The Occurrence and Significance of Small Vascular Lesions in the Brain

1941 ◽  
Vol 87 (366) ◽  
pp. 50-76 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. A. Pickworth
Keyword(s):  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
The Body ◽  
Cerebral Vessels ◽  
Degenerative Changes ◽  
Vascular Lesions ◽  
Perivascular Cells ◽  
Large Arteries ◽  
The World ◽  
Clinical Associations ◽  
The Brain

The haemorespiratory system is subject to disease like any other tissue of the body. Degenerative changes of large arteries are known to have occurred thousands of years ago, and atherosclerosis is to be found throughout the world irrespective of race or geographical distribution. The first recorded observations of disease of the cerebral vessels appeared in the year 1700 (1). Perivascular softenings were noted in 1814 (2); a book on disease of the brain with clinical associations was published in 1836 (3). Atheroma was studied in 1844 (4), and periarteritis of the cerebral vessels in 1868 (5) and 1887 (6). Changes in the vessel walls and perivascular cells were noted in 1863 (7), and white cells and emboli seen in cerebral vessels in 1882 (8).

The Empathic Screen

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vittorio Gallese ◽  
Michele Guerra
Keyword(s):  
Multidisciplinary Approach ◽  
The Body ◽  
Embodied Simulation ◽  
Moving Images ◽  
Brain Circuits ◽  
The World ◽  
Close Relationship ◽  
Full Metal Jacket ◽  
Film Experience ◽  
The Brain

Why do people go to the movies? What does it mean to watch a movie? To what extent does our perception of the fictional nature of movies differ from our daily perception of the real world? The authors, a neuroscientist and a film theorist, propose a new multidisciplinary approach to images and film that can provide answers to these questions. According to the authors, film art, based on the interaction between spectators and the world on the screen, and often described in terms of immersion, impressions of reality, simulation, and involvement of the spectator’s body in the fictitious world he inhabits, can be reconsidered from a neuroscientific perspective, which examines the brain and its close relationship to the body. They propose a new model of perception—embodied simulation—elaborated on the basis of neuroscientific investigation, to demonstrate the role played by sensorimotor and affect-related brain circuits in cognition and film experience. Scenes from famous films, like Notorious, The Shining, Full Metal Jacket, Persona, The Silence of the Lambs, and Toy Story are described and analyzed according to this multidisciplinary approach, and used as case studies to discuss the embodied simulation model. The aim is to shed new light on the multiple resonance mechanisms that constitute one of the great secrets of cinematographic art, and to reflect on the power of moving images, which increasingly are part of our everyday life.

scholarly journals Human Development IX: A Model of the Wholeness of Man, His Consciousness, and Collective Consciousness

2006 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. 1454-1459 ◽  
Author(s):  
Søren Ventegodt ◽  
Tyge Dahl Hermansen ◽  
Trine Flensborg-Madsen ◽  
Erik Rald ◽  
Maj Lyck Nielsen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Quantum Chemistry ◽  
Human Brain ◽  
Human Development ◽  
Religious Experience ◽  
The Body ◽  
Collective Consciousness ◽  
Outer World ◽  
Number Of Factors ◽  
The World ◽  
The Brain

In this paper we look at the rational and the emotional interpretation of reality in the human brain and being, and discuss the representation of the brain-mind (ego), the body-mind (Id), and the outer world in the human wholeness (the I or “soul”). Based on this we discuss a number of factors including the coherence between perception, attention and consciousness, and the relation between thought, fantasies, visions and dreams. We discuss and explain concepts as intent, will, morals and ethics. The Jungian concept of the human collective conscious and unconscious is also analyzed. We also hypothesis on the nature of intuition and consider the source of religious experience of man. These phenomena are explained based on the concept of deep quantum chemistry and infinite dancing fractal spirals making up the energetic backbone of the world. In this paper we consider man as a real wholeness and debate the concepts of subjectivity, consciousness and intent that can be deduced from such a perspective.

Cosmos in the head?

2017 ◽  
pp. 3-28
Author(s):  
Thomas Fuchs
Keyword(s):  
The Body ◽  
Lived Body ◽  
Direct Connection ◽  
Outer World ◽  
The World ◽  
Internal Modelling ◽  
Subjective Space ◽  
The Brain

‘Cosmos in the head’ contains a criticism of the neuroconstructivist epistemology, according to which phenomenal reality is to be understood as an internal modelling of the outer world in the brain. As it turns out, the idealistic theory of representation is still the basis of this conception. The criticism emphasizes, in contrast, the enactive character of perception which is always connected with the engagement of the body in the world. In order to show that the subjective space of the lived body is not only virtual, its coextension with the space of the objective body or the entire organism is demonstrated. On this basis, the objectifying achievement of perception, which brings us into direct connection with the world by means of circular interactions, can be recognized. Finally, taking the example of colours, the claim of a mere virtuality of perceived qualities is rejected.

scholarly journals A Review on Neuronutrition

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aruthra Devi ◽  
Rita Narayanan
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Abilities ◽  
Neurological Disorders ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
The Body ◽  
Brain Health ◽  
Healthy Life ◽  
Memory Problems ◽  
The World ◽  
Human Need ◽  
The Brain

Nutrition is a basic human need and a prerequisite to a healthy life. Since it is bonded with food, it is essential to advocate nutrition in terms of food. A proper diet is important from the very early stages (gestation period) of life for proper growth and development. Neuronutrition portrays how food affects the brain and its function. Brain is where the performances begin and end. It monitors and controls all the energy metabolism of the body and it never stops working. Neuronutrition is the nutrition needed to achieve healthy brain and good neurocognitive function. Dietary manipulations are a viable strategy for enhancing cognitive abilities and protecting the brain from damage. No single food is key to good brain health but rather a combination of food. Neurological disorders such as Alzheimer's disease, mental fatigue, and memory problems are prevalent across the world, and this opens the door to provide tailormade products which cater to consumer's desire for better neuronutrition.

scholarly journals A siket jelnyelv jelentősége a kommunikációs kultúra átalakulásának tükrében

2018 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 7
Author(s):  
Balázs Kékesi ◽  
Attila Márton Farkas
Keyword(s):  
Embodied Cognition ◽  
Cognitive Ability ◽  
Sign Language ◽  
Cognitive Linguistics ◽  
The Body ◽  
Environment Interaction ◽  
Deaf People ◽  
The World ◽  
Embodied Cognitive Science ◽  
The Brain

A megtestesült kogníció hipotézisre építő kognitív nyelvészet szemszögéből vizsgálva a siket jelnyelv éppoly komplex és természetes nyelv, mint bármely beszélt nyelv. Ebben a megközelítésben a gesztusnyelv és a szónyelv szemantikáját egyaránt meghatározza az agy-test-környezet interakció. A környezetben történő számtalan cselekvési szituáció kognitív szinten rögzülő konzekvenciái, továbbá az interaktív szituációk szimulatív rekonstrukciója kulcsszerepet játszik a nyelvi kommunikáció és megértés folyamataiban. A tanulmány a megtestesült kogníció kutatásra támaszkodva a testhasználat és a nyelvhasználat közti szoros kapcsolatot mutatja be, majd a szituált konceptualizáció tézisének alapján a siket jelnyelv és a szónyelv közötti azonos szerkezeti alapok mellett hoz érveket. A tanulmány célja a siketekkel szembeni negatív előítéletek rombolása a kortárs kognitív tudomány segítségével, rámutatva arra, hogy a jelnyelv korántsem kezdetleges és fejletlen a szónyelvhez képest, sőt, a siket jelnyelvi kifejezések mutatják meg igazán, hogyan is működik a nyelv maga. Továbbá rámutatunk arra, hogy a vizuális természetű gesztusnyelv kognitív nyelvészeti megközelítése közelebb vihet az információs társadalomban egyre nagyobb szerepet kapó képi kommunikáció működésének jobb megértéséhez. --- The significance of deaf sign language within the context of communication culture’s transformation It seems clear when investigating sign language and verbal languages from the perspective of embodied cognition hypotheses based cognitive linguistics that both kinds of languages are natural. In this approach, the semantics of sign and verbal languages are equally assigned by the brain-body-environment interaction. The cognitive consequences of the numerous interactions with the world, and the cognitive ability to simulate those interactions in off-line mode, de-coupled from the environment, are crucial for gaining an understanding of communication and meaning. This paper throws light on the connection between the body and language from the perspective of embodied cognitive science, and argues that situated conceptualization is the most suitable thesis to understand the semantics of both sign and verbal languages. An additional aim of the paper is to help to reduce prejudice against deaf people by demonstrating that deaf sign language is far from being primitive, and moreover, it will show that sign language can facilitate a better understanding of how verbal languages really work. Keywords: embodied cognition, cognitive linguistics, conceptualization, sign language, prejudices

scholarly journals Brain in a Vat or Body in a World: Brainbound Versus Enactive View of Experience

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Evan Thompson ◽  
Diego Cosmelli
Keyword(s):  
Thought Experiment ◽  
The Body ◽  
Careful Examination ◽  
Living Body ◽  
The World ◽  
Neuronal Processes ◽  
Argument Proceeds ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Brain In A Vat ◽  
Embodied Agent

We argue that the minimal biological requirements for consciousness include a living body, not just neuronal processes in the skull. Our argument proceeds by reconsidering the brain-in-a-vat thought experiment. Careful examination of this thought experiment indicates that the null hypothesis is that any adequately functional “vat” would be a surrogate body, that is, that the so-called vat would be no vat at all, but rather an embodied agent in the world. Thus, what the thought experiment actually shows is that the brain and body are so deeply entangled, structurally and dynamically, that they are explanatorily inseparable. Such entanglement implies that we cannot understand consciousness by considering only the activity of neurons apart from the body, and hence we have good explanatory grounds for supposing that the minimal realizing system forconsciousness includes the body and not just the brain. In this way, we put the brain-in-a-vat thought experiment to a new use, one that supports the “enactive” view that consciousness is a life-regulation process of the wholeorganism interacting with its environment.

Trichophyton schoenleinii. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1980 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. M. Stockdale
Keyword(s):  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Chronic Infection ◽  
Hair Follicles ◽  
The Body ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Air Bubbles ◽  
Tinea Unguium ◽  
Trichophyton Schoenleinii ◽  
The Brain

Abstract A description is provided for Trichophyton schoenleinii. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Primarily a pathogen of man (causing mycoses). Also recorded infecting camel (RMVM 14, 2079), cat, cattle, dog, guineapig, hedgehog, horse, mouse, rabbit and birds (RMVM 5, 1141). The identity of the fungus in at least some of these animal infections is doubtful. DISEASE. Favus (tinea favosa), characterized by the development of low-grade folliculitis in which the infected hair follicles become filled with hyphae, arthrospores and debris to form yellowish, cup-shaped, elevated, waxy plaques (scutulae). Infected hairs show on endothrix invasion, containing hyphae and air bubbles where hyphae have degenerated, and usually exhibit a dull greenish fluorescence under Wood's light. Favus is a chronic infection, usually limited to the scalp, and leads to scarring, atrophy and permanent alopecia if untreated. Atypical scalp infections, with scaling or crusting without scutula formation, are also seen. Infections of the body (tinea corporis), producing vesicles, papules and papulosquamous lesions, often with scutula formation, and of the nails (tinea unguium, onychomycosis) also occur. Infections of the brain, bones, eyes, gastrointestinal tract, lymph nodes and muscles have also been reported (Sabouraud, 1910: 528-529; RMVM 3, 1136; 4, 1084, 1377; 6, 3207). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Worldwide. Occurs most commonly in N. Africa, the Middle East and S. and E. Europe, and many cases reported elsewhere have been in immigrants from these areas (RMVM 10, 602; 13, 1558).

Play’s Nature

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas S. Henricks
Keyword(s):  
Human Body ◽  
Brain Activity ◽  
The Body ◽  
Physical Processes ◽  
Bodily Movement ◽  
Physical Play ◽  
The World ◽  
The Brain

This chapter examines the link between play and nature, or more specifically, the human body. Our feats of thinking, feeling, and acting depend profoundly on structures of the body and the brain. Decisions to play are conditioned by our physical forms. Feelings about what we are doing—registered as sensations and emotions—arise from long-established physical processes. And we move through the world only as our bodies permit. Understanding play means understanding these physical processes. In that context, the chapter focuses on the consequences of play for physiology. It reviews studies of bodily movement, brain activity, consciousness, and affect in both humans and animals. It also explores animal play, classic theories of physical play, the role of the organism in play, play as an expression of surplus resources, and the role of brain in play.

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