Expressed Emotion and Schizophrenia in North India

1987 ◽  
Vol 151 (2) ◽  
pp. 160-165 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. N. Wig ◽  
D. K. Menon ◽  
H. Bedi ◽  
J. Leff ◽  
L. Kuipers ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Expressed Emotion ◽  
North India ◽  
Two Samples ◽  
First Contact

We measured the components of expressed emotion among two samples of relatives of first-contact patients from Aarhus (Denmark) and Chandigarh (India). The Danes were very similar in most respects to samples of British relatives, whereas the Indian relatives expressed significantly fewer critical comments, fewer positive remarks, and less over-involvement. Within the Chandigarh sample, city-dwellers were significantly more expressive than villagers of all EE components except over-involvement.

Expressed Emotion and Schizophrenia in North India

1987 ◽  
Vol 151 (2) ◽  
pp. 166-173 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Leff ◽  
N. N. Wig ◽  
D. K. Menon ◽  
H. Bedi ◽  
L. Kuipers ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Expressed Emotion ◽  
American Studies ◽  
North India ◽  
The North ◽  
Anglo American ◽  
One Year ◽  
The Individual ◽  
First Contact ◽  
Relapse Rates

We conducted a one-year follow-up of patients who had made a first contact with psychiatric services in Chandigarh, North India, and had been assigned a diagnosis of schizophrenia. The expressed emotion (EE) of the patients' relatives was assessed early on. We found the same associations between the individual components of EE and relapse of schizophrenia as in previous Anglo-American studies, but only the association between hostility and relapse was statistically significant. Applying the same criteria as in the Anglo American studies for ‘high EE’, we found a significant relationship between high EE and relapse. This relationship was not explained by other factors often associated with higher relapse rates. We conclude that the significantly better outcome of Chandigarh first-contact patients compared with a London sample is largely due to the significantly lower proportion of high-EE relatives in the North Indian sample.

scholarly journals Changing patterns of first medical contact management profile of corneal ulcers in a developing country: a hospital-based study

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 216
Author(s):  
Santosh Kumar ◽  
Vijay K. Sharma
Keyword(s):  
Tertiary Care ◽  
Statistical Correlation ◽  
North India ◽  
Time Interval ◽  
Eye Drops ◽  
Fungal Culture ◽  
Infectious Keratitis ◽  
Tertiary Care Centre ◽  
Changing Patterns ◽  
First Contact

Background: Infectious keratitis is a major cause of corneal blindness throughout the world. There are guidelines and protocols for management of infectious keratitis, but these are rarely practiced by the treating physician. The aim of this study is to find the first medical contact management profile in a tertiary care Centre in north India and compare it to the previous studies to see the changing patterns of first contact management in our country.Methods: The data for the study was collected by retrospective data review of 100 consecutive patients with infectious keratitis. Various parameters were studied and statistical correlation established, where it was felt necessary. The parameters were age and sex distribution, first medical contact, initial treatment prescribed, time interval for first medical contact, inciting factors for corneal ulcer, bacterial and fungal culture spectrum, visual recovery after medical and surgical treatment.Results: Data review of 100 consecutive patients with infectious keratitis was done. More than 70% of patients were above 40 years of age. In 54% of patients, no inciting agent could be identified. The first medical contact for majority of patients was ophthalmologists in independent practice (48%). Time interval for first contact to any health professional varied from one day to 75 days with mean 4.63 days. Moxifloxacin hydrochloride   eye drops was the most commonly used drug.   Staphylococcus epidermidis was the commonest isolate grown in the culture (38.9%).Conclusions: Early diagnosis and appropriate management of infectious keratitis is important and role of first medical contact of patient is most crucial in final outcome.

Neoproterozoic Jiangnan Orogeny in southeast Guizhou, South China: evidence from U–Pb ages for detrital zircons from the Sibao Group and Xiajiang Group

2016 ◽  
Vol 53 (3) ◽  
pp. 219-230 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiao Ma ◽  
Kunguang Yang ◽  
Xuegang Li ◽  
Chuangu Dai ◽  
Hui Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
South China ◽  
Detrital Zircon ◽  
Inductively Coupled Plasma ◽  
Detrital Zircons ◽  
North India ◽  
Yangtze Block ◽  
Inductively Coupled ◽  
Two Samples ◽  
Southeastern Margin ◽  
Depositional Age

The Jiangnan Orogeny generated regional angular unconformities between the Xiajiang Group and the underlying Sibao Group in the western Jiangnan Orogen along the southeastern margin of the Yangtze Block in southeast Guizhou, South China. Laser ablation – inductively coupled plasma – mass spectrometry (LA–ICP–MS) U–Pb zircon dating of two samples of the Motianling granitic pluton yielded U–Pb zircon ages of 826.2 ± 3.4 and 825.5 ± 6.1 Ma, with an average age of 825.6 ± 3.0 Ma, which is considered the minimum depositional age of the Sibao Group. The U–Pb ages of the youngest detrital zircon grains from the Sibao Group and the Xiajiang Group yielded average ages of 834.9 ± 3.8 and 794.6 ± 4.2 Ma, respectively. The depositional age of the Sibao Group can be constrained at 825–835 Ma, and deposition of the Xiajiang Group did not begin before ca. 800 Ma. These results suggest that the Jiangnan Orogeny, which led to the assembly of the Yangtze and Cathaysia blocks, ended at 795–835 Ma on the western segment of the Jiangnan Orogen. The detrital zircon distribution spectrums of the Sibao and Xiajiang groups suggest a provenance from Neoproterozoic basement sedimentary sequences along with a mixture of local Neoproterozoic subduction-related felsic granitoids, distant plutons from the western Yangtze Block and eastern Jiangnan Orogen, and recycled materials from the interior of the Yangtze Block. By comparing the basin evolution histories and magmatic and metamorphic events along the continental margins of the Rodinia supercontinent, it is proposed that the South China Block might have been located at the periphery, adjacent to North India and East Antarctica, rather than in the interior of Rodinia in Neoproterozoic time.

Expressed Emotion and Schizophrenia in North India

1987 ◽  
Vol 151 (2) ◽  
pp. 156-160 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. N. Wig ◽  
D. K. Menon ◽  
H. Bedi ◽  
A. Ghosh ◽  
L. Kuipers ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Expressed Emotion ◽  
Cross Cultural ◽  
North India ◽  
Technical Issues

A bilingual rater was trained in English in a technique of assessing relatives emotional attitudes to patients, and was then required to rate material in Hindi without any further experience. This strategy revealed that the rating of critical comments, hostility and positive remarks could be transferred from English to Hindi without distortion. There were problems with the remaining two scales, over-involvement and warmth, but these were due to technical issues connected with rating and not to cross-cultural distortion.

A Cross-Cultural Investigation of the Perception of Emotion in Music: Psychophysical and Cultural Cues

1999 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 43-64 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura-Lee Balkwill ◽  
William Forde Thompson
Keyword(s):  
Expressed Emotion ◽  
Cross Cultural ◽  
North India ◽  
Musical Experience ◽  
Pitch Range ◽  
Field Recordings ◽  
Cultural Approach ◽  
Cultural Cues ◽  
Music And Emotion ◽  
Tonal System

Studies of the link between music and emotion have primarily focused on listeners' sensitivity to emotion in the music of their own culture. This sensitivity may reflect listeners' enculturation to the conventions of their culture's tonal system. However, it may also reflect responses to psychophysical dimensions of sound that are independent of musical experience. A model of listeners' perception of emotion in music is proposed in which emotion in music is communicated through a combination of universal and cultural cues. Listeners may rely on either of these cues, or both, to arrive at an understanding of musically expressed emotion. The current study addressed the hypotheses derived from this model using a cross-cultural approach. The following questions were investigated: Can people identify the intended emotion in music from an unfamiliar tonal system? If they can, is their sensitivity to intended emotions associated with perceived changes in psychophysical dimensions of music? Thirty Western listeners rated the degree of joy, sadness, anger, and peace in 12 Hindustani raga excerpts (field recordings obtained in North India). In accordance with the raga-rasa system, each excerpt was intended to convey one of the four moods or "rasas" that corresponded to the four emotions rated by listeners. Listeners also provided ratings of four psychophysical variables: tempo, rhythmic complexity, melodic complexity, and pitch range. Listeners were sensitive to the intended emotion in ragas when that emotion was joy, sadness, or anger. Judgments of emotion were significantly related to judgments of psychophysical dimensions, and, in some cases, to instrument timbre. The findings suggest that listeners are sensitive to musically expressed emotion in an unfamiliar tonal system, and that this sensitivity is facilitated by psychophysical cues.

Relatives' Expressed Emotion and the Course of Schizophrenia in Chandigarh

1990 ◽  
Vol 156 (3) ◽  
pp. 351-356 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Leff ◽  
N. N. Wig ◽  
H. Bedi ◽  
D. K. Menon ◽  
L. Kuipers ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Expressed Emotion ◽  
Family Members ◽  
The West ◽  
Initial Interview ◽  
Schizophrenic Patients ◽  
One Year ◽  
The One ◽  
First Contact ◽  
Subsequent Relapse

A two-year follow-up was conducted of a subsample of the Chandigarh cohort of first-contact schizophrenic patients from the WHO Determinants of Outcome project. The patients were those living with family members who had been interviewed initially to determine their levels of expressed emotion (EE). The interview was repeated for 74% of the relatives at one-year follow-up. A dramatic reduction had occurred in each of the EE components and in the global index. No rural relative was rated as high EE at follow-up. Of the patients included in the one-year follow-up, 86% were followed for two years. In contrast to the one-year findings, the global EE index at initial interview did not predict relapse of schizophrenia over the subsequent two years. However, there was a significant association between initial hostility and subsequent relapse. The better outcome of this cohort of schizophrenic patients compared with samples from the West is partly attributable to tolerance and acceptance by family members.

scholarly journals From the Editor's desk

2009 ◽  
Vol 195 (2) ◽  
pp. 188-188 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Tyrer
Keyword(s):  
Help Seeking ◽  
Expressed Emotion ◽  
Community Services ◽  
Global Perspective ◽  
North India ◽  
Psychotic Experience ◽  
Term Outcome ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Long Term Outcome ◽  
Traditional Remedies

The merits of a global perspectiveIt has almost become a pointless mantra to repeat ‘we are now international’ but there is important substance to the wish for a more global perspective in psychiatry. For those involved in developing community services it is amazing to follow the time change zones round the world. In the Czech Republic services are at the stage we were in the UK in 1977, in Slovakia it is 1972, in the Ukraine it is 1965, in Rwanda 1964, in Tibet 1960 and in Belarus 1953. So why not take advantage of this time warp and help Belarus now to develop the best possible services from the 50 extra years of accumulated knowledge? The reverse is also true. We can test hypotheses now that we might have considered many years ago by looking at the experiences of other countries. Schizophrenia remains difficult to treat and much concern has been expressed about its excess mortality, particularly the suspicion that this is a consequence of antipsychotic drug treatment.1These drugs may lead to obesity, a growing problem with increasing age (Kivimäkiet al, pp. 149–155), and its associated metabolic syndrome.2,3In low- and middle-income countries our view of outcome has been influenced greatly by data from Chandigarh in North India, where better results may be related to different family structures with low expressed emotion, conferring protection.4But long-term outcome is poor in such countries also5and Ranet al(pp. 126–131) suggest that those never treated for schizophrenia, even though they may have received traditional remedies,6have the same mortality as those treated with Western evidence-based interventions. When we get consistency across very different countries we can have much more confidence in our conclusions, and the association of urbanicity and schizophrenia first identified by Faris & Dunham 70 years ago,7and repeatedly identified in all population groups,8now seems to have its final badge of approval from Lundberget al(pp. 156–162) in their study from Uganda. I cannot help noticing from their paper that grandiosity as a psychotic experience is a marked distinguishing feature between urban and rural rearing; perhaps being surrounded by all those tall city buildings unduly raises expectations. We need to be reminded that increased mortality is also common in other psychiatric disorders. This is illustrated in depression by Mykletunet al(pp. 118–125), who also intriguingly find that greater trait anxiety increases your lifespan, so perhaps there is some gain from constant worry and increased help-seeking behaviour.

scholarly journals Genetic and functional characterization of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 VprC variants from north India: presence of unique recombinants with mosaic genomes from B, C and D subtypes within the open reading frame of Vpr

2009 ◽  
Vol 90 (11) ◽  
pp. 2768-2776 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aalia S. Bano ◽  
Vikas Sood ◽  
Ujjwal Neogi ◽  
Nidhi Goel ◽  
Vijesh Sreedhar Kuttiat ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type ◽  
Virus Type ◽  
Hot Spot ◽  
North India ◽  
Subtype C ◽  
Two Samples ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Hiv 1

The human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) epidemic in India is predominantly caused by genetic subtype C, though other minor subtypes have also been reported. One of the major accessory proteins of HIV-1, namely Vpr, is known to influence key steps in viral replication, cell cycle progression, promoter activation, apoptosis and pathogenesis. Therefore, we carried out a genetic and functional analysis of the Vpr variants from eight HIV-1-infected individuals from north India. The sequence analyses revealed that six of eight samples clustered with ancestral subtype C. Remarkably, five of these showed a conserved and region-specific L64P mutation, located in the predicted third α-helix. This change adversely affected their ability to activate the HIV-1 long terminal repeat promoter without compromising their ability to cause apoptosis. Bootscan, phylogenetic and SimPlot analysis of the remaining two samples (VprS2 and A6) revealed very interesting mosaic genomes derived from B, C and D subtypes. The N-terminal half of the VprS2 gene consisted of genomic segments derived from subtypes B/D, C and D but the C-terminal half was derived predominantly from subtype C. Interestingly the N-terminal half of sample A6 also showed similar B/D, C and D inter-subtype recombinant structure but the C-terminal half was entirely derived from the consensus B subtype. Multiple breakpoints in a short stretch of 291 nt encoding the Vpr gene strongly suggest that this region is a potential hot-spot for the formation of inter-subtype recombinants and also highlight the importance of the rapidly evolving HIV-1 epidemic in the north Indian region due to multiple genetic subtypes.

Electron energy-loss near-edge structure in silicate minerals

1992 ◽  
Vol 50 (2) ◽  
pp. 1258-1259
Author(s):  
D W McComb ◽  
R S Payne ◽  
P L Hansen ◽  
R Brydson
Keyword(s):  
Solid State ◽  
Energy Loss ◽  
Electron Energy ◽  
State Energy ◽  
Local Environment ◽  
Edge Structure ◽  
Silicate Minerals ◽  
Two Samples ◽  
Electron Energy Loss ◽  
Careful Processing

Electron energy-loss near-edge structure (ELNES) is an effective probe of the local geometrical and electronic environment around particular atomic species in the solid state. Energy-loss spectra from several silicate minerals were mostly acquired using a VG HB501 STEM fitted with a parallel detector. Typically a collection angle of ≈8mrad was used, and an energy resolution of ≈0.5eV was achieved.Other authors have indicated that the ELNES of the Si L2,3-edge in α-quartz is dominated by the local environment of the silicon atom i.e. the SiO4 tetrahedron. On this basis, and from results on other minerals, the concept of a coordination fingerprint for certain atoms in minerals has been proposed. The concept is useful in some cases, illustrated here using results from a study of the Al2SiO5 polymorphs (Fig.l). The Al L2,3-edge of kyanite, which contains only 6-coordinate Al, is easily distinguished from andalusite (5- & 6-coordinate Al) and sillimanite (4- & 6-coordinate Al). At the Al K-edge even the latter two samples exhibit differences; with careful processing, the fingerprint for 4-, 5- and 6-coordinate aluminium may be obtained.

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