The Problem of Generalization in the Operant Conditioning of Social Speech in the Severely Subnormal

1975 ◽  
Vol 127 (4) ◽  
pp. 376-385 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth Spindler Barton
Keyword(s):  
Operant Conditioning ◽  
Training Session ◽  
Trained Subjects ◽  
External Reinforcement ◽  
Rate Of Speech ◽  
Baseline Levels ◽  
Reversal Design ◽  
Training Programmes ◽  
Do So

SummaryMany severely subnormal patients talk little to each other. In this experiment, three pairs of subjects were reinforced for talking to each other, and learned to do so quite quickly. Whether social speech would continue to occur without the benefit of external reinforcement was examined by observing the subjects through a one-way mirror in a bare interview room adjacent to the teaching room immediately after each training session. On some occasions untrained subjects were observed in the bare room with the trained subjects.The reinforcement of social speech was demonstrated to be effective by the use of a reversal design (baseline, reinforcement, no reinforcement, reinforcement), where the rate of speech increased considerably when reinforcement was available but decreased when it was discontinued. Generalization of the increased social speech, however, was very poor and only significantly above baseline levels with the pair who seemed responsive to social as well as material reinforcement. The implications of this for training programmes are discussed.

Effect of training on the dose-response relationship for insulin action in men

1989 ◽  
Vol 66 (2) ◽  
pp. 695-703 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. J. Mikines ◽  
B. Sonne ◽  
P. A. Farrell ◽  
B. Tronier ◽  
H. Galbo
Keyword(s):  
Glucose Uptake ◽  
Insulin Action ◽  
Glycogen Synthase ◽  
Vastus Lateralis ◽  
Training Session ◽  
Glycogen Storage ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Vastus Lateralis Muscle ◽  
Trained Subjects ◽  
Insulin Responsiveness

Seven endurance-trained subjects [maximal O2 consumption (VO2max) 64 +/- 1 (SE) ml.min-1.kg-1] were subjected to three sequential hyperinsulinemic euglycemic clamps 15 h after having performed their last training session (T). Results were compared with findings in seven untrained subjects (VO2max 44 +/- 2 ml.min-1.kg-1) studied both at rest (UT) and after 60 min of bicycle exercise at 150 W (UT-ex). In T and UT-ex compared with UT, sensitivity for insulin-mediated whole-body glucose uptake was higher [insulin concentrations eliciting half-maximal glucose uptake being 44 +/- 2 (T) and 43 +/- 4 (UT-ex) vs. 52 +/- 3 microU/ml (UT), P less than 0.05] and responsiveness was higher [13.4 +/- 1.2 (T) and 10.9 +/- 0.7 (UT-ex) vs. 9.5 +/- 0.7 mg.min-1.kg-1 (UT), P less than 0.05]. Furthermore, responsiveness was higher (P less than 0.05) in T than in UT-ex. Insulin-stimulated O2 uptake and maximal glucose oxidation rate were higher in T than in UT and UT-ex. Insulin-stimulated conversion or glucose to glycogen and muscle glycogen synthase was higher in T than in UT and UT-ex. However, glycogen storage in vastus lateralis muscle was found only in UT-ex. No change in any glucoregulatory hormone or metabolite could explain the increased insulin action in trained subjects. It is concluded that physical training induces an adaptive increase in insulin responsiveness of whole-body glucose uptake, which does not reflect increased glycogen deposition in muscle.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Exercise intensity and glucose tolerance in trained and nontrained subjects

1989 ◽  
Vol 67 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-43 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. C. Young ◽  
J. Enslin ◽  
B. Kuca
Keyword(s):  
Glucose Tolerance ◽  
Exercise Intensity ◽  
Training Session ◽  
Insulin Response ◽  
Residual Effects ◽  
Oral Glucose ◽  
Glucose Response ◽  
Trained Subjects ◽  
Single Bout ◽  
Male Subjects

The improved glucose tolerance and increased insulin sensitivity associated with regular exercise appear to be the result, in large part, of the residual effects of the last bout of exercise. To determine the effects of exercise intensity on this response, glucose tolerance and the insulin response to a glucose load were determined in seven well-trained male subjects [maximal O2 uptake (VO2max) = 58 ml.kg-1.min-1] and in seven nontrained male subjects (VO2max = 49 ml.kg-1.min-1) in the morning after an overnight fast 1) 40 h after the last training session (control), 2) 14 h after 40 min of exercise on a cycle ergometer at 40% VO2max, and 3) 14 h after 40 min of exercise at 80% VO2max. Subjects replicated their diets for 3 days before each test and ate a standard meal the evening before the oral glucose tolerance test. No differences in the 3-h insulin or glucose response were observed between the control trial and before exercise at either 40 or 80% VO2max in the trained subjects. In the nontrained subjects the plasma insulin response was decreased by 40% after a single bout of exercise at either 40 or 80% VO2max (7.0 X 10(3) vs. 5.0 X 10(3), P less than 0.05; 3.8 X 10(3) microU.ml-1.180 min-1, P less than 0.01). The insulin response after a single bout of exercise in the nontrained subjects was comparable with the insulin responses found in the trained subjects for the control and exercise trials.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

scholarly journals Effect of Neurocognitive Training for Children With ADHD at Improving Academic Engagement in Two Learning Settings

2018 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
pp. 414-431 ◽  
Author(s):  
Han Jiang ◽  
Stuart J. Johnstone ◽  
Li Sun ◽  
Da-Wei Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Academic Engagement ◽  
Treatment Effectiveness ◽  
Training Session ◽  
Children With Adhd ◽  
Passive Behavior ◽  
Training Approach ◽  
Preliminary Study ◽  
Reversal Design ◽  
Activity Method

Objective: This preliminary study investigated effectiveness of neurocognitive training on academic engagement (AET) for children with ADHD. The training approach targeted working memory, inhibitory control, and attention/relaxation (via brain electrical activity). Method: A reversal design with a 2-week follow-up was used to assess the effectiveness of the treatment on two children with diagnosed ADHD in two learning settings. Direct observation was used to collect academic-related behavior. Results: Improvements in on-task expected behavior (ONT-EX) and general AET, as well as reductions in off-task motor activity (OFF-MA) and off-task passive behavior (OFF-PB) were observed for both students over baselines and across the settings. Moreover, differences in behavioral change were found between participants and settings. Conclusion: These findings support using the treatment for improving academic performance of children with ADHD. Future studies may investigate influences of contextual differences, nontreatment variables, or adult’s feedback during the training session on treatment effectiveness.

scholarly journals Reliability of a Fully Automated Interpretation ofγ-H2AX Foci in Lymphocytes of Moderately Trained Subjects under Resting Conditions

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juliane Heydenreich ◽  
Christoph Otto ◽  
Frank Mayer ◽  
Anja Carlsohn
Keyword(s):  
Dna Damage ◽  
Healthy Subjects ◽  
Background Level ◽  
Limits Of Agreement ◽  
Trained Subjects ◽  
Coefficients Of Variation ◽  
Automated Interpretation ◽  
Baseline Levels ◽  
Exercise Induced ◽  
Healthy Males

Background. Analysis ofγ-H2AX foci is a promising approach to evaluate exercise-induced DNA damage. However, baseline levels and day-to-day variability ofγ-H2AX foci have not been investigated in healthy subjects at rest.Methods. Blood was taken from eight moderately trained healthy males (29 ± 3 yrs, 1.84 ± 0.03 m, and 85 ± 6 kg) at two separate days (M1/M2) after 24-hour exercise cessation. Number ofγ-H2AX foci per 100 lymphocytes (N), number of foci per affected lymphocyte (NAL), percentage of affected lymphocytes (PAL), and diameter (D) ofγ-H2AX foci were analyzed (mean ± SD). Differences between M1 and M2 were analyzed using pairedt-tests (α= 0.05). Day-to-day variability was evaluated by calculating the coefficients of variation (CV%), bias, and limits of agreement (LoA).Results. There were no statistically significant differences between M1 (N: 7.6 ± 4.4, NAL: 1.2 ± 0.2, PAL: 5.9 ± 2.6%, and D: 0.63 ± 0.07) and M2 (N: 8.4 ± 4.6, NAL: 1.3 ± 0.1, PAL: 6.9 ± 4.2%, and D: 0.66 ± 0.06). CV was calculated to be 98.5% (N), 88.9% (PAL), 11.3% (NAL), and 8.0% (D). Bias (LoA) was 0.75 (−15.2/13.7), −0.02 (−0.36/0.33), −1.0 (−11.9/9.9), and −0.04 (−0.16/0.09), respectively.Conclusions. Background level in healthy subjects is approximately 0.07 to 0.09γ-H2AX foci/cell. NAL and D are reliable measures.

Can Information Decrease Political Polarization? Evidence From the U.S. Taxpayer Receipt

2017 ◽  
Vol 8 (7) ◽  
pp. 736-745 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erik P. Duhaime ◽  
Evan P. Apfelbaum
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
Political Polarization ◽  
White House ◽  
Contentious Issue ◽  
Baseline Levels ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
High Level ◽  
The U.S ◽  
Do So

Scholars, politicians, and laypeople alike bemoan the high level of political polarization in the United States, but little is known about how to bring the views of liberals and conservatives closer together. Previous research finds that providing people with information regarding a contentious issue is ineffective for reducing polarization because people process such information in a biased manner. Here, we show that information can reduce political polarization below baseline levels and also that its capacity to do so is sensitive to contextual factors that make one’s relevant preferences salient. Specifically, in a nationally representative sample (Study 1) and a preregistered replication (Study 2), we find that providing a taxpayer receipt—an impartial, objective breakdown of how one’s taxes are spent that is published annually by the White House—reduces polarization regarding taxes, but not when participants are also asked to indicate how they would prefer their taxes be spent.

The Effects of Oral Instructions and Training on the Expansion of Written Language

1981 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 82-90 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gayla A. Kraetsch
Keyword(s):  
Training Session ◽  
Written Language ◽  
Single Subject ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Reversal Design ◽  
Subject Experiment ◽  
And Training

This single-subject experiment explored the effect of oral instructions and training on the expansion of written language using a reversal design. The subject, a twelve-year-old boy who attended a tutorial clinic, wrote about a stimulus picture four times a week during a twelve-week period. Productivity was based on the number of words and sentences used in the composition; the type-token ratio for vocabulary diversity was also charted. During the intervention phases of the experiment, the tutor added oral instructions to write many words and ideas. These additional instructions increased the subject's productivity. As the oral instructions were changed, the number of total words and sentences also changed. When a simple training session was provided prior to the writing of a composition, the subject wrote more adjectives.

scholarly journals Changes in Physical Fitness of Older People During the COVID-19 Pandemic in Germany: Objective Training Data

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 460-460
Author(s):  
Jessica Koschate ◽  
Michel Hackbarth ◽  
Sandra Lau ◽  
Tania Zieschang
Keyword(s):  
Training Session ◽  
Training Data ◽  
Initial Training ◽  
Muscle Training ◽  
Adverse Health Effects ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Baseline Levels ◽  
Germany Objective ◽  
Individual Training

Abstract The purpose of this study was to analyze objective training data on changes in leg muscle training before and after the COVID-19 lockdown during spring 2020 in Germany. Overall, the training data of 4435 individuals in the age group (AG) 45-64 years (55±5 years, 66% ♀) and of 2853 in the AG 65-95 years (72±6 years, 54% ♀) were exported from chip-controlled exercise circuits. Training weight and number of repetitions performed on the leg extensor were used to calculate a leg score (LS), considering the last three training sessions before the lockdown (baseline) and the first ten individual sessions as well as the averaged sessions for August, September and October after individual training resumption. Based on the baseline LS, three training intensity groups (TG_low, medium, high) were defined, and analyzed for differences (ANOVA). The LS in TG_low remained stable after the lockdown, but increased compared to baseline in both AGs after the first ten sessions (p<0.05). In TG_medium, LS was reduced at the first post training session (p<0.05) and returned to baseline levels at training session eight in the younger and session two in the older adults. In both AGs, LS was reduced in the TG_high (p<0.001), and did not reach baseline levels by October. Hence, the LS of TG_high was identified as being particularly affected by the training interruption, irrespective of age. More individually tailored training recommendations should be made for these individuals to be able to regain their initial training levels and avoid long-term adverse health effects.

Long-term memory of an operantly conditioned respiratory behaviour pattern in lymnaea stagnalis

1998 ◽  
Vol 201 (6) ◽  
pp. 877-882 ◽  
Author(s):  
K Lukowiak ◽  
R Cotter ◽  
J Westly ◽  
E Ringseis ◽  
G Spencer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Operant Conditioning ◽  
Lymnaea Stagnalis ◽  
Training Session ◽  
Freshwater Snail ◽  
Behaviour Pattern ◽  
Long Term Memory ◽  
Training Procedure ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Hypoxic Environment

The freshwater snail Lymnaea stagnalis breaths bimodally either through its skin (cutaneous respiration) or via a rudimentary lung opening called the pneumostome (aerial respiration). Aerial respiratory behaviour can be operantly conditioned. Animals placed in an aquatic, hypoxic environment received a tactile stimulus to the pneumostome area every time they attempted to breathe. Over a period of five training sessions (2.5 days), the animals learned not to breathe, and the number of stimuli received in the fifth session was significantly lower than in the first session. These changes in the respiratory behaviour following the operant paradigm were shown to persist for at least 24 h. We aimed to determine whether the changes in the learned behaviour would persist for longer. We obtained direct evidence that the behavioural changes following operant conditioning persisted for at least 4 weeks following the last training session. However, we found that the persistence of this memory was dependent upon the training procedure used. Memory persisted longer following a spaced training procedure (4 weeks) as opposed to a massed training procedure (2 weeks). Yoked control animals showed no changes in their respiratory behaviour over the same time periods. However, if these yoked control animals were subjected to an operant conditioning procedure, their ability to learn was not impeded. This study demonstrated that operant conditioning of a behaviour pattern in a molluscan preparation can result in long-term memory and that the persistence of the memory is contingent on the training procedure used. <P>

scholarly journals P020: Paramedic comfort with providing palliative support: pre-implementation survey

CJEM ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 18 (S1) ◽  
pp. S84-S85
Author(s):  
A. Carter ◽  
M. Arab ◽  
M. Harrison ◽  
J. Goldstein ◽  
J. Jensen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Palliative Care ◽  
Crisis Management ◽  
Online Survey ◽  
Training Session ◽  
Likert Scale ◽  
Point Scale ◽  
Goals Of Care ◽  
And Training ◽  
Healthcare Need ◽  
Do So

Introduction: Paramedics are sometimes called for crisis management and relief of symptoms or for patients receiving palliative care. To address the mismatch between the system protocols and resources, and patient’s goals of care, a new protocol, new medications, and an 8-hour training program Learning Essentials Approach to Palliative Care (LEAP) were implemented in our provincial EMS system. Methods: Prior to attending their training session paramedics received an invitation to complete an online survey regarding their comfort, confidence, and attitudes toward delivering palliative care. Comfort and confidence questions were scored on a 4-point Likert scale, while attitudes toward specific aspects of care were scored on a 7-point Likert scale. Descriptive statistics were calculated. Identifiers will permit linkage of these responses to a repeat survey post-implementation. Results: 188 (58%) paramedics completed the survey of the 325 who opened the link. 134 (68%) were male with a mean age of 38.5 years. 95 (50%) were primary care paramedics. The average experience as a paramedic was 12.7 years, with an estimated mean number of palliative calls per year of 9.6 each. On a 4 point scale, most (156, 83%) were comfortable with providing care to someone with palliative goals, and 130 (69.1%) were comfortable providing care without transport. Only 82 (43.6%) were confident they had the tools to deliver this care, and 76 (40.4%) were confident they could do so without transport to hospital. On a 7 point scale, paramedics disagreed with the statement “caring for dying persons is not a worthwhile experience for me”, median 7 (IQR 5-7). Paramedics also disagreed with the statement “Dying persons make me feel uneasy”, median 5 (IQR 4-6). Conclusion: Prior to the implementation of the new protocol, medications, and training, most paramedics were comfortable with the concept of providing care with palliative goals and felt that caring for dying persons is a worthwhile experience, but they were not confident that they have the tools and resources to do so. This suggests paramedics would be open to system improvements to meet an unmet healthcare need for crisis management of patients with palliative goals of care.

Fiberoptic Orotracheal Intubation on Anesthetized Patients

2001 ◽  
Vol 95 (2) ◽  
pp. 343-348 ◽  
Author(s):  
Viren N. Naik ◽  
Edward D. Matsumoto ◽  
Patricia L. Houston ◽  
Stanley J. Hamstra ◽  
Raymond Y.-M. Yeung ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Simple Model ◽  
Operating Room ◽  
Clinical Setting ◽  
Training Session ◽  
Training Group ◽  
Skills Training ◽  
Orotracheal Intubation ◽  
Trained Subjects ◽  
Didactic Teaching ◽  
Model Training

Background With increasing pressure to use operating room time efficiently, opportunities for residents to learn fiberoptic orotracheal intubation in the operating room have declined. The purpose of this study was to determine whether fiberoptic orotracheal intubation skills learned outside the operating room on a simple model could be transferred into the clinical setting. Methods First-year anesthesiology residents and first- and second-year internal medicine residents were recruited. Subjects were randomized to a didactic-teaching-only group (n = 12) or a model-training group (n = 12). The didactic-teaching group received a detailed lecture from an expert bronchoscopist. The model-training group was guided, by experts, through tasks performed on a simple model designed to refine fiberoptic manipulation skills. After the training session, subjects performed a fiberoptic orotracheal intubation on healthy, consenting, anesthetized, paralyzed female patients undergoing elective surgery with predicted "easy" laryngoscopic intubations. Two blinded anesthesiologists evaluated each subject. Results After the training session, the model group significantly outperformed the didactic group in the operating room when evaluated with a global rating scale (P < 0.01)and checklist (P0.05). Model-trained subjects completed the fiberoptic orotracheal intubation significantly faster than didactic-trained subjects (P < 0.01). Model-trained subjects were also more successful at achieving tracheal intubation than the didactic group (P < 0.005). Conclusion Fiberoptic orotracheal intubation skills training on a simple model is more effective than conventional didactic instruction for transfer to the clinical setting. Incorporating an extraoperative model into the training of fiberoptic orotracheal intubation may greatly reduce the time and pressures that accompany teaching this skill in the operating room.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document