Prevalence and Cluster Typology of Maladaptive Behaviours in a Geographically Defined Population of Adults with Learning Disabilities

1996 ◽  
Vol 169 (2) ◽  
pp. 219-227 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susan Smith ◽  
David Branford ◽  
Richard A. Collacott ◽  
Sally-Ann Cooper ◽  
Catherine McGrother
Keyword(s):  
Learning Disabilities ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Face Validity ◽  
Behavioural Characteristics ◽  
High Prevalence ◽  
Adults With Learning Disabilities ◽  
Autistic Symptoms ◽  
Severe Degree ◽  
Property Destruction ◽  
Maladaptive Behaviours

BackgroundMaladaptive behaviours are frequently present in individuals with learning disabilities; however, their prevalence varies between studies and the aetiology, classification and most appropriate management of such behaviours remain unclear. The aims of the study were twofold: firstly to determine the prevalence of maladaptive behaviours, and secondly to develop a classification typology.MethodA population of 2202 adults with learning disabilities was surveyed to determine the prevalence of maladaptive behaviours. These were subjected on the basis of 13 behavioural characteristics to cluster analysis. The clusters were further examined in respect of secondary variables.ResultsOver 60% of individuals demonstrated the presence of at least one maladaptive behaviour and in 40% this problem was of either severe degree or frequent occurrence. Men were more likely to demonstrate physical aggression, property destruction, tantrums and verbal abuse than women. Although some severe maladaptive behaviours diminished with age, many persisted through all age groups. Six behavioural clusters were devised which demonstrated face validity and which differed in respect of demographic and developmental variables, and the prevalence of maladaptive habits and autistic symptoms.ConclusionsThese findings demonstrate a high prevalence of maladaptive behaviours and ‘objectionable habits’ among people with learning disabilities. A classification of behavioural symptoms may be possible on the basis of symptom clusters.

Behaviour phenotype for Down's syndrome

1998 ◽  
Vol 172 (1) ◽  
pp. 85-89 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard A. Collacott ◽  
Sally-Ann Cooper ◽  
David Branford ◽  
Catherine McGrother
Keyword(s):  
Cluster Analysis ◽  
Learning Disabilities ◽  
Geographical Area ◽  
Down's Syndrome ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Down’S Syndrome ◽  
Developmental Quotient ◽  
Behavioural Characteristics ◽  
Adults With Learning Disabilities ◽  
Maladaptive Behaviours

BackgroundFor more than a century, the idea of particular personality/behavioural characteristics being associated with people with Down's syndrome has been explored, but with inconclusive results.MethodThe Disability Assessment Schedule was used to ascertain the behavioural profiles of 360 adults with Down's syndrome and 1829 adults with learning disabilities of other aetiologies, who were the whole identified population within a defined geographical area. Comparison was made between the two total groups and additionally for the subgroups aged < 35 years and aged ⩾35 years. Comparison was also made with regards to cluster analysis findings.ResultsDespite an equal age and developmental quotient, the Down's syndrome group were less likely to demonstrate maladaptive behaviours. The behaviour characteristics of the adults with Down's syndrome remained constant in the younger and older age groups. Cluster analysis demonstrated adults with Down's syndrome to have an increased prevalence in cluster groupings with lower rates of maladaptive behaviours.ConclusionsThis study confirms there to be a behaviour phenotype among adults with Down's syndrome. The reasons for this (e.g. genetic/psychological/social) require further research. Such research may establish a better understanding of the aetiologies of maladaptive behaviours among people with learning disabilities in general.

Epidemiology of self-injurious behaviour in adults with learning disabilities

1998 ◽  
Vol 173 (5) ◽  
pp. 428-432 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard A. Collacott ◽  
Sally-Ann Cooper ◽  
David Branford ◽  
Catherine McGrother
Keyword(s):  
Learning Disabilities ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Physical Status ◽  
Developmental Quotient ◽  
Explanatory Variables ◽  
Hearing Status ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Adults With Learning Disabilities ◽  
Autistic Symptoms ◽  
Maladaptive Behaviours

BackgroundThere have been few epidemiological studies of the disabling and poorly understood disorder self-injurious behaviour among adults with learning disabilities.MethodInterviews were undertaken with the carers of adults known to the Leicestershire Learning Disabilities Register (n=2277). The Disability Assessment Schedule was used and information was also collected on demographic characteristics, developmental and physical status.ResultsSelf-injurious behaviour was present in 17.4% of the population. In 1.7% self-injurious behaviour occurred frequently and was severe. There was no gender difference between those with and without self-injurious behaviour. Both the chronological age and developmental quotient of individuals with self-injurious behaviour were lower than those of individuals without self-injurious behaviour. Autistic symptoms were more common among those with self-injurious behaviour. The association of self-injurious behaviour with a wide range of other maladaptive behaviours was highly significant. Logistic regression analysis retained age, developmental quotient, hearing status, immobility and number of autistic symptoms as explanatory variables for self-injurious behaviour.ConclusionsSelf-injurious behaviour is a prevalent and disabling disorder among adults with learning disabilities.

Autistic traits in adults with learning disabilities

1997 ◽  
Vol 170 (6) ◽  
pp. 502-506 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sabyasachi Bhaumik ◽  
David Branford ◽  
Catherine McGrother ◽  
Catherine Thorp
Keyword(s):  
Learning Disabilities ◽  
Autistic Traits ◽  
Learning Disabled ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Service Planning ◽  
Adults With Learning Disabilities ◽  
Maladaptive Behaviours ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
Challenging Behaviours ◽  
The Relationship

BackgroundAlthough many adults with learning disabilities show features of autistic syndrome, there have been very few population-based studies. We explored the prevalence of autistic traits and their association with maladaptive behaviours in a geographically defined population of adults with learning disabilities.MethodThe carers of 220l adults with learning disabilities were interviewed, and information was sought concerning aspects of their behaviour and ability. Individuals were scored according to the number of core autistic traits displayed. The prevalence of autistic traits was examined in respect of aspects of behaviour and ability.ResultsAutistic traits were common among adults with learning disabilities. Those with a higher number of autistic traits were more likely to be profoundly learning disabled and demonstrate awide range of challenging behaviours.ConclusionsMany adults with learning disabilities demonstrate autistic traits. The relationship of autistic traits with challenging behaviour has major implications in service planning and delivery.

Psychiatric disorders amongst adults with learning disabilities - prevalence and relationship to ability level

2001 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 45-53 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sally-Ann Cooper ◽  
Nicola M Bailey
Keyword(s):  
Learning Disabilities ◽  
Psychiatric Disorders ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Health Service Provision ◽  
Survey Form ◽  
Population Comparison ◽  
High Prevalence ◽  
Adults With Learning Disabilities ◽  
Psychiatric State ◽  
State Learning

AbstractObjectives: To determine the prevalence of psychiatric disorders in adults with learning disabilities, and the relationship with severity of learning disabilities.Method: The study is population-based. Detailed psychiatric assessments on 207 adults with learning disabilities living in Leicestershire, UK. were conducted by a learning disabilities psychiatrist, using the Present Psychiatric State - Learning Disabilities; and Disability Assessment Schedule. Diagnostic criteria are clearly defined. Developmental assessments were undertaken using the Vineland Scale (survey form).Results: Psychiatric disorders were found in 49.2%, and rates for most individual disorders were higher than those found in the general population. Comparison with the two previous population-based studies shows the ascertained rates were broadly similar to those reported by Corbett but higher than those reported by Lund. Adults with more severe learning disabilities had higher rates of additional psychiatric disorders.Conclusions: The results may be explained by a combination of the genetic, physical, psychological and social factors associated with learning disabilities also being aetiological to psychiatric disorders. The high prevalence rates of psychiatric disorders demonstrate the importance of health service provision for adults with learning disabilities.

Behaviour disorders in adults with learning disabilities: Effect of age and differentiation from other psychiatric disorders

1998 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 13-18 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sally-Ann Cooper
Keyword(s):  
Learning Disabilities ◽  
Psychiatric Disorders ◽  
Psychiatric Illness ◽  
Challenging Behaviour ◽  
Behaviour Disorder ◽  
Younger Adults ◽  
Behavioural Assessment ◽  
Adults With Learning Disabilities ◽  
Maladaptive Behaviours ◽  
Effect Of Age

AbstractObjective: To clarify the effect of age on behaviour disorders in adults with learning disabilities, and the differentiation of behaviour disorders from other psychiatric disorders.Method: Detailed assessments, measuring maladaptive behaviours, psychiatric disorders and demographic factors were completed on 93.7% of all people with learning disabilities aged 65 years and over, living in Leicestershire, UK (n = 134), and also a random sample of adults with learning disabilities aged 20-64 years (n = 73). Behaviour disorders were distinguished from other psychiatric disorders. Descriptive and inferential statistics were calculated.Result: Equal rates (15%) and types of behaviour disorder were found in the two groups. The presence of behaviour disorder was associated with the severity of learning disabilities, but age was not associated, and nor was presence of epilepsy or gender. In many cases, positive scores on the behavioural assessment, which carers attributed to challenging behaviour/ behaviour disorder, were actually symptoms of psychiatric illness.Conclusion: Behaviour disorders persist into old age, and therefore require management from the appropriate services. This need will increase, due to increasing lifespan. The accurate interpretation of behaviour scales requires that a comprehensive psychiatric assessment is also undertaken, particularly in elderly people where rates of psychiatric disorders are higher than for younger adults.

Mortality among Institutionalised People with Learning Disabilities in Greece: A 30-Year Survey at the Leros PIKPA Asylum

1995 ◽  
Vol 167 (S28) ◽  
pp. 70-77 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Perakis ◽  
G. Kolaitis ◽  
P. Kordoutis ◽  
M. Kranidioti ◽  
J. Tsiantis
Keyword(s):  
Learning Disabilities ◽  
General Population ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Population Data ◽  
Differential Mortality ◽  
Mortality Data ◽  
Probability Of Survival ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Specific Mortality ◽  
Adults With Learning Disabilities

The life expectancy of institutionalised people with learning disabilities is shorter than that of the general population. Data on population dynamics in institutions for such people are vital for planning purposes. Mortality can be considered a crude measure of quality of health care. Mortality data on the 914 admissions to the Leros PIKPA asylum for children and young adults with learning disabilities and associated problems in the years 1961–91 were reviewed. The overall crude mortality rate was 59.2 deaths per 1000 person-years. Twenty-two per cent of the deaths occurred within a year after admission. Age-specific mortality rates were particularly high for those aged one to four years, and declined thereafter. Male residents had lower mortality than female residents in almost all of the age groups. Compared with sex- and age-specific mortality data for the general population of Greece, the observed rates were 20–150 times higher but still comparable to those reported for people with more severe learning disabilities in institutions in other countries. Lifetable analysis by length of stay showed that male residents had a statistically significant higher probability of survival than female residents, which could not be attributed to age-related differential mortality. Culture-specific differential admission criteria may account for the observed sex difference.

Anxiety and Social Adjustment Problems in Adults With Learning Disabilities

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philip J. Uy ◽  
Ren Krinick ◽  
Lana A. Tiersky ◽  
Nuri Ruzi ◽  
Mitchell Slugh
Keyword(s):  
Learning Disabilities ◽  
Social Adjustment ◽  
Adjustment Problems ◽  
Adults With Learning Disabilities

The Prevalence of Vitamin D Deficiency in Iran: A Literature Review

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (7) ◽  
pp. 1015-1027
Author(s):  
Mohammad Bagherniya ◽  
Zahra Khorasanchi ◽  
Mina S. Bidokhti ◽  
Gordon A. Ferns ◽  
Mitra Rezaei ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin D ◽  
Literature Review ◽  
Vitamin D Deficiency ◽  
Medical Condition ◽  
Scientific Information ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Major Public Health Problem ◽  
Vitamin D Levels ◽  
High Prevalence

Background: Vitamin D deficiency is a common medical condition worldwide. In Iran, it has been reported that between 30-90% of people have vitamin D deficiency. However, its distribution in different parts of the country and among different age and regional groups is unclear. Therefore, the aim of this study was to review the recent literature on vitamin D deficiency in Iran. Methods: The literature review was performed using Web of Science, PubMed-Medline, Scopus and Scientific Information Database (SID) with a cut-off date of November 2016 to identify articles on vitamin D status in Iran published in the last 10 years. Studies in English and Persian that reported vitamin D levels in male and female subjects of all age groups and in healthy populations were included. Results: From 325 studies that were initially retrieved, 82 articles met the inclusion criteria. A high prevalence of vitamin D deficiency was reported, and in some regions, this was reported as >90% and was found in all age groups and in all regions of Iran. Conclusion: This review highlights the very high prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in Iran. It will be important to recognize the importance of vitamin D deficiency as a major public health problem in Iran.

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