The Inter-reaction of the Endocrine, Sympathetic and Central Nervous Systems in Organismal Toxæmia, with Special Reference to Emotional Disturbance

1923 ◽  
Vol 69 (284) ◽  
pp. 45-49
Author(s):  
David Orr
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Special Reference ◽  
Annual Meeting ◽  
Emotional Disturbance ◽  
Close Association ◽  
Nervous Systems ◽  
Central Nervous Systems

When approached by the President of the Medico-Psychological Association to give a short address at the Annual Meeting I chose the above title. On reflection, however, I find it is somewhat over- ambitious and cannot be dealt with in the time at our disposal. It would be better, perhaps, if I endeavoured to place before you some broad principles relative to the close association between neuropathology and psychiatry, and indicate the data in support of the view that anatomically, physiologically, and pathologically the entire nervous system must be regarded, along with its endocrinic appendages, as a unit, each of whose component parts reacts upon the others.

The extracellular matrix of the central and peripheral nervous systems: structure and function

1988 ◽  
Vol 69 (2) ◽  
pp. 155-170 ◽  
Author(s):  
James T. Rutka ◽  
Gerard Apodaca ◽  
Robert Stern ◽  
Mark Rosenblum
Keyword(s):  
Extracellular Matrix ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
Nervous Systems ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Body Of Knowledge ◽  
Central Nervous Systems ◽  
Biological Adhesive ◽  
And Function

✓ The extracellular matrix (ECM) is the naturally occurring substrate upon which cells migrate, proliferate, and differentiate. The ECM functions as a biological adhesive that maintains the normal cytoarchitecture of different tissues and defines the key spatial relationships among dissimilar cell types. A loss of coordination and an alteration in the interactions between mesenchymal cells and epithelial cells separated by an ECM are thought to be fundamental steps in the development and progression of cancer. Although a substantial body of knowledge has been accumulated concerning the role of the ECM in most other tissues, much less is known of the structure and function of the ECM in the nervous system. Recent experiments in mammalian systems have shown that an increased knowledge of the ECM in the nervous system can lead to a better understanding of complex neurobiological processes under developmental, normal, and pathological conditions. This review focuses on the structure and function of the ECM in the peripheral and central nervous systems and on the importance of ECM macromolecules in axonal regeneration, cerebral edema, and cerebral neoplasia.

scholarly journals Combined in situ hybridization chain reaction and immunostaining to visualize gene expression in whole-mount Drosophila central nervous systems

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julia C Duckhorn ◽  
Ian P Junker ◽  
Yun Ding ◽  
Troy R Shirangi
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
In Situ Hybridization ◽  
Hybridization Chain Reaction ◽  
Chain Reaction ◽  
Nervous Systems ◽  
Whole Mount ◽  
Central Nervous Systems ◽  
Mrna And Protein Expression

Methods to visualize gene expression in the Drosophila central nervous system are important in fly neurogenetic studies. In this chapter, we describe a detailed protocol that sequentially combines in situ hybridization chain reaction (HCR) and immunostaining to detect mRNA and protein expression in whole-mount Drosophila larval and adult central nervous systems. We demonstrate the application of in situ HCR in comparisons of nervous system gene expression between Drosophila species, and in the validation of single-cell RNA-Seq results in the fly nervous system. Our protocol provides a simple, robust, multiplexable, and relatively affordable means to quantitatively visualize gene expression in the nervous system of flies, facilitating its general use in fly neurogenetic studies.

scholarly journals Immunofluorescence studies of neurofilaments in the rat and human peripheral and central nervous system

1977 ◽  
Vol 74 (1) ◽  
pp. 241-250 ◽  
Author(s):  
WW Schlaepfer ◽  
RG Lynch
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Peripheral Nerve ◽  
Neuronal Cell ◽  
Fluorescein Isothiocyanate ◽  
Linear Processes ◽  
Nervous Systems ◽  
Rabbit Igg ◽  
Central Nervous Systems ◽  
Rat Peripheral Nerve

Localization of antisera to neurofilament antigens derived from rat peripheral nerve was carried out in tissues of rat and human peripheral and central nervous systems by indirect immunofluorescence. Unfixed and chloroform-methanol-fixed frozen sections of tissues were incubated in purified IgG of the experimental rabbit antisera and subsequently exposed to goat anti-rabbit IgG conjugated with fluorescein isothiocyanate. Control studies were conducted on identical tissue preparations incubated in the same concentrations of nonspecific rabbit IgG or in experimental rabbit IgG absorbed with extracts of rat peripheral nerve containing neurofilament antigen. Extensive immunofluorescence was observed in rat and human peripheral and central nervous systems. The distribution and configuration of immunofluorescence corresponded to neurofilament-rich structural components of these tissues. Prominent immunofluorescence was also noted in neuronal cell bodies of spinal sensory ganglia, especially in perikarya of the large neuronal type. Immunofluorescence of the central nervous system was located predominantly in myelinated axons of the white matter in cerebrum, cerebellum, brain stem, and spinal cord. Less intense immunofluorescence was also seen in neuronal perikarya and in short thin linear processes of grey matter.

scholarly journals A REVIEW ON ANALGESIC HERBAL

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (01) ◽  
pp. 1126-1132
Author(s):  
Harsha I. Raut ◽  
Geeta N. Lodhi ◽  
Deepika P. Kalode
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Peripheral Nervous System ◽  
Zingiber Officinale ◽  
Glycyrrhiza Glabra ◽  
Cinnamomum Camphora ◽  
Natural Sources ◽  
Nervous Systems ◽  
Analgesic Drugs ◽  
Central Nervous Systems

Analgesics are the substances which are used in pain, without losing consciousness. The word analgesic derives from Greek an- (without) and algos (pain). Analgesic drugs act in various form on the central nervous systems and peripheral nervous system. Various sources of analgesic drugs synthetic analgesic and natural analgesic, natural analgesics like opoid analgesics, Aloevera Barbedensis, Glycyrrhiza glabra, Zingiber Officinale, Eugenia caryophyllata, Cinnamomum camphora, Matricaria pubescens etc. This review gives information about different analgesic obtained from natural sources.

Commitment of abdominal neuroblasts in Drosophila to a male or female fate is dependent on genes of the sex-determining hierarchy

Development ◽  
1992 ◽  
Vol 114 (3) ◽  
pp. 625-642 ◽  
Author(s):  
B.J. Taylor ◽  
J.W. Truman
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Larval Instar ◽  
Genetic Regulation ◽  
S Phase ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Nervous Systems ◽  
Neuronal Stem Cells ◽  
Central Nervous Systems ◽  
The Central Nervous System

Adult specific neurons in the central nervous system of holometabolous insects are generated by the postembryonic divisions of neuronal stem cells (neuroblasts). In the ventral nervous system of Drosophila melanogaster, sex-specific divisions by a set of abdominal neuroblasts occur during larval and early pupal stages. Animals mutant for several sex-determining genes were analyzed to determine the genetic regulation of neuroblast commitment to the male or female pattern of division and the time during development when these decisions are made. We have found that the choice of the sexual pathway taken by sex-specific neuroblasts depends on the expression of one of these genes, doublesex (dsx). In the absence of any functional dxs+ products, the sex-specific neuroblasts fail to undergo any postembryonic divisions in male or female larval nervous systems. From the analysis of intersexes generated by dominant alleles of dsx, it has been concluded that the same neuroblasts provide the sex-specific neuroblasts in both male and female central nervous systems. The time when neuroblasts become committed to generate their sex-specific divisions were identified by shifting tra-2ts flies between the male- and female-specifying temperatures at various times during larval development. Neuroblasts become determined to adopt a male or female state at the end of the first larval instar, a time when abdominal neuroblasts enter their first postembryonic S-phase.

scholarly journals Intranasal Administration for Pain: Oxytocin and Other Polypeptides

Pharmaceutics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (7) ◽  
pp. 1088
Author(s):  
Vimala N. Bharadwaj ◽  
Alexander Z. Tzabazis ◽  
Michael Klukinov ◽  
Neil A. Manering ◽  
David C. Yeomans
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Pain ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Pain Treatment ◽  
Peripheral Circulation ◽  
Nervous Systems ◽  
Analgesic Effects ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Central Nervous Systems ◽  
Chronic Pain Treatment ◽  
Plastic Changes

Pain, particularly chronic pain, remains one of the most debilitating and difficult-to-treat conditions in medicine. Chronic pain is difficult to treat, in part because it is associated with plastic changes in the peripheral and central nervous systems. Polypeptides are linear organic polymers that are highly selective molecules for neurotransmitter and other nervous system receptors sites, including those associated with pain and analgesia, and so have tremendous potential in pain therapeutics. However, delivery of polypeptides to the nervous system is largely limited due to rapid degradation within the peripheral circulation as well as the blood–brain barrier. One strategy that has been shown to be successful in nervous system deposition of polypeptides is intranasal (IN) delivery. In this narrative review, we discuss the delivery of polypeptides to the peripheral and central nervous systems following IN administration. We briefly discuss the mechanism of delivery via the nasal–cerebral pathway. We review recent studies that demonstrate that polypeptides such as oxytocin, delivered IN, not only reach key pain-modulating regions in the nervous system but, in doing so, evoke significant analgesic effects. IN administration of polypeptides has tremendous potential to provide a non-invasive, rapid and effective method of delivery to the nervous system for chronic pain treatment and management.

Therapeutic Potential of Agonists and Antagonists of A1, A2a, A2b and A3 Adenosine Receptors

2019 ◽  
Vol 25 (26) ◽  
pp. 2892-2905 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sumit Jamwal ◽  
Ashish Mittal ◽  
Puneet Kumar ◽  
Dana M. Alhayani ◽  
Amal Al-Aboudi
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Therapeutic Potential ◽  
The Body ◽  
Membrane Receptors ◽  
Physiological Importance ◽  
Physiological Processes ◽  
Central Nervous Systems ◽  
Energy Consuming ◽  
Metabolic Dysfunctions ◽  
G Protein Coupled

Adenosine is a naturally occurring nucleoside and an essential component of the energy production and utilization systems of the body. Adenosine is formed by the degradation of adenosine-triphosphate (ATP) during energy-consuming processes. Adenosine regulates numerous physiological processes through activation of four subtypes of G-protein coupled membrane receptors viz. A1, A2A, A2B and A3. Its physiological importance depends on the affinity of these receptors and the extracellular concentrations reached. ATP acts as a neurotransmitter in both peripheral and central nervous systems. In the peripheral nervous system, ATP is involved in chemical transmission in sensory and autonomic ganglia, whereas in central nervous system, ATP, released from synaptic terminals, induces fast excitatory postsynaptic currents. ATP provides the energetics for all muscle movements, heart beats, nerve signals and chemical reactions inside the body. Adenosine has been traditionally considered an inhibitor of neuronal activity and a regulator of cerebral blood flow. Since adenosine is neuroprotective against excitotoxic and metabolic dysfunctions observed in neurological and ocular diseases, the search for adenosinerelated drugs regulating adenosine transporters and receptors can be important for advancement of therapeutic strategies against these diseases. This review will summarize the therapeutic potential and recent SAR and pharmacology of adenosine and its receptor agonists and antagonists.

scholarly journals Malpigmentation of Common Sole (Solea solea) during Metamorphosis Is Associated with Differential Synaptic-Related Gene Expression

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 2273
Author(s):  
Menelaos Kavouras ◽  
Emmanouil E. Malandrakis ◽  
Ewout Blom ◽  
Kyriaki Tsilika ◽  
Theodoros Danis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
De Novo ◽  
Close Association ◽  
Ionic Channels ◽  
Long Term Potentiation ◽  
General Term ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Common Sole

In farmed flatfish, such as common sole, color disturbances are common. Dyschromia is a general term that includes the color defects on the blind and ocular sides of the fish. The purpose was to examine the difference in gene expression between normal pigmented and juveniles who present ambicoloration. The analysis was carried out with next-generation sequencing techniques and de novo assembly of the transcriptome. Transcripts that showed significant differences (FDR < 0.05) in the expression between the two groups, were related to those of zebrafish (Danio rerio), functionally identified, and classified into categories of the gene ontology. The results revealed that ambicolorated juveniles exhibit a divergent function, mainly of the central nervous system at the synaptic level, as well as the ionic channels. The close association of chromophore cells with the growth of nerve cells and the nervous system was recorded. The pathway, glutamate binding–activation of AMPA and NMDA receptors–long-term stimulation of postsynaptic potential–LTP (long term potentiation)–plasticity of synapses, appears to be affected. In addition, the development of synapses also seems to be affected by the interaction of the LGI (leucine-rich glioma inactivated) protein family with the ADAM (a disintegrin and metalloprotease) ones.

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