Zou ◽  
Jiahong Wu ◽  
Zhibin Cao ◽  
Yan Qian ◽  
Shixiu Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ensemble Learning ◽  
Traffic Accidents ◽  
Feature Sets ◽  
Atmospheric Visibility ◽  
Average Accuracy ◽  
Level 3 ◽  
Visual Characteristics ◽  
Level 1 ◽  
Grading Model ◽  
Level 2

In order to adequately characterize the visual characteristics of atmospheric visibility and overcome the disadvantages of the traditional atmospheric visibility measurement method with significant dependence on preset reference objects, high cost, and complicated steps, this paper proposed an ensemble learning method for atmospheric visibility grading based on deep neural network and stochastic weight averaging. An experiment was conducted using the scene of an expressway, and three visibility levels were set, i.e., Level 1, Level 2, and Level 3. Firstly, the EfficientNet was transferred to extract the abstract features of the images. Then, training and grading were performed on the feature sets through the SoftMax regression model. Subsequently, the feature sets were ensembled using the method of stochastic weight averaging to obtain the atmospheric visibility grading model. The obtained datasets were input into the grading model and tested. The grading model classified the results into three categories, with the grading accuracy being 95.00%, 89.45%, and 90.91%, respectively, and the average accuracy of 91.79%. The results obtained by the proposed method were compared with those obtained by the existing methods, and the proposed method showed better performance than those of other methods. This method can be used to classify the atmospheric visibility of traffic and reduce the incidence of traffic accidents caused by atmospheric visibility.

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