Commitment of abdominal neuroblasts in Drosophila to a male or female fate is dependent on genes of the sex-determining hierarchy

Development ◽  
1992 ◽  
Vol 114 (3) ◽  
pp. 625-642 ◽  
Author(s):  
B.J. Taylor ◽  
J.W. Truman
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Larval Instar ◽  
Genetic Regulation ◽  
S Phase ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Nervous Systems ◽  
Neuronal Stem Cells ◽  
Central Nervous Systems ◽  
The Central Nervous System

Adult specific neurons in the central nervous system of holometabolous insects are generated by the postembryonic divisions of neuronal stem cells (neuroblasts). In the ventral nervous system of Drosophila melanogaster, sex-specific divisions by a set of abdominal neuroblasts occur during larval and early pupal stages. Animals mutant for several sex-determining genes were analyzed to determine the genetic regulation of neuroblast commitment to the male or female pattern of division and the time during development when these decisions are made. We have found that the choice of the sexual pathway taken by sex-specific neuroblasts depends on the expression of one of these genes, doublesex (dsx). In the absence of any functional dxs+ products, the sex-specific neuroblasts fail to undergo any postembryonic divisions in male or female larval nervous systems. From the analysis of intersexes generated by dominant alleles of dsx, it has been concluded that the same neuroblasts provide the sex-specific neuroblasts in both male and female central nervous systems. The time when neuroblasts become committed to generate their sex-specific divisions were identified by shifting tra-2ts flies between the male- and female-specifying temperatures at various times during larval development. Neuroblasts become determined to adopt a male or female state at the end of the first larval instar, a time when abdominal neuroblasts enter their first postembryonic S-phase.

scholarly journals An Attenuated Variant of the GDVII Strain of Theiler’s Virus Does Not Persist and Does Not Infect the White Matter of the Central Nervous System

1999 ◽  
Vol 73 (1) ◽  
pp. 801-804 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nadine Jarousse ◽  
Ekaterina G. Viktorova ◽  
Evgeny V. Pilipenko ◽  
Vadim I. Agol ◽  
Michel Brahic
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
White Matter ◽  
Gray Matter ◽  
Noncoding Region ◽  
Theiler's Virus ◽  
Recombinant Viruses ◽  
Central Nervous Systems ◽  
The Central Nervous System

ABSTRACT The DA strain of Theiler’s virus causes a persistent and demyelinating infection of the white matter of spinal cord, whereas the GDVII strain causes a fatal gray-matter encephalomyelitis. Studies with recombinant viruses showed that this difference in phenotype is controlled mainly by the capsid. However, conflicting results regarding the existence of determinants of persistence in the capsid of the GDVII strain have been published. Here we show that a GDVII virus whose neurovirulence has been attenuated by an insertion in the 5′ noncoding region does not persist in the central nervous systems of mice. Furthermore, this virus infects the gray matter efficiently, but not the white matter. These results confirm the absence of determinants of persistence in the GDVII capsid. They suggest that the DA capsid controls persistence by allowing the virus to infect cells in the white matter of the spinal cord.

scholarly journals Molecular Imaging Provides Novel Insights on Estrogen Receptor Activity in Mouse Brain

2008 ◽  
Vol 7 (6) ◽  
pp. 7290.2008.00027 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alessia Stell ◽  
Silvia Belcredito ◽  
Paolo Ciana ◽  
Adriana Maggi
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Estrogen Receptor ◽  
Estrogen Receptors ◽  
Transcriptional Activity ◽  
Receptor Activity ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Estrogen Receptor Activity ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Set Up

Estrogen receptors have long been known to be expressed in several brain areas in addition to those directly involved in the control of reproductive functions. Investigations in humans and in animal models suggest a strong influence of estrogens on limbic and motor functions, yet the complexity and heterogeneity of neural tissue have limited our approaches to the full understanding of estrogen activity in the central nervous system. The aim of this study was to examine the transcriptional activity of estrogen receptors in the brain of male and female mice. Exploiting the ERE-Luc reporter mouse, we set up a novel, bioluminescence-based technique to study brain estrogen receptor transcriptional activity. Here we show, for the first time, that estrogen receptors are similarly active in male and female brains and that the estrous cycle affects estrogen receptor activity in regions of the central nervous system not known to be associated with reproductive functions. Because of its reproducibility and sensitivity, this novel bioluminescence application stands as a candidate as an innovative methodology for the study and development of drugs targeting brain estrogen receptors.

Trichobilharzia regenti, a pathogen of the avian and mammalian central nervous systems

Parasitology ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 119 (6) ◽  
pp. 577-581 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. HORÁK ◽  
J. DVOŘÁK ◽  
L. KOLÁŘOVÁ ◽  
L. TREFIL
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Final Host ◽  
Host Factors ◽  
Experimental Animals ◽  
Central Nervous Systems ◽  
Avian Schistosomes ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Trichobilharzia Regenti

The development of nasal avian schistosomes of the genus Trichobilharzia in their final host is poorly known. Therefore, an experimental infection of ducklings (Anas platyrhynchos f. dom.) by T. regenti was performed. The infection resulted in leg paralysis and orientation/balance disorders of birds. The examination of the duck's spinal cord and brain confirmed the presence of developing parasites in pre-patent as well as patent periods. The absence of the worms in other tissues strongly supports our hypothesis that the parasite migrates through the central nervous system (CNS) to its final location in bird nasal mucosa. The injury level is probably dependent on number of parasites as well as yet unknown host factors. The affinity to the CNS seems to be high; also by exposure of experimental animals to low cercarial doses the growing worms in the CNS were found. In addition to the generally accepted view that bird schistosomes may cause cercarial dermatitis of mammals (including man), there is evidence of a partial development of T. regenti in mouse CNS; in certain cases leg paralysis was also recorded. Therefore, the pathogenesis spectrum caused by bird schistosomes in birds/mammals needs to be reconsidered.

Postnatal development of brain TRH, serum TSH and thyroid hormones in the male and female rat

1986 ◽  
Vol 112 (1) ◽  
pp. 7-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Gayo ◽  
B. Bonet ◽  
A. S. Herranz ◽  
R. Iglesias ◽  
M.J. Toro ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Thyroid Hormones ◽  
Postnatal Development ◽  
Female Rat ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Pituitary Thyroid Axis ◽  
Thyroid Axis ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Serum Tsh

Abstract. The postnatal development of immunoreactive TRH in the central nervous system (CNS), serum TSH and thyroid hormones was studied in both male and female normal rats. While in most structures of the CNS, TRH increased until day 20–30, serum TSH values peaked at day 15 as did T4. Significant differences were also obtained between both sexes in these parameters. These data further support the fact that pituitary-thyroid axis maturation is independent of brain TRH.

OBSERVATIONS ON THE NERVOUS SYSTEM OF APORCELAIMUS AMPHIDYSIS N. SP. (NEMATODA: DORYLAIMOIDEA)

1966 ◽  
Vol 44 (5) ◽  
pp. 815-820 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. V. Anderson
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
New Species ◽  
Nerve Ring ◽  
Nervous Systems ◽  
Diagnostic Characters ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
The Right ◽  
First Time

Fifteen ganglia, associated with the nerve ring are reported. With the exception of the paired lateral cephalic papillary, postlateral papillary, and the amphidial ganglia, nine ganglia are linked by laterolateral commissures which are described for the first time. The laterolateral commissures appear to originate from paired internolateral ganglia located above and below the nerve ring. The longitudinal dorsal and paired ventral, amphidial, and lateral cephalic papillary nerves are traced from origin at their respective ganglia of the central nervous system to their termination. The paired ventral nerves pass to the right and left of the vagina, remaining double throughout most of their length. Portions of the rectosympathetic nervous systems are described in males and females. In the description of the new species based on males and females, the structure of the amphid is clarified, and the position of the plicated guiding ring and the dorsoventral width of the plicated guiding ring, expressed as percentage of spear length, are used as diagnostic characters. Illustrations and photomicrographs are provided.

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