Hypothyroidism as a Correlate of Lateral Ventricular Enlargement in Manic-Depressive and Neurotic Illness

1986 ◽  
Vol 148 (3) ◽  
pp. 317-321 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eve C. Johnstone ◽  
D. G. C. Owens ◽  
T. J. Crow ◽  
N. Colter ◽  
Claire A. Lawton ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Computed Tomography ◽  
Cognitive Impairment ◽  
Ventricular Enlargement ◽  
Ventricular Size ◽  
Manic Depressive ◽  
Standard Deviations

Lateral ventricular size, as assessed by computed tomography, was not significantly greater in manic-depressive cases than in neurotic patients, but 19% of manic-depressive cases had ventricular brain ratios (VBR) more than two standard deviations above the neurotic mean. Few correlates of VBR were found in the features of the illness and the treatment given, apart from the fact that in the outpatient sample, there was a significant association between increased VBR and hypothyroidism. Hypothyroidism was relatively common in this sample, but was treated and not associated with cognitive impairment. There was no relationship between lithium administration and VBR.

Cerebral investigation of healthy siblings of schizophrenics

1997 ◽  
Vol 12 (6) ◽  
pp. 273-278 ◽  
Author(s):  
A Mourot ◽  
T d'Amato ◽  
T Rochet ◽  
M Marie-Cardine ◽  
C Artéaga ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Computed Tomography ◽  
Negative Symptoms ◽  
Third Ventricle ◽  
Ct Scans ◽  
Ventricular Enlargement ◽  
Ventricular Size ◽  
Symptom Scale ◽  
Unrelated Control ◽  
Healthy Siblings ◽  
Ct Studies

SummaryComputed tomography (CT) studies have demonstrated that lateral ventricular size measured by ventricular brain ratio (VBR), as well as third ventricle width, is statistically enlarged in schizophrenics. Moreover, these cerebral abnormalities differ according to symptomatology evaluated with a positive and negative symptom scale. The aim of this study was to investigate, using CT scans, healthy siblings of schizophrenics, and relate the results to their ill siblings. Nineteen healthy siblings of 12 previously studied schizophrenics underwent CT scans, which were compared to those of their related schizophrenic sibling and to 17 unrelated control subjects. The results showed that in ten of 12 families, schizophrenics have larger ventricles (lateral and third ventricles) than their healthy siblings. Ventricular enlargement of healthy siblings was correlated with severity of negative symptoms of their ill sibling. Implications of a familial contribution for ventricular size and negative symptoms are discussed.

Computed Tomography in the Elderly 3. Affective Disorder

1980 ◽  
Vol 136 (3) ◽  
pp. 270-275 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robin J. Jacoby ◽  
Raymond Levy
Keyword(s):  
Computed Tomography ◽  
Elderly Patients ◽  
Affective Disorders ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Consecutive Series ◽  
Healthy Controls ◽  
Ventricular Size ◽  
Radiological Criteria ◽  
Computed Tomographic ◽  
Ct Data

SummaryClinical and computed tomographic (CT) data on a consecutive series of 41 elderly patients with affective disorders are presented, and comparisons made with a group of 50 healthy controls. In both groups ventricular size increased with age, but only in the controls was there an age correlation with sulcal widening. Using clinical and radiological criteria, the prevalence of cerebrovascular disease in the patient group was 12 per cent. A sub-group of patients with enlarged ventricles emerged, whose first depression began later in life, and who at the time of this study were older and showed more ‘endogenous’ features than the remainder. It is suggested that this provides further evidence that organic cerebral factors may have aetiological significance in some depressions of old age.

Ventricular Enlargement in Schizophrenia

1985 ◽  
Vol 147 (3) ◽  
pp. 233-240 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael A. Reveley
Keyword(s):  
Ct Scans ◽  
Ventricular Enlargement ◽  
Ventricular Size ◽  
Validity And Reliability ◽  
Computerised Tomography ◽  
Twin Birth ◽  
Chronic Schizophrenics ◽  
Level Of Significance ◽  
Considerable Range ◽  
Age And Sex

SummaryThere has been a considerable range in both the prevalence of ventricular enlargement and values for ventricular size of both schizophrenics and controls, in studies using computerised tomography (CT). The CT scans of 19 unrelated chronic schizophrenics, all of monozygotic (MZ) twin birth, and 36 age-and-sex-matched normal twins from 18 MZ pairs were examined by linear, planimetric, and semi-automated computerised methods. All methods distinguished schizophrenics from controls at approximately the same level of significance, but partial volume artefact led to a greater than two-fold variation in apparent ventricular size, and significantly reduced the validity and reliability of mechanical planimetric and linear measures. Measurement error may be an important source of artefact in uncontrolled studies using those techniques, and when comparing absolute values across studies, but the use of computerised methods should significantly reduce this source of artefact and allow more meaningful comparison.

Influence of the rate of ventricular enlargement on the white matter water content in progressive feline hydrocephalus

1987 ◽  
Vol 66 (4) ◽  
pp. 577-583 ◽  
Author(s):  
Futoshi Takei ◽  
Kenneth Shapiro ◽  
Ira Kohn
Keyword(s):  
White Matter ◽  
Water Content ◽  
Progressive Increase ◽  
Central Canal ◽  
Ventricular Enlargement ◽  
Ventricular Size ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Wet Weight ◽  
Dural Opening ◽  
Fine Print

✓ The effectiveness of transependymal absorption of cerebrospinal fluid in hydrocephalus was studied by correlating the measured water content of feline hydrocephalic white matter with the rate of enlargement of the ventricles. Two groups of cats were subjected to opening of either the calvaria or the calvaria and dura before the intracisternal injection of kaolin to obtain two profiles of ventricular enlargement. The water content 1, 2, and 3 mm from the lateral ventricles was measured in each group using the dry/wet weight and microgravimetric techniques after sacrificing the animals in each group at 2, 3, or 6 weeks after inducing hydrocephalus. In the animals with both calvarial and dural opening, the ventricles enlarged rapidly in the first 2 to 3 weeks and then continued to increase but at a slower rate. Concomitant with this early increase of ventricular size was a progressive increase in white matter water content both adjacent to and remote from the ventricles, which continued through 6 weeks. When only the calvaria was opened, ventricular size increased gradually, but continued to increase at a constant rate throughout the 6 weeks. Water content adjacent to the ventricle did not increase until the 3rd week, with little spread to adjacent areas by the 6th week. The central canals of the spinal cord were enlarged in both groups at all sampling levels. Neither increased periventricular water nor dilatation of the central canal was associated with stabilization of ventricular size in these studies. The authors conclude that these pathways are not sufficient to arrest the hydrocephalic process in these models.

Symptomatic Progressive Ventriculomegaly in Hydrocephalics with Patent Shunts and Antisiphon Devices

Neurosurgery ◽  
1986 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 617-621 ◽  
Author(s):  
David C. McCullough
Keyword(s):  
Computed Tomography ◽  
Ball Valve ◽  
Tall Stature ◽  
Cerebrospinal Fluid Shunts ◽  
Horizontal Position ◽  
Ventricular Size ◽  
Cerebral Ventricles ◽  
Shunt Dependency ◽  
Children And Young Adults ◽  
Antisiphon Device

Abstract The antisiphon device (ASD) was designed to prevent excessive negative intracranial pressure and overdrainage with cerebrospinal fluid shunts. It has been recommended for prevention of slit ventricles and extreme shunt dependency. It was used by the author in 40 children and young adults who had low pressure headaches or were judged to be at risk for the development of subdural hematomas because of extreme hydrocephalus, relatively fixed head size, or tall stature. Nine patients encountered problems with adverse symptoms in spite of shunt patency. Four had alarming neurological symptoms of coma or severe headaches after incorporation of ASDs in ventriculoperitoneal shunt systems. With patients in the horizontal position, shunt patency was documented but computed tomography revealed progressive ventriculomegaly when they were kept erect. Symptoms abated and ventricular size diminished after conversion to proximal medium pressure diaphragm or spring-ball valve systems without ASDs. Because long shunt systems with ASDs require adequate hydrostatic columns to initiate flow when patients are erect, it is theorized that such symptoms could have been prevented by placing ASDs farther downstream from the cerebral ventricles.

Defining the cognitive impairment in schizophrenia

2004 ◽  
Vol 34 (7) ◽  
pp. 1151-1155 ◽  
Author(s):  
EILEEN JOYCE ◽  
VYV HUDDY
Keyword(s):  
Computed Tomography ◽  
Cognitive Psychology ◽  
Cognitive Impairment ◽  
Information Processing ◽  
Cognitive Dysfunction ◽  
Psychotic Symptoms ◽  
Medial Temporal Lobes ◽  
Temporal Lobes ◽  
Information Processing Deficits ◽  
Symptom Type

Cognitive psychology became an important discipline in schizophrenia research when information processing deficits were implicated as the basis from which psychotic symptoms emerged (Broen & Storms, 1967; Hemsley, 1977; Frith, 1979). The study of cognition as an independent construct began in earnest when the detection of brain morphological abnormalities on computed tomography (CT) in patients with schizophrenia (Johnstone et al. 1976; Weinberger et al. 1979) prompted the search for behavioural correlates. It became apparent that impairments typical of damage to frontal or medial temporal lobes could be seen in patients with schizophrenia, irrespective of symptom type or severity (Goldberg et al. 1988; McKenna et al. 1990). Since then a number of findings have been replicated sufficiently to make certain conclusions about the nature and extent of cognitive dysfunction in this disorder.

Psychiatric Phenomena in Alzheimer's Disease. III: Disorders of Mood

1990 ◽  
Vol 157 (1) ◽  
pp. 81-86 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alistair Burns ◽  
Robin Jacoby ◽  
Raymond Levy
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Cognitive Impairment ◽  
Depressive Symptoms ◽  
Depressive Symptom ◽  
Previous History ◽  
Ventricular Enlargement ◽  
Trained Observer ◽  
History Of ◽  
Interhemispheric Fissure ◽  
History Of Depression

Of 178 patients with AD, at least one depressive symptom was reported by 63%, 24% were rated as being depressed by a trained observer, and 43% were considered depressed by their relatives. Ten per cent had a previous history of depression. Elevated mood was rare, occurring in only six patients (3.5%). Subjects with depressive symptoms had less cognitive impairment and less ventricular enlargement on CT compared with those without symptoms. Widening of the interhemispheric fissure was associated with symptoms of mania but was inversely related to presence of depressive symptoms.

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