Trichophyton schoenleinii. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1980 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. M. Stockdale
Keyword(s):  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Chronic Infection ◽  
Hair Follicles ◽  
The Body ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Air Bubbles ◽  
Tinea Unguium ◽  
Trichophyton Schoenleinii ◽  
The Brain

Abstract A description is provided for Trichophyton schoenleinii. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Primarily a pathogen of man (causing mycoses). Also recorded infecting camel (RMVM 14, 2079), cat, cattle, dog, guineapig, hedgehog, horse, mouse, rabbit and birds (RMVM 5, 1141). The identity of the fungus in at least some of these animal infections is doubtful. DISEASE. Favus (tinea favosa), characterized by the development of low-grade folliculitis in which the infected hair follicles become filled with hyphae, arthrospores and debris to form yellowish, cup-shaped, elevated, waxy plaques (scutulae). Infected hairs show on endothrix invasion, containing hyphae and air bubbles where hyphae have degenerated, and usually exhibit a dull greenish fluorescence under Wood's light. Favus is a chronic infection, usually limited to the scalp, and leads to scarring, atrophy and permanent alopecia if untreated. Atypical scalp infections, with scaling or crusting without scutula formation, are also seen. Infections of the body (tinea corporis), producing vesicles, papules and papulosquamous lesions, often with scutula formation, and of the nails (tinea unguium, onychomycosis) also occur. Infections of the brain, bones, eyes, gastrointestinal tract, lymph nodes and muscles have also been reported (Sabouraud, 1910: 528-529; RMVM 3, 1136; 4, 1084, 1377; 6, 3207). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Worldwide. Occurs most commonly in N. Africa, the Middle East and S. and E. Europe, and many cases reported elsewhere have been in immigrants from these areas (RMVM 10, 602; 13, 1558).

The Occurrence and Significance of Small Vascular Lesions in the Brain

1941 ◽  
Vol 87 (366) ◽  
pp. 50-76 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. A. Pickworth
Keyword(s):  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
The Body ◽  
Cerebral Vessels ◽  
Degenerative Changes ◽  
Vascular Lesions ◽  
Perivascular Cells ◽  
Large Arteries ◽  
The World ◽  
Clinical Associations ◽  
The Brain

The haemorespiratory system is subject to disease like any other tissue of the body. Degenerative changes of large arteries are known to have occurred thousands of years ago, and atherosclerosis is to be found throughout the world irrespective of race or geographical distribution. The first recorded observations of disease of the cerebral vessels appeared in the year 1700 (1). Perivascular softenings were noted in 1814 (2); a book on disease of the brain with clinical associations was published in 1836 (3). Atheroma was studied in 1844 (4), and periarteritis of the cerebral vessels in 1868 (5) and 1887 (6). Changes in the vessel walls and perivascular cells were noted in 1863 (7), and white cells and emboli seen in cerebral vessels in 1882 (8).

scholarly journals MICROBIOTA INTESTINAL RELACIONADA A DOENÇA DE PARKINSON

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 49-60
Author(s):  
Caroline Felix da Silva ◽  
Graziele Estevo Azevedo ◽  
Natália Franco Taketani
Keyword(s):  
Parkinson’S Disease ◽  
Parkinson's Disease ◽  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Intestinal Microbiota ◽  
Direct Relationship ◽  
Progressive Disease ◽  
Signs And Symptoms ◽  
The Body ◽  
Early Age ◽  
The Brain

RESUMO. A Doença de Parkinson é uma doença crônica, neurodegenerativa e progressiva onde não tem cura. Ainda há muitas investigações para se descobrir a causa da patologia. Em estudos recentes descobriram que pode ter uma relação direta com intestino, com a possibilidade de origem na microbiota intestinal e espalhando-se até o cérebro, com relação a uma desregulação no trato gastrointestinal. É reconhecido que, antes de aparecer os sinais e sintomas motores da doença, o organismo começa a sofrer alterações desde cedo, como a constipação intestinal, com o fortalecimento da hipótese de que a doença de Parkinson tenha início no trato gastrointestinal, e chegue até o cérebro através do nervo vago. Este trabalho pretende abordar sobre a microbiota intestinal e a sua conexão com a doença de Parkinson fazendo revisão de estudos e evidência de como sua composição no hospedeiro pode influenciar o seu metabolismo. A modulação da microbiota intestinal poderá, então, ser uma estratégia para o desenvolvimento de novas opções terapêuticas para o tratamento de doenças neurodegenerativas. ABSTRACT. Parkinson's Disease is a chronic, neurodegenerative and progressive disease that has no cure. There are still many investigations to discover the cause of the pathology. In recent studies they found that it may have a direct relationship with the intestine, with the possibility of originating in the intestinal microbiota and spreading to the brain, with respect to dysregulation in the gastrointestinal tract. It is recognized that, before the appearance of the motor signs and symptoms of the disease, the body begins to undergo changes from an early age, such as intestinal constipation, with the strengthening of the hypothesis that Parkinson's disease starts in the gastrointestinal tract and reaches the brain through the vagus nerve. This work intends to approach the intestinal microbiota and its connection with Parkinson's disease, reviewing studies and evidence on how its composition in the host can influence its metabolism. The modulation of the intestinal microbiota could then be a strategy for the development of new therapeutic options for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases.

scholarly journals Case Report: A rapidly growing cyst on the scalp

F1000Research ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. 779
Author(s):  
Emma Short ◽  
Aisling O'Shea ◽  
Krishna Mukkanna ◽  
Girish Patel ◽  
Stefan Docjinov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Surgical Excision ◽  
Skin Lesions ◽  
Hair Follicles ◽  
The Body ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Outer Root Sheath ◽  
Rare Tumour ◽  
Suspected Infection ◽  
Root Sheath ◽  
History Of

Trichilemmal carcinoma is a rare tumour derived from the outer root sheath of hair follicles.  It can be difficult to distinguish both clinically and histologically from other skin lesions, particularly squamous cell carcinoma.  We present the case of a 62-year-old female with a 20-year history of three 1-cm cysts on her scalp.  Over a six-month period, a cyst overlying the occiput had become painful and grown in size.  The general practitioner and subsequently local emergency department suspected infection.  The lesion was incised, and the patient was treated with oral antibiotics.  At the time of surgical excision, the lesion measured 3 x 4 cm. Microscopic examination identified rounded dermal lobules of squamous epithelium with trichilemmal keratinization, in keeping with a pre-existing pilar cyst.  There were areas with nuclear pleomorphism, mitoses and an infiltrative architecture.  A diagnosis of trichilemmal carcinoma arising in a pilar cyst was made.  Trichilemmal carcinomas are considered to be a low-grade tumour, but they have the potential to spread to lymph nodes and to metastasise to distant sites in the body, therefore adequate excision and appropriate follow-up are required.

scholarly journals Glucosensing in the gastrointestinal tract: Impact on glucose metabolism

2016 ◽  
Vol 310 (9) ◽  
pp. G645-G658 ◽  
Author(s):  
Audren Fournel ◽  
Alysson Marlin ◽  
Anne Abot ◽  
Charles Pasquio ◽  
Carla Cirillo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Glucose Metabolism ◽  
Glucose Homeostasis ◽  
Metabolic Diseases ◽  
The Body ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Autonomous Nervous System ◽  
Peripheral Tissues ◽  
Glucose Levels ◽  
The Brain

The gastrointestinal tract is an important interface of exchange between ingested food and the body. Glucose is one of the major dietary sources of energy. All along the gastrointestinal tube, e.g., the oral cavity, small intestine, pancreas, and portal vein, specialized cells referred to as glucosensors detect variations in glucose levels. In response to this glucose detection, these cells send hormonal and neuronal messages to tissues involved in glucose metabolism to regulate glycemia. The gastrointestinal tract continuously communicates with the brain, especially with the hypothalamus, via the gut-brain axis. It is now well established that the cross talk between the gut and the brain is of crucial importance in the control of glucose homeostasis. In addition to receiving glucosensing information from the gut, the hypothalamus may also directly sense glucose. Indeed, the hypothalamus contains glucose-sensitive cells that regulate glucose homeostasis by sending signals to peripheral tissues via the autonomous nervous system. This review summarizes the mechanisms by which glucosensors along the gastrointestinal tract detect glucose, as well as the results of such detection in the whole body, including the hypothalamus. We also highlight how disturbances in the glucosensing process may lead to metabolic disorders such as type 2 diabetes. A better understanding of the pathways regulating glucose homeostasis will further facilitate the development of novel therapeutic strategies for the treatment of metabolic diseases.

scholarly journals The Microbiota-gut-immune-glia (MGIG) Axis in Major Depression

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leszek Rudzki ◽  
Michael Maes
Keyword(s):  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Major Depression ◽  
Inflammatory Response ◽  
Intestinal Permeability ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Brain Functions ◽  
Antigenic Material ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Psychiatric Manifestations ◽  
The Brain

There is robust evidence that major depression (MDD) is accompanied by a low-grade activation of the immune-inflammatory response system, which is involved in the pathophysiology of this disorder. It is also becoming apparent that glia cells are in reciprocal communication with neurons and orchestrate various neuromodulatory, homeostatic, metabolic, and immune mechanisms and have a crucial role in neuroinflammatory mechanisms in MDD. Those cells mediate the central nervous system (CNS) response to systemic inflammation and psychological stress, but at the same time, they may be an origin of the inflammatory response in the CNS. The sources of activation of the inflammatory response in MDD are immense, however, in recent years, it is becoming increasingly evident that the gastrointestinal tract with gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT) and increased intestinal permeability to bacterial LPS and food-derived antigens contribute to activation of low-grade inflammatory response with subsequent psychiatric manifestations. Furthermore, an excessive permeability to gut-derived antigenic material may lead to subsequent autoimmunities which are also known to be comorbid with MDD. In this chapter, we discuss fascinating interactions between the gastrointestinal tract, increased intestinal permeability, intestinal microbiota, and glia-neuron crosstalk, and their roles in the pathogenesis of the inflammatory hypothesis of MDD. To emphasize those crucial intercommunications for the brain functions, we propose the term of microbiota-gut-immune-glia (MGIG) axis.

Epidermophyton floccosum. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1980 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. M. Stockdale
Keyword(s):  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Tinea Pedis ◽  
Tinea Capitis ◽  
Skin Lesions ◽  
The Body ◽  
Epidermophyton Floccosum ◽  
Tinea Unguium ◽  
Tinea Cruris ◽  
Hen’S Egg

Abstract A description is provided for Epidermophyton floccosum. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Primarily a pathogen of man (causing mycoses). Also recorded from dog (RMVM 6, 1920) and mouse (RMVM 6, 639). Animal inoculation is rarely successful; the guineapig (RMVM 14, 804), monkey (RMVM 1, 182) and the chorio-allantoic membrane of the hen's egg (RMVM 2, 1676; 4, 82) have been infected experimentally. DISEASE: Ringworm (dermatophytosis, tinea). The groin (tinea cruris, eczema marginatum, dobie itch) and feet (tinea pedis) are most frequently infected. The body (tinea corporis), hands (tinea manuum) and nails (onychomycosis, tinea unguium) may also be infected. Infections of the scalp (tinea capitis) are rare and the hair is never invaded in vivo. Skin lesions are scaling and erythematous, well-marginated with minute vesicopapules in the border. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Worldwide.

Microsporum canis. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1965 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. M. Stockdale
Keyword(s):  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Tinea Capitis ◽  
Skin Lesions ◽  
The Body ◽  
Microsporum Canis ◽  
Seasonal Incidence ◽  
Tinea Unguium ◽  
The Face ◽  
Infection Disease ◽  
Bright Green

Abstract A description is provided for Microsporum canis. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Primarily a pathogen of the cat and dog, frequently transmitted to man. Also recorded from the chimpanzee, chinchilla, fox, lion, monkey, pig, rabbit, sheep and tiger. Experimental animals are susceptible to infection. DISEASE: Ringworm (dermatophytosis, tinea). Infected hairs and animal claws usually fluoresce bright green under Wood's light and hairs are surrounded by ectothrix sheaths of small spores in a mosaic arrangement. In cats the lesions are usually inconspicuous. They may occur on any part of the body, but particularly the face and paws, and the whiskers and claws may be involved. In dogs infection is more noticeable, and is characterized by small circular areas of scaling and alopecia, sometimes with oedema and crust formation, on any part of the body. The claws may also be infected. Infections in dogs have a well defined seasonal incidence with a peak in Oct. -Feb., but the incidence in cats is poorly defined (Kaplan & Ivens, Sabouraudia 1: 91-102, 1961). In man the scalp (tinea capitis), glabrous skin (tinea corporis), and rarely the beard (tinea barbae), foot (tinea pedis) and nails (tinea unguium, onychomycosis) may be infected (mycoses). Children are most susceptible, particularly to scalp infection which is very rare in adults. Scalp lesions are scaling, inflammatory areas containing broken hairs or with total hair loss. Pustulation and kerion formation are not uncommon. Skin lesions are circinate, with a scaling centre and vesicular border. Kligman (RMVM 1, 2510; 2, 2484) studied the pathogenesis of tinea capitis caused by M. canis. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Africa (Algeria, Angola, Cape Verde Islands, Egypt, French W. Africa, Sahara, Tunisia, Union of S. Africa); Asia (Ceylon, India, Philippines, Turkey); Australasia & Oceania (Australia (N.S.W.), New Zealand); Europe, North America, Central America and West Indies (Costa Rica, Cuba, Guatemala, Mexico, Panama, Puerto Rico); South America (Argentina, Brazil (south of Pernambuco), Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Uruguay, Venezuela).

EXPERIMENTAL ASSESSMENT OF THE NANOPARTICLES TOXICITY OF NICKEL OXIDE IN TWO SIZES IN THE SUBCHRONIC EXPERIMENT

2018 ◽  
pp. 30-35
Author(s):  
M.P. Sutunkova ◽  
B.A. Katsnelson ◽  
L.I. Privalova ◽  
S.N. Solovjeva ◽  
V.B. Gurvich ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nickel Oxide ◽  
Nervous Activity ◽  
Equal Mass ◽  
The Body ◽  
Subchronic Toxicity ◽  
Physiological Mechanisms ◽  
Nickel Oxide Nanoparticles ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Nanoparticles Toxicity

We conducted a comparative assessment of the nickel oxide nanoparticles toxicity (NiO) of two sizes (11 and 25 nm) according to a number of indicators of the body state after repeated intraperitoneal injections of these particles suspensions. At equal mass doses, NiO nanoparticles have been found to cause various manifestations of systemic subchronic toxicity with a particularly pronounced effect on liver, kidney function, the body’s antioxidant system, lipid metabolism, white and red blood, redox metabolism, spleen damage, and some disorders of nervous activity allegedly related to the possibility of nickel penetration into the brain from the blood. The relationship between the diameter and toxicity of particles is ambiguous, which may be due to differences in toxicokinetics, which is controlled by both physiological mechanisms and direct penetration of nanoparticles through biological barriers and, finally, unequal solubility.

Immunotherapy and potential predictive biomarkers in the treatment of neuroendocrine neoplasia

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guanghui Xu ◽  
Yuhao Wang ◽  
Hushan Zhang ◽  
Xueke She ◽  
Jianjun Yang
Keyword(s):  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Checkpoint Inhibitors ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
Predictive Biomarkers ◽  
The Body ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Ablative Therapies ◽  
Cancer Types ◽  
New Treatment ◽  
Well Differentiated

Neuroendocrine neoplasias (NENs) are a heterogeneous group of rare tumors scattered throughout the body. Surgery, locoregional or ablative therapies as well as maintenance treatments are applied in well-differentiated, low-grade NENs, whereas cytotoxic chemotherapy is usually applied in high-grade neuroendocrine carcinomas. However, treatment options for patients with advanced or metastatic NENs are limited. Immunotherapy has provided new treatment approaches for many cancer types, including neuroendocrine tumors, but predictive biomarkers of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) in the treatment of NENs have not been fully reported. By reviewing the literature and international congress abstracts, we summarize the current knowledge of ICIs, potential predicative biomarkers in the treatment of NENs, implications and efficacy of ICIs as well as biomarkers for NENs of gastroenteropancreatic system, lung NENs and Merkel cell carcinoma in clinical practice.

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