The Multifactorial Model of Disease Transmission: III. Familial Relationship Between Sociopathy and Hysteria (Briquet's Syndrome)

1975 ◽  
Vol 127 (1) ◽  
pp. 23-32 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Robert Cloninger ◽  
Theodore Reich ◽  
Samuel B. Guze
Keyword(s):  
General Population ◽  
Assortative Mating ◽  
Disease Transmission ◽  
Family Data ◽  
Multifactorial Model ◽  
First Degree Relatives ◽  
Familial Association ◽  
Familial Relationship ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Clinical Pictures

SummaryHysteria (Briquet's Syndrome) and sociopathy cluster in the same families instead of segregating as independent traits. Assortative mating between hysterics and sociopaths increases the observed similarity between relatives, but the familial association between sociopathy and hysteria remains after taking assortative mating into account. The Multifactorial Model of Disease Transmission with three thresholds related to severity and sex accounts for population and family data about sociopathic men, sociopathic women, and women with hysteria. The data were obtained for 227 first-degree relatives and for 800 subjects in the general population.Depending on the sex of the individual and its severity, the same aetiological process may lead to different, sometimes overlapping, clinical pictures. Specifically, analysis indicates that hysteria in women is a more prevalent and less deviant manifestation of the same process that causes sociopathy in women.

The Multifactorial Model of Disease Transmission: II. Sex Differences in the Familial Transmission of Sociopathy (Antisocial Personality)

1975 ◽  
Vol 127 (1) ◽  
pp. 11-22 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Robert Cloninger ◽  
Theodore Reich ◽  
Samuel B. Guze
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Assortative Mating ◽  
Sex Difference ◽  
Disease Transmission ◽  
Genetic Difference ◽  
Random Mating ◽  
Black Families ◽  
Parental Home ◽  
Multifactorial Model ◽  
Familial Environment

SummarySociopathy is highly familial in both white and black families. Sociopathy in men and women clusters in the same families, but is much more frequent in men than in women. It is more prevalent among relatives of sociopathic women than among relatives of sociopathic men. The sex difference in its prevalence appears to be due to sex-related cultural or biological factors causing the threshold to be more deviant in women. There is no evidence of a genetic difference in its prevalence and transmission according to race.The two-threshold Multifactorial Model of Disease Transmission provides an explanation for the striking sex difference in the transmission of sociopathy. Such a pattern of transmission is obtained only in diseases whose genetic component is polygenic or, if only one or a few genotypes are relevant, where each of these has a small effect relative to environmental factors.Assortative mating accounts for a large proportion of the observed similarity between relatives. However, the familial clustering of male and female sociopaths is not dependent on assortative mating.The high correlation among siblings that is expected under conditions of random mating indicates that environmental factors common to siblings contribute to the aetiology of sociopathy. The greater deviance of the parental home experiences of sociopathic women compared to sociopathic men is further evidence of the importance of familial environment.

scholarly journals An Investigation of the General Population’s Self-Reported Hand Hygiene Behaviour and Compliance in a Cross-European Setting

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (5) ◽  
pp. 2402
Author(s):  
Aaron Lawson ◽  
Marie Vaganay-Miller ◽  
Robert Cameron
Keyword(s):  
General Population ◽  
Hand Hygiene ◽  
Disease Transmission ◽  
Communicable Disease ◽  
Hygiene Practice ◽  
Hygiene Behaviour ◽  
Level Of Understanding ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Travel Abroad ◽  
And Control

Every year, thousands of people from the UK travel to other countries for work and leisure. Europe, and particularly Spain, is one of the most popular travel destinations for people from the UK. However, it is known that travel to other countries can enhance the risk of communicable disease transmission from person to person, especially when a new one emerges. Adequate hand hygiene behaviour and compliance is widely accepted as being a simple, effective method in preventing the spread of communicable diseases that may be contracted during travel abroad. There is a well-established body of work investigating hand hygiene practice and compliance in community settings, but no recent studies have examined the hand hygiene practice and compliance of the general population when travelling abroad or in a cross-European context. The findings of this study indicated that most UK members of the general population when travelling abroad have a good level of understanding of the importance of adequate hand hygiene practice and compliance and its role regarding communicable disease prevention and control. As such, self-reported levels of compliance were high. Similar findings were made for Spanish members of the general population. However, while self-reported perceptions of adequacy of hand hygiene performance were relatively high, particularly among UK respondents, this was not supported by responses specifically focused on hand hygiene behaviour. However, differences in self-reported adequacy regarding the importance of handwashing versus hand drying, the number of steps that should be followed and the length of time that should be spent washing and drying hands were found for each group. This suggests that self-reported compliance may reflect intention to practice hand hygiene rather than true compliance. It also suggests that there are gaps in knowledge regarding the adequate method of hand hygiene among the cohort as a whole, and indeed these differences may account be a factor in for the high transmission rates of communicable disease when travelling abroad.

scholarly journals Statement of the Committee of Human Nutrition Science of the Polish Academy of Sciences on the use of dietary supplements containing vitamins and minerals by adults

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Agata Wawrzyniak ◽  
Katarzyna Przybyłowicz ◽  
Lidia Wądołowska ◽  
Jadwiga Charzewska ◽  
Danuta Górecka ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Side Effects ◽  
General Population ◽  
Dietary Supplements ◽  
Dietary Supplementation ◽  
Dietary Recommendations ◽  
Nutrition Science ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Academy Of Sciences ◽  
Usual Diet

The use of dietary supplements (supplementation) is the individual enrichment of the diet with ingredients naturally occurring in food. As a rule, dietary supplements should be used periodically. In nutritional practice, there are many indications for dietary supplementation, but the decision to take dietary supplements should be made by consumers wisely and only in justified situations, when there is a risk that the usual diet does not provide vitamins and minerals in an amount adequate to meet dietary recommendations. However, we should remember about the real dangers of taking too large doses of vitamins and minerals. Many people using dietary supplements, especially several types at the same time, may experience undesirable side effects and deterioration of health, and in addition, people taking medicines may seriously disrupt or weaken the effect of the drug, or even lack the therapeutic effect of the drug. The document presents 10 steps and rules for the use of dietary supplements available on the market, which are addressed to the general population.

scholarly journals Risk ratios for contagious outcomes

2018 ◽  
Vol 15 (138) ◽  
pp. 20170696 ◽  
Author(s):  
Olga Morozova ◽  
Ted Cohen ◽  
Forrest W. Crawford
Keyword(s):  
Small Groups ◽  
Risk Ratio ◽  
Disease Transmission ◽  
Infectious Disease Transmission ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Susceptibility To Infection ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Risk Ratios

Epidemiologists commonly use the risk ratio to summarize the relationship between a binary covariate and outcome, even when outcomes may be dependent. Investigations of transmissible diseases in clusters—households, villages or small groups—often report risk ratios. Epidemiologists have warned that risk ratios may be misleading when outcomes are contagious, but the nature of this error is poorly understood. In this study, we assess the meaning of the risk ratio when outcomes are contagious. We provide a mathematical definition of infectious disease transmission within clusters, based on the canonical stochastic susceptible–infective model. From this characterization, we define the individual-level ratio of instantaneous infection risks as the inferential target, and evaluate the properties of the risk ratio as an approximation of this quantity. We exhibit analytically and by simulation the circumstances under which the risk ratio implies an effect whose direction is opposite that of the true effect of the covariate. In particular, the risk ratio can be greater than one even when the covariate reduces both individual-level susceptibility to infection, and transmissibility once infected. We explain these findings in the epidemiologic language of confounding and Simpson's paradox, underscoring the pitfalls of failing to account for transmission when outcomes are contagious.

Risk of Breast Cancer Among Carriers of Pathogenic Variants in Breast Cancer Predisposition Genes Varies by Polygenic Risk Score

2021 ◽  
pp. JCO.20.01992
Author(s):  
Chi Gao ◽  
Eric C. Polley ◽  
Steven N. Hart ◽  
Hongyan Huang ◽  
Chunling Hu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
General Population ◽  
Association Studies ◽  
Polygenic Risk Score ◽  
Genome Wide Association Studies ◽  
Polygenic Risk ◽  
First Degree Relatives ◽  
Pathogenic Variants ◽  
Predisposition Genes ◽  
Brca1 Brca2

PURPOSE This study assessed the joint association of pathogenic variants (PVs) in breast cancer (BC) predisposition genes and polygenic risk scores (PRS) with BC in the general population. METHODS A total of 26,798 non-Hispanic white BC cases and 26,127 controls from predominately population-based studies in the Cancer Risk Estimates Related to Susceptibility consortium were evaluated for PVs in BRCA1, BRCA2, ATM, CHEK2, PALB2, BARD1, BRIP1, CDH1, and NF1. PRS based on 105 common variants were created using effect estimates from BC genome-wide association studies; the performance of an overall BC PRS and estrogen receptor–specific PRS were evaluated. The odds of BC based on the PVs and PRS were estimated using penalized logistic regression. The results were combined with age-specific incidence rates to estimate 5-year and lifetime absolute risks of BC across percentiles of PRS by PV status and first-degree family history of BC. RESULTS The estimated lifetime risks of BC among general-population noncarriers, based on 10th and 90th percentiles of PRS, were 9.1%-23.9% and 6.7%-18.2% for women with or without first-degree relatives with BC, respectively. Taking PRS into account, more than 95% of BRCA1, BRCA2, and PALB2 carriers had > 20% lifetime risks of BC, whereas, respectively, 52.5% and 69.7% of ATM and CHEK2 carriers without first-degree relatives with BC, and 78.8% and 89.9% of those with a first-degree relative with BC had > 20% risk. CONCLUSION PRS facilitates personalization of BC risk among carriers of PVs in predisposition genes. Incorporating PRS into BC risk estimation may help identify > 30% of CHEK2 and nearly half of ATM carriers below the 20% lifetime risk threshold, suggesting the addition of PRS may prevent overscreening and enable more personalized risk management approaches.

10. Non-fatal offences against the person

2020 ◽  
pp. 262-309
Author(s):  
David Ormerod ◽  
Karl Laird
Keyword(s):  
Criminal Law ◽  
Coherent Structure ◽  
Disease Transmission ◽  
Psychiatric Illness ◽  
Bodily Harm ◽  
Grievous Bodily Harm ◽  
Life Itself ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Different Levels

This chapter examines non-fatal offences that range from a trivial tap on the shoulder to levels of harm threatening life itself. While the relevant offences are archaic in their definition and lacking in any coherent structure, they are extremely important because they are frequently prosecuted and they also give rise to interesting questions on issues central to the criminal law, such as how the autonomy of the individual should be respected. The chapter considers whether psychiatric illness can amount to an offence against the person; what level of harm constitutes ‘actual’ bodily harm as opposed to ‘grievous’ bodily harm; and whether actual bodily harm must be ‘inflicted’ or merely caused. Finally, the chapter examines the criminalization of disease transmission. This also chapter examines the controversial question of whether and, if so, when a sane adult should be permitted to consent to harm to himself or to the risk of harm to himself. It considers the threshold of harm—should V be permitted to consent to any level of harm or only to minor harms; whether a person should be permitted to consent to different levels of harm in certain activities: surgery, boxing, horseplay, etc; whether the transmission or risk of transmission of diseases or infections can be consented to; and what constitutes ‘true’ consent.

scholarly journals Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy and Wolff-Parkinson-White Syndrome in a Young African Soldier with Recurrent Syncope

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-5
Author(s):  
Mohammed Abdullahi Talle ◽  
Faruk Buba ◽  
Aimé Bonny ◽  
Musa Mohammed Baba
Keyword(s):  
Atrial Fibrillation ◽  
Ventricular Tachycardia ◽  
Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy ◽  
General Population ◽  
Supraventricular Tachycardia ◽  
White Syndrome ◽  
Wpw Syndrome ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Common Manifestation ◽  
Wolff Parkinson White Syndrome

Syncope is a common manifestation of both hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) and Wolff-Parkinson-White (WPW) syndrome. The most common arrhythmia in HCM is ventricular tachycardia (VT) and atrial fibrillation (AF). While preexcitation provides the substrate for reentry and supraventricular tachycardia (SVT), AF is more common in patients with preexcitation than the general population. Concurrence of HCM and WPW has been reported in many cases, but whether the prognosis or severity of arrhythmia is different compared to the individual disorders remains unsettled. We report a case of HCM and Wolff-Parkinson-White (WPW) syndrome in a 28-year-old male Nigerian soldier presenting with recurrent syncope and lichen planus.

scholarly journals The individual and societal effects of non-psychotic serious mental disorders on earnings in Belgium

2009 ◽  
Vol 24 (4) ◽  
pp. 207-213 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ronny Bruffaerts ◽  
Anke Bonnewyn ◽  
Koen Demyttenaere
Keyword(s):  
General Population ◽  
Mental Disorders ◽  
Composite International Diagnostic Interview ◽  
Diagnostic Interview ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Alcohol Disorders ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Considerable Impact ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Annual Earnings

AbstractPurposeThe purpose of this study is to examine the association between non-psychotic serious mental disorders and earnings in the general population of Belgium on both the individual- and society-level.Subjects and methodsData stem from a cross-sectional population study of the non-institutionalized adult (between 18 and 64) population from Belgium (N = 863). The third version of the Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI-3.0) was administered to assess 12-month non-psychotic serious mental disorders and annual earnings. Multivariate approaches were used to estimate the observed and estimated annual earnings for persons with serious mental disorders, controlling for sociodemographic variables and alcohol disorders.ResultsOn the individual-level, 12-month serious mental disorders significantly predicted the probability of having any earnings (OR = 0.32; 95%CI = 0.14–0.74). Respondents with serious mental disorders had 12-month earnings of 5969€ less than expected in the absence of serious mental disorders. Taking into account the prevalence of serious mental disorders (i.e. 4.9%), the society-level effects of serious mental disorders in 2002 can be estimated at about 1797 million € per year for the Belgian general population.DiscussionNon-psychotic serious mental disorders had considerable impact on annual earnings.ConclusionThis is the first study in Belgium that addresses the association between mental illness and earnings. Serious mental disorders are associated with individual- and societal-level impairments and loss of human capital.

scholarly journals Selection using assortative mating in Drosophila melanogaster

1963 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 356-369 ◽  
Author(s):  
Glenorchy McBride ◽  
Alan Robertson
Keyword(s):  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Assortative Mating ◽  
Random Mating ◽  
Selection Response ◽  
Index Selection ◽  
Individual Selection ◽  
Effective Population ◽  
Selected Lines ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Rate Of Response

The effectiveness of the assortative mating of selected individuals in increasing selection response was tested, using abdominal chaeta score in Drosophila melanogaster. Three paired comparisons were made. In two sets of lines with 10 matings per line, individual score was used for selection and as the basis for the assortative mating. In the third set with 20 matings per line an index of individual and family score, designed to maximize rate of response, was used.The intensity of selection was one in ten in all lines. Flies were raised in vials and individual pedigrees were kept.In all comparisons, assortative mating gave a greater selection response, this being partly due to a greater realized heritability and partly to a greater selection differential. The effect of the assortative mating was largest in the index selected lines. With random mating, the effectiveness of the index selection itself when compared to individual selection was in accordance with theory.In two comparisons, assortative mating increased the rate of inbreeding. The highest rate of inbreeding was observed with index selection and assortative mating, even though there were here twice as many matings as in the individually selected lines.In the individual selection lines, the effective population size was 7·4 pairs of parents, compared to the actual value of 10 and in the index lines 7·0 compared to 20. In the former, only one-half of the matings in the initial generations made any permanent contributions to the line and in the index lines only one-third. Within generations and lines, there was a significant positive correlation between the mean score of a family and its inbreeding coefficient.It is suggested that assortative mating is a method of increasing selection response in some situations. Its particular characteristic is that it becomes more powerful when the heritability is high whereas all of the other environmental aids to individual selection are more effective when the heritability is low.

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